LEVERAGING IoT-BASED TECHNOLOGY FOR

PRECISION WATER MANAGEMENT IN

AGRICULTURE
Krushna Varat, Sudhanshu Wagh
Department of Electronics and Tele-communication, Savitri-Bai Phule , Pune University
Pune University, India
Email: [email protected]

Abstract—Inefficient irrigation makes water scarcity worse in increase efficiency. IoT included different types of sensors,
farming, leading to waste, soil damage, and lower crop yields, electronic devices network components, and software. IoT
especially in dry areas. using IoT technology to manage water allows users to share their data on networks without human
better is still limited because of technical, cost and practical
issues. This research aims to create an IOT based system that involvement to increase productivity and efficiency and mini-
improves water usage in Irrigation by using real-time data from mize the problems in agriculture that farmers face, there is a
soil sensors, weather forecasts, and crop needs. The study uses a requirement to use the latest technology and techniques known
multiphase approach, collecting data with IOT sensors, analyzing as the Internet of Things. Nowadays farmers can get a lot of
it with machine learning, and implementing a smart irrigation knowledge and information about the latest technology and
system. The system features an easy-to-use interface. allowing
farmers to control irrigation schedules and it is adaptable to farming techniques through IoT. In IoT- based smart farming,
different crop, soil type and weather Condition. This research a system is built for monitoring the crop field with the help
presents an innovative IoT based precision irrigation solution of sensors (temperature, soil, moisture, etc.) and automating
that tackles kay Issues like water conservation, sustainability the irrigation system. farmers can monitor their fields from
and food security in agriculture anywhere, anytime.
Index Terms—Water Management Monitoring, IoT Sensors.
II. M ETHODOLOGY
I. I NTRODUCTION
A. Desing and Development
Water scarcity is an increasingly daunting challenge by
agriculture, particularly in areas of limited or unreliable water The field would have to be equipped with an IoT sensor
resources. Reports show that traditional irrigation practices use network to take readings on soil moisture, temperature, and
excessive water; in their wake, soil degradation occurs and humidity and send them directly to a center. In addition,
crop yields drop off. Fixed irrigation methods in traditional weather data from external forecasting services would have to
practice abide by one set watering schedule without taking be integrated with the readings obtained from the soil sensors.
into account dynamic plant needs and variable environmental A solid communication protocol such as Wi-Fi, Zigbee, or
conditions. With the increasing agricultural demands world- LoRa is established for the transmission of data from the
wide, the need for improved water management measures sensor to a central system to be analyzed.
becomes even more urgent, if only to save water and ensure
B. Data Collection and Processing
food security and sustainability. IoT-based systems could allow
irrigation to be done by taking real-time data and making Collect live data of soil moisture, temperature, and weather
decisions based on that data: soil moisture, weather fore- conditions, considering the variations that occur throughout
casting options, and crop needs. However, despite its ocean the day. Clean and preprocess the collected data by removing
of potential, the widespread introduction and adoption of any noise and ensuring accurate readings. Such operations may
IoT technology in crop farming faces high costs, technical include normalizing values, handling absent data, and filtering
barriers, and the infrastructure requires specialized means. information that’s not relevant to the subject.
This research tends to formulate a cost-effective and easy-
to-use IoT-based precision irrigation system that addresses C. Machine Learning and Model Development
these challenges, contributing to enhanced water efficiency and Employ machine-learning methods such as regression anal-
higher crop productivity. A real-time data analysis system with ysis and decision trees on sensor data to predict optimal
machine learning solutions to inform farmers will allow better irrigation needs based on real time soil moisture levels,
irrigation management while conserving water and promoting weather forecasts, and crop requirements. Model Ensure ef-
sustainability. IoT based on the agricultural water management fective prediction of irrigation schedules by training machine-
system saves time and money; by automating irrigation sched- learning models with historical irrigation data and validating
ules, farmers can use this system to reduce labor costs and their accuracy through field trials.
 PIC16F877 Microcontroller, and transmitting the data using
IoT plays a major role in soil irrigation. sensing information
by a sensor is transmitted ADC. An ADC converts it from
analog to digital and transmitted the digital data to LCD and
IoT This is inbuilt into the PIC 16F877A microcontroller and
information display on the LCD of IoT as well as PC [5]. GSM
is used in monitoring the condition of the soil and controlling
energy consumption. In this system, IOT plays a vital role
based on WSN for agriculture energy monitoring systems in
real-time. Optimization and modeling of transmission schemes
also increase the network lifetime[5]. This system provides
an optimized model in the transmission of information for
the farmers to yield crops more reliable with less cost .
water management can be identified using IoT which provides
energy consumption [5]
IV. A R EVIEW OF L ITERATURE O N WATER R ESOURCE
Fig. 1. Machine Design
M ANAGEMENT U SING DATA M INING T ECHNIQUES
This paper aims to review the studies related to using of
data mining techniques in the field of water resource sector
for water management. Presently, water Resource Management
has become the most challenging, interesting, and fascinating
domain around the world in the last many years. The scientist
tries to predict rainfall, Flood warnings, water availability,
Requirements, etc. based on huge available metadata using
various methods [10]. In this paper, they tried to search the use
of data mining techniques for predicting the inflow, drought
possibility, Weather report, rainfall, Evaporation, temperature,
wind speed, etc. This paper provides a survey of some
Fig. 2. Block Diagram literature and work done by the researchers using various
algorithms and modelings methods, Associations rules, classi-
fication, clustering, Decision tree, artificial Neural Networks,
D. Smart Irrigation System
etc.. data Mining is a collection of techniques for efficient
Design an autonomous irrigation system responding to wa- automated discovery of a previously unknown, valid, novel,
ter delivery given recommendations coming from the machine- useful and understandable pattern in large databases thus
learning models. The model will be designed to allow for facilitating decision makers to make a proactive, knowledge-
adaptive irrigation scheduling specific to crops, soil types, drive decision [10]
and weather conditions. An easy-to-use, intuitive interface for In this survey, we found that the thinking offered by the
users to monitor and control irrigation schedules should be advent of computer technology is highly complementary to
designed. This software will be able to allow the adjustments some of the goals of water management. Services delivered
of various parameters and inform and alert the users of the by technology are interactive, fast, and multi-dimensional. In
performances of the system and the current status of water this way, Data mining offers us a much-needed opportunity
usage. to deliver scientific findings and information to stakeholders
E. Optimizing and Refinement and decision-makers for providing collective decision-making
tools. An Integrated water management scale simulation model
Gather feedback regularly from farmers and check in on
may be built and it may serve as a core for water management
how the system has performed. Tweak and modify the system
design to provide a conceptual basis for understanding the
from the analysis and feedback, assuring it considers various
performance of the water management system [10].
farming conditions. Make sure that the system is scalable to
cater for larger farms and for use in different agricultural V. R ESULTS AND D ISCUSSION
regions, making it a fitting solution for varied farming en-
A. Water Monitoring Interface
vironments
The practical use of water management system which is
III. S ENSOR -BASED WATER M ANAGEMENT U SING I OT installed in the city is evaluated and demonstrated in this
In this paper, the system provides modern tools to enhance section. The declarative business processes in the context
the workload of the farmers. Implementation of Global Sys- of water distribution systems having varying merits which
tem for Mobile Communication(GSM) along with sensors, are also discussed here. The imperative process modelling
 Fig. 3. Water Monitoring Interference

Fig. 6. graphical representation of sensor readings

the notification when the plants watering condition is fulfilled.

Experiments are done and the results are obtained which are
tabulated in Table 4.2. For more clear vision, it is also shown
graphically

B. Comparison of the Proposed Technique with the Existing

Technique
The comparison of the results obtained by the proposed
technique is done with the existing technique for the vali-
dation purpose. This comparison shows the improvement of
the proposed technique. The threshold values of temperature
Fig. 4. flow of water through pump 1 and time are checked and compared with the state-of-the art
technique as tabulated in Table 4.3.
For better visualization and analysis, the comparison values
language is utilized for the traditional workflow management
in terms of humidity and time are also represented graphically
systems which are helpful for the standardized and modelling
as shown in Fig 4.4. It is clear from the figure that the humidity
static systems.Table 4.1 represents the data that updates the
and time is less by the proposed technique.
water monitoring interface and it is also represented graph-
The percentage improvement of the proposed technique is
ically. Flow of water through pump 1 is shown in Fig 4.1
also calculated and the improvement of the proposed technique
and the water flow from the pump 2 is presented in Fig
is shown in terms of the humidity (percentage) and time (min-
4.2. The raw water sources, pump, pipes, stations, tanks
utes). The percentage improvement of the proposed technique
and all other components are in the same layer (Physical)
is tabulated in Table 4.4.
which also contains water meters, IOT devices to measure
For proper validation and analysis purpose, the visual
the pressure and volume in pipes andwater tank respectively.
graphical represented is presented in Fig 4.5. The percentage
Network sensors and actuators are connected to a gateway. The
improvement over existing technique is shown graphically in
middleware layerprovides the storage, analysis, processing,
terms of humidity and time
and orchestrating services and the communication between
the two layers and also in IOT infrastructure of sensors and VI. C ONCLUSION
actuators.
The Agriculture monitoring System design is very simple
To check whether the plants are irrigated or not, sensed
to understand and handle. It can be operated by all age groups
data is transmitted to server in four, five times in a day and
of farmers. It can be programmable to add more features. It
the threshold values of temperature, humidity and moisture are
is user-friendly and can also be used by uneducated farmers.
checked with these values for the comparison. The user got
The use of IoT technology allows for real-time monitoring and
data collection. This can help to detect problems and provide
insight into the effectiveness of water management practices
this can help to improve water management strategies, this
system helps to improve crop yields and provide real-time data
for monitoring and analysis. However, it is important to ensure
that the system is properly installed and configured and that
security measures are in place. In agriculture, the value of irri-
Fig. 5. sensor readings gation water is dependent on the price of the crops produced,
economic research combined with a greater understanding of
water/irrigation governance provides the basis for optimism
that future advances in agriculture water management, partic-
ularly where it is embedded in integrated water management
and can lead to a more sustainable irrigation future despite
potential climate change and demand growth impact.
R EFERENCES
[1] Novo, O. , Blockchain meets IoT: An architecture for scalable access
management in IoT, IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 5(2), 1184-1195,
2018.
[2] Nguyen, G. T. and Kim, K. , A Survey about Consensus Algorithms
Used in Blockchain, Journal of Information processing systems, 14(1),
2018.
[3] Zheng, Z., Xie, S., Dai, H. N., Chen, X. and Wang, H. , Blockchain
challenges and opportunities: A survey, International Journal of Web
and Grid Services, 14(4), 352-375, 2018.
[4] Habib, K., Torjusen, A. and Leister, W , Security analysis of a patient
monitoring system for the Internet of Things in eHealth, In The Seventh
International Conference on eHealth, Telemedicine, and Social Medicine
(eTELEMED), 2015.
[5] Zheng, Z., Xie, S., Dai, H., Chen, X. and Wang, H. , An overview of
blockchain technology: Architecture, consensus, and future trends, In
2017 IEEE international congress on big data (BigData congress) (pp.
557-564). IEEE, 2017.
[6] Cammert, M., Heinz, C., Krämer, J., and Riemenschneider, T. , U.S.
Patent No. 10,255,238. Washington, DC: U.S.Patent and Trademark
Office.,2019. 116 Yunyan Chan, Kayhan Zhar Ghafoor, Kayhan Zrar
Ghafoor
[7] Bijl, D. L., Bogaart, P. W., Kram, T., de Vries, B. J., and van Vuuren,
D. P. , Long-term water demand for electricity,industry and households,
Environmental Science and Policy, 55, 75-86, 2016.
[8] Mouratiadou, I., Biewald, A., Pehl, M., Bonsch, M., Baumstark, L.,
Klein, D. and Kriegler, E. , The impact of climate change mitigation
on water demand for energy and food: An integrated analysis based on
the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways, Environmental Science and Policy,
64, 48-58, 2016.
[9] Davis, J. and Pearce, D. , TThe non-agricultural rural sector in Central
and Eastern Europe, World Bank Technical Paper, 111-130, 2001.
[10] Unni, J. , Non-agricultural employment and poverty in rural India: A
review of evidence, Economic and Political Weekly, A36-A44., 1998.
[11] Davis, J., and Pearce, D. , The non-agricultural rural sector in Central
and Eastern Europe, World Bank Technical Paper, 111-130, 2001.
[12] Basant, R., and Kumar, B. L. , Rural non-agricultural activities in India:
A review of available evidence, Social Scientist, 13-71, 1989.
[13] Dev, S. M. , Non-agricultural employment in rural india: Evidence at a
disaggregate level, Economic and Political Weekly, 1526-1536, 1990.
[14] Xie, H., and Lu, H. , Impact of land fragmentation and non-agricultural
labor supply on circulation of agricultural land management rights, Land
Use Policy, 68, 355-364, 2017.
[15] Kuo, T. T., Kim, H. E.and Ohno-Machado, L. , Blockchain distributed
ledger technologies for biomedical and health care applications, Jour-
nal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 24(6), 1211-
1220,2017.
[16] Beck, R., Avital, M., Rossi, M. and Thatcher, J. B. , Blockchain
technology in business and information systems research., 2017.