Internet Communication

1.​ Protocols
2.​ Addressing
a.​ IP Address
b.​ Domain Name
3.​ URL

How do Network Protocols Work?

It is essential to understand how devices communicate over a network by recognizing network
protocols. The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI), the most widely used model, illustrates
how computer systems interact with one another over a network. The communication
mechanism between two network devices is shown by seven different layers in the OSI model.
Every layer in the OSI model works based on different network protocols. At every layer, one or
more protocols are there for network communication. To enable network-to-network
connections, the Internet Protocol (IP), for instance, routes data by controlling information like
the source and destination addresses of data packets. It is known as a network layer protocol.

Types of Network Protocols

In most cases, communication across a network like the Internet uses the OSI model. The OSI
model has a total of seven layers. Secured connections, network management, and network
communication are the three main tasks that the network protocol performs. The purpose of
protocols is to link different devices.

The protocols can be broadly classified into three major categories:

●​ Network Communication
●​ Network Management
●​ Network Security

1. Network Communication
Communication protocols are really important for the functioning of a network. They are so
crucial that it is not possible to have computer networks without them. These protocols formally
set out the rules and formats through which data is transferred. These protocols handle syntax,
semantics, error detection, synchronization, and authentication. Below mentioned are some
network communication protocol:

Hypertext Transfer Protocol(HTTP)

Internet Communication
It is a layer 7 protocol that is designed for transferring a hypertext between two or more
systems. HTTP works on a client-server model, most of the data sharing over the web is done
through using HTTP.

Transmission Control Protocol(TCP)

TCP layouts a reliable stream delivery by using sequenced acknowledgment. It is a

connection-oriented protocol i.e., it establishes a connection between applications before
sending any data. It is used for communicating over a network. It has many applications such as
emails, FTP, streaming media, etc.

User Datagram Protocol(UDP)

It is a connectionless protocol that lay-out a basic but unreliable message service. It adds no
flow control, reliability, or error-recovery functions. UPD is functional in cases where reliability is
not required. It is used when we want faster transmission, for multicasting and broadcasting
connections, etc.

Border Gateway Protocol(BGP)

BGP is a routing protocol that controls how packets pass through the router in an independent
system one or more networks run by a single organization and connect to different networks. It
connects the endpoints of a LAN with other LANs and it also connects endpoints in different
LANs to one another.

Address Resolution Protocol(ARP)

ARP is a protocol that helps in mapping logical addresses to the physical addresses
acknowledged in a local network. For mapping and maintaining a correlation between these
logical and physical addresses a table known as ARP cache is used.

Internet Protocol(IP)

It is a protocol through which data is sent from one host to another over the internet. It is used
for addressing and routing data packets so that they can reach their destination.

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol(DHCP)

it’s a protocol for network management and it’s used for the method of automating the process
of configuring devices on IP networks. A DHCP server automatically assigns an IP address and
various other configurational changes to devices on a network so they can communicate with
other IP networks. it also allows devices to use various services such as NTP, DNS, or any other
protocol based on TCP or UDP.
Internet Communication
2. Network Management
These protocols assist in describing the procedures and policies that are used in monitoring,
maintaining, and managing the computer network. These protocols also help in communicating
these requirements across the network to ensure stable communication. Network management
protocols can also be used for troubleshooting connections between a host and a client.

Internet Control Message Protocol(ICMP)

It is a layer 3 protocol that is used by network devices to forward operational information and
error messages. ICMP is used for reporting congestions, network errors, diagnostic purposes,
and timeouts.

Simple Network Management Protocol(SNMP)

It is a layer 7 protocol that is used for managing nodes on an IP network. There are three main
components in the SNMP protocol i.e., SNMP agent, SNMP manager, and managed device.
SNMP agent has the local knowledge of management details, it translates those details into a
form that is compatible with the SNMP manager. The manager presents data acquired from
SNMP agents, thus helping in monitoring network glitches, and network performance, and
troubleshooting them.

Gopher

It is a type of file retrieval protocol that provides downloadable files with some description for
easy management, retrieving, and searching of files. All the files are arranged on a remote
computer in a stratified manner. Gopher is an old protocol and it is not much used nowadays.

File Transfer Protocol(FTP)

FTP is a Client/server protocol that is used for moving files to or from a host computer, it allows
users to download files, programs, web pages, and other things that are available on other
services.

Post Office Protocol(POP3)

It is a protocol that a local mail client uses to get email messages from a remote email server
over a TCP/IP connection. Email servers hosted by ISPs also use the POP3 protocol to hold
and receive emails intended for their users. Eventually, these users will use email client software
to look at their mailbox on the remote server and to download their emails. After the email client
downloads the emails, they are generally deleted from the servers.

Telnet
Internet Communication
It is a protocol that allows the user to connect to a remote computer program and to use it i.e., it
is designed for remote connectivity. Telnet creates a connection between a host machine and a
remote endpoint to enable a remote session.

3. Network Security
These protocols secure the data in passage over a network. These protocols also determine
how the network secures data from any unauthorized attempts to extract or review data. These
protocols make sure that no unauthorized devices, users, or services can access the network
data. Primarily, these protocols depend on encryption to secure data.

Secure Socket Layer(SSL)

It is a network security protocol mainly used for protecting sensitive data and securing internet
connections. SSL allows both server-to-server and client-to-server communication. All the data
transferred through SSL is encrypted thus stopping any unauthorized person from accessing it.

Hypertext Transfer Protocol(HTTPS)

It is the secured version of HTTP. this protocol ensures secure communication between two
computers where one sends the request through the browser and the other fetches the data
from the web server.

Transport Layer Security(TLS)

It is a security protocol designed for data security and privacy over the internet, its functionality
is encryption, checking the integrity of data i.e., whether it has been tampered with or not, and
authentication. It is generally used for encrypted communication between servers and web
apps, like a web browser loading a website, it can also be used for encryption of messages,
emails, and VoIP.

Some Other Protocols

Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP)

●​ ICMP protocol is used to retrieve message from the mail server. By using ICMP mail
user can view and manage mails on his system.

Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)

●​ SIP is used in video, voice, and messaging application. This protocol is used to initiating,
Managing, Terminating the session between two users while they are communicating.
Internet Communication
Real-Time Transport Protocol (RTP)

●​ This protocol is used to forward audio, video over IP network. This protocol is used with
SIP protocol to send audio, video at real-time.

Rout Access Protocol (RAP)

●​ RAP is used in network management. It helps to user for accessing the nearest router
for communication. RAP is less efficient as compared to SNMP.

Point To Point Tunnelling Protocol (PPTP)

●​ It is used to implement VPN ( Virtual Private Network ). PPTP protocol append PPP
frame in IP datagram for transmission through IP based network.

Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP)

●​ TFTP is the simplified version of FTP. TFTP is also used to transfer file over internet

Resource Location Protocol (RLP)

●​ RLP is used to assign the resource such as server, printer, or other devices over the
internet to the user. It is used to locate the resource to the client for broadcast query.