C Programming Lab BPOPS103

Familiarization with computer hardware and programming environment,

concept of naming the program files, storing, compilation, execution and
debugging. Taking any simple C- code.

Computers are machines that perform tasks or calculations according to a set of

instructions, or programs. It is an electronic device that process data, converting it
into information that is useful to people.

The functions of a computer system can be carried out by using the three main
units namely input unit, system unit and output unit. The block diagram of a
computer system is as follows:

Central Processing Unit (CPU): is commonly known as “processor” that

executes the instructions of a computer program. It has Control Unit (CU) and
Arithmetic & Logical Unit (ALU). These two units perform the basic arithmetic,
logical, and input/output operations.

a) Input unit: is used to enter data and information into a computer by user. The
devices like keyboard, mouse and scanner are commonly used input devices.
▪ A keyboard is used to enter alphanumeric characters and symbols.
▪ The mouse is used to pick or select a command from the monitor
screen. A scanner is used to scan an image or read a barcode and so on.
b) Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU): is a digital circuit that perform arithmetic
(Add, Sub, Multiplication, Division) and logical (AND, OR, NOT) operations. It

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helps in fast computation of scientific calculations on floating-point number.

c) Control unit (CU): is the circuitry that controls the flow of information
through the processor and coordinates the activities of the other units within the
processor.

d) Memory Unit (MU): is the unit where all the input data and results are stored
either temporarily or permanently. The memory of a computer has two types:
1. Main Memory / Primary Memory units
i. Random Access Memory (RAM): RAM constitutes internal memory of
the CPU for storing data, program and result. It is read/write memory. RAM
is volatile i.e. data stored in it is lost when we switch off the computer or if
there is power failure.
ii. Read Only Memory (ROM): ROM is a permanent memory that can be
read but not written. Memory access is faster in ROM compared to RAM.
ROM is non volatile. i.e. contents are not lost when the computer is
switched off. Used to store permanent programs that don‟t change
2. Secondary Memory: It is not directly connected to CPU. It is non-volatile.
Slower than primary memory but have larger capacities. Different Types of
Secondary Memory or storage devices are hard disk, Magnetic Tape, Optical
Disks – CD-ROM, DVD-ROM,
Flash memory

e) Output Unit: It is used to display or print results from a computer. Monitor,

printer and plotters are commonly used output devices.
f) Bus: A bus is a collection of wires that carries data/Instructions. It connects
physical components such as cables, printed circuits, CPU, Memory, Peripherals
etc., for sharing of Information and communication with one another.
g) Main Board or Mother Board: Mother Board is a set of Integrated Chips
(ICs) which are designed to work together. It controls the flow of data/instructions
within our computer. It is the main board on which other hardware components
are connected to enable the computer system to work as an integrated unit.
It mainly consists of, Processor, RAM Slots, CMOS Battery, IDE Controller,
Floppy Controller, BIOS, sockets, PCI slots, power connectors, different ports and
bus. Components of the ATX mother board is shown in the Figure 1.2.

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Operating System: An Operating System (OS) is system software that controls

and supervises the hardware components of a computer system and it provides the
services to computer users. Examples: Windows –XP ,Windows 7, Windows 8,
Fedora, Ubuntu and Android, etc.

Figure 1.2: Components of ATX Motherboard

Compile and Run a C Program on Ubuntu Linux

Step 1: Open up a terminal

Search for the terminal application in the dash tool (Located as the topmost item in the
launcher). Open up a terminal by clicking on icon.

Step 2: Use a text editor to write the C source code

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Type the command gedit hello.c (hello is the file name. .c is the c extension)

Step 3: Compile the program

Type the command gcc hello.c

gcc command will invoke the GNU C compiler to compile the file hello.c and
create the output (-o) file i.e. executable file called hello.

Step 4: Execute program

type command ./a.out

The compilation process, converts the source program instructions to a form

which is suitable for execution by computer. This process is carried out by a
compiler. The compiler used here is GNU C compiler. If the program is error free
then the translated program is stored on another file named fimename.o which is
called as object code.

Linking is the process of putting together other program files and functions that
are required by the program. For example if the sqrt() function is used then
function definition of this function should be brought from the math library and
linked to the main program.

The compiled and linked program is called executable object code and is stored
automatically in another file called a.out.

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The command ./a.out would load the executable object code into the computer‟s
memory and execute the instructions. During the program execution, the program
may request for some data to be entered through the keyboard. Sometimes the
program does not produce the desired results if something is wrong with the
program logic or input data. Then it would be necessary to correct the source
program. In case if the source program is modified the entire process of
compiling, linking and executing the program should be repeated.

The entire process of compiling and running a C program is shown in figure below:

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PROGRAM 1

Simulation of a Simple Calculator.

THEORY/LOGIC:
1. The program accepts two numbers and an operator
2. The following options are allowed
● Addition
● Subtraction
● Multiplication
● Division
● Modulo
3. Program performs the operation. Finally, it prints the results. Read the
expression from keyboard.
5. The C calculator options are implemented using the switch-case concept of C
language.
6. Whenever a case option matches the program perform those corresponding actions.

ALGORITHM:

STEP 1: START
STEP 2: [Enter an arithmetic expression]
Read num1, num2, operator value
STEP 3: [Evaluate choice with case statements]
Step 3.1: case „+‟ res=num1+num2, print res. goto step 4
Step 3.2: case „-„ res=num1-num2, print res. goto step 4
Step 3.3: case „*‟ res=num1*num2, print res. goto step 4
Step 3.4: case „/‟ if(num2==0)
print Divide by zero error . goto step 4
else
res=num1/num2, print div. goto step 4
Step 3.5: case „%‟ if(num2==0)
print “Divide by zero error”. goto step 4
else
res=num1%num2, print res. goto step 4
Step 3.6: default print “Invalid expression”
STEP 4: STOP

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FLOWCHART:

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PROGRAM:

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int num1,num2,res; char op;
printf("\n Enter a valid arithmetic expression:\n");
scanf("%d%c%d",&num1,&op,&num2);
switch(op)
{
case '+': res=num1+num2;
printf("\n Sum=%d", res);
break;
case '-': res=num1-num2;
printf("\n Difference=%d", res);
break;
case '*': res=num1*num2;

printf("\n Product=%d", res);

break;
case '/': if(num2==0)
{
printf(“Divide by zero error”);
}
else
{
res=num1/num2;
printf("\n Quotient=%d", res);

}
break;

case '%': if(num2==0)

{

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printf(“Divide by zero error”);

}
else
{
res=num1%num2;
printf("\n Remainder=%d", res);

}
break;

default: printf("\a Invalid Expression");

}
}

EXPECTED OUTPUT:

OUTPUT 1

Enter a valid arithmetic expression: 14+25

Sum=39
OUTPUT 2
gcc Lab1.c
./a.out
Enter a valid arithmetic expression: 25-5
Difference=20
OUTPUT 3
gcc Lab1.c
./a.out
Enter a valid arithmetic expression: 55*19
Product=1045
OUTPUT 4
gcc Lab1.c
./a.out
Enter a valid arithmetic expression: 4/0
Divide by zero error

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OUTPUT 5
gcc Lab1.c
./a.out
Enter a valid arithmetic expression: 12/0
Divide by zero error

QUESTIONS TO BE ANSWERED:

1) What is the use of header files as used in C programming?

Ans- Header files contain declarations of functions and variables that are
defined in other source files.

2) What does Structure of a C Program contain?

Ans- Documentation section, header files, preprocessor directives, function

prototype, main function, global variables, function definitions

3) What is the use of main() function?

The main function is the entry point of the program.

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PROGRAM 2

Compute the roots of a quadratic equation by accepting the

coefficients. Print appropriate messages.

THEORY/LOGIC:
To read the coefficients a, b, c and check if any of coefficients value is zero, if so, print
appropriate messages and re-run the program.

Otherwise calculate discriminate and based on discriminate value classify and

compute all the possible roots with suitable message.

The Standard Form of a quadratic equation is ax + bx + c = 0.

Standard formula to solve the quadratic equations

b2 − 4ac, is called the discriminant.

Three things may occur regarding the discriminant

i) If b2 − 4ac > 0 then can‟t take the square root of this positive amount and there
will be two different real roots for the quadratic equation.

ii) If b2− 4ac < 0 then can‟t take the square root of a negative number, so there
will be two imaginary roots.

iii) If b2− 4ac = 0 then the amount under the radical is zero and since the square
root of zero is zero, will get two real roots and they are equal.
fabs() is a built in function which purpose is: A negative value becomes positive,
positive value is unchanged. The return value is always positive

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ALGORITHM:

STEP 1: START

STEP 2: [Input coefficient of quadratic equation a, b, c] Read a, b, c

STEP 3: [Check whether any of the coefficient value is zero] if a=0 and
b=0 then

print “Roots cannot be computed” end if goto step10

STEP 4: [Check for linear equation]

if a==0 then root1=-c/b

print root1 – Linear Equation end if goto step 10

STEP 5: [Calculate the discriminant value] disc = b*b-4*a*c

[Based on discriminate value classify and calculate all possible roots and
print them]

STEP 6: [Check for real and equal roots, if discriminate value is 0]

if(disc==0) then root1=root2 -b/(2*a);

print roots are real and equal, root1=root2 end if goto step10

STEP 7: [Check for real and distinct roots, if discriminate value is >0] else
if(disc>0) then root1=(-b+sqrt(disc))/(2*a); root2=(-b-sqrt(disc))/(2*a);

print The roots are real and distinct print root1 and print root2 end if goto
step10

STEP 8: [Check for real and imaginary roots, if discriminate value is <0]
if(disc<0) then real=-b/(2*a) img=sqrt(fabs(disc))/(2*a)
root1=real+i(imag) root2=real-i(imag)

print The roots are complex/imaginary print real

STEP 9: [Finished]STOP

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FLOWCHART:

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PROGRAM:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<math.h>
void main()
{
float a,b,c,d,real,img,root1,root2;
printf("Enter the coefficients of a,b,c\n");
scanf("%f%f%f",&a,&b,&c);
if(a==0 && b==0)
{
printf("Roots can't be computed\n \n");
exit(0);
}
if(a==0)
{
printf("The roots are linear\n");
root1=-c/b;
printf("root=%f\n",root1);
exit(0);
}
d=b*b-4*a*c;
if(d==0)
{
root1=-b/(2*a);
printf("Roots are Real and Equal\n Root1=Root2=%f\n",root1);
}
else if(d>0)
{
root1=(-b+sqrt(d))/(2*a);
root2=(-b-sqrt(d))/(2*a);
printf("Roots are Real and Distinct\n Root1=%f\n Root2=%f\n",root1,root2);
}
else
{
printf("Roots are Complex/Imaginary\n");
real=-b/(2*a);
img=sqrt(fabs(d))/(2*a);
printf("Root1= %f +i %f\n",real,img);
printf("Root2= %f -i %f\n",real,img);
}}

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EXPECTED OUTPUT-
gedit Lab2.c
gcc Lab2.c -lm
./a.out
OUTPUT 1-
gedit Lab2.c
gcc Lab2.c -lm
./a.out
Enter the coefficients of a,b,c 0 0 5
Roots can't be computed
OUTPUT 2-
gcc Lab2.c -lm
./a.out
Enter the coefficients of a,b,c 0 7 3
The roots are linear
root=-0.428571
OUTPUT 3-
gcc Lab2.c -lm
./a.out
Enter the coefficients of a,b,c 1 2 1
Roots are Real and Equal
Root1=Root2=-1.000000
OUTPUT 4-
gcc Lab2.c -lm
./a.out
Enter the coefficients of a,b,c 1 5 2
Roots are Real and Distinct
Root1= -0.438447
Root2= -4.561553
OUTPUT 5-
gcc Lab2.c -lm
./a.out
Enter the coefficients of a,b,c 1 2 3
Roots are Complex/Imaginary Root1= -1.000000 +i 1.414214
Root2= -1.000000 -i 1.414214

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QUESTIONS TO BE ANSWERED:

1. Define C- token.

Ans- Tokens are the basic elements that make up a C program.

2. Define variables.

Ans- Variables are used to store and manipulate data.

3. Briefly explain the different primary data types in C language.

Ans- primary data types represent the basic building blocks for storing and
manipulating data. Here are the main primary data types in C: int, float, char,
double, void.

4. What is conditional or decision-making statements in C language.

Ans- Conditional or decision-making statements in the C language allow the

program to make decisions based on certain conditions. Ex- if, if-else, nested if else

5. What is a quadratic equation ?

Ans- A quadratic equation is a second-order polynomial equation in a single

variable with the general form: ax2+bx+c=0

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PROGRAM 3
An electricity board charges the following rates for the use of electricity: for the first
200 units 80 paise per unit: for the next 100 units 90 paise per unit: beyond 300 units Rs
1 per unit. All users are charged a minimum of Rs. 100 as meter charge. If the total
amount is more than Rs 400, then an additional surcharge of 15% of the total amount is
charged. Write a program to read the name of the user, the number of units consumed,
and print out the charges.

ALGORITHM:

STEP 1: START
STEP 2: Read a customer name and the number of units

STEP 3: To check electricity unit is less than or equal to 200 and

calculate charges - if(unit<=200) then
charges=(unit*0.8)+100

STEP 4: [To check electricity unit is greater than 200 and less than or
equal to 300 and calculate charges] -

if(unit>200 && unit<=300) then

charges=(200*0.8)+(unit-200)*0.9+100

STEP 5: [To check unit is greater than 300 and

calculate charge] -if(unit>300)

charges=(200*0.8)+(100*0.9)+(unit-
300)*1+100

STEP 6: [To check and calculate if charges is

greater than 400] if(charges>400)

charges=charges+0.15*charges

STEP 7: Print name, units and charges

STEP 8: STOP

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FLOWCHART:

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PROGRAM:
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
char name[20];
int unit;
float charge;
printf("Enter the name of consumer\n");
scanf("%s",name);
printf("Enter the number of units consumed\n");
scanf("%d",&unit);
if(unit<=200)
{
charge=(unit*0.80)+100;
}
else if(unit>200 && unit<=300)
{
charge=(200*0.80) + (unit-200)*0.90+100;
}
else
{
charge=(200*0.80) + (100*0.90) + (unit-300)*1+100;
}
if(charge>400)
{
charge=charge+0.15*charge;
}
printf("Consumer Name: %s\n”,name);
printf(“Number of Units consumed: %d\n”,unit);
printf(“ Total Rupees: %f \n"charge);
}

EXPECTED OUTPUT:

OUTPUT 1:
Enter the name of consumer
Rajesh
Enter the number of units
consumed 121
Consumer Name: Rajesh Units consumed: 121 Rupees: 196.80

OUTPUT 2:
gcc Lab4.c
./a.out
Enter the name of consumer

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Mohan Enter the number of

units consumed 269
Consumer Name: Mohan Units consumed: 269 Rupees: 322.10

OUTPUT 3:
gcc Lab4.c
./a.out
Enter the name of consumer
Rahul Enter the number of
units consumed 350
Consumer Name: Rahul Units consumed: 350 Rupees: 400.00

OUTPUT 4:
gcc Lab4.c
./a.out
Enter the name of consumer
Smitha Enter the number of
units consumed 742
Consumer Name: Smitha Units consumed: 742 Rupees: 910.80

QUESTIONS TO BE ANSWERED:

1) Give the structure of if else statements?

Ans-if (condition) {
// Code to be executed if the condition is true
} else {
// Code to be executed if the condition is false
}
2) Which function is used to read input from the user in C?

Ans-scanf()

3) What is the purpose of the return statement in a function?

Ans- Returns a value from a function

4)What is the purpose of the else statement in C?

Ans-It specifies an alternative block of code to be executed if the if condition is false.

5)What is the role of the && operator in a conditional expression?

Ans- Logical AND (both conditions must be true)

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PROGRAM 4

Write a C Program to display the following by reading the number of rows as input.

PROGRAM:
#include <stdio.h>
void main()
{
int i,j,rows;
printf("Input number of rows : ");
scanf("%d",&rows);
for(i=1;i<=rows;i++)
{
for(j=1;j<=rows-i;j++)
printf(" ");
for(j=1;j<=i;j++)
printf("%d",j);
for(j=i-1;j>=1;j--)
printf("%d",j);
printf("\n");
}
}
EXPECTED OUTPUT:
Enter no of rows: 4

1
121
12321
1234321

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QUESTIONS TO BE ANSWERED :

1)What are format specifier?

Ans-:format specifiers in C are used to take input and print the output of a type .

2)What are functions?

Ans-:A function is a set of statements enclosed within curly brackets that take inputs ,do the
computation, and provide the resultant output

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PROGRAM 5

Implement Binary search on Integers/Names.

THEORY/LOGIC:

 Consider a list of numbers stored in an array and to check whether the given number
is present within the given list or not. If the number is found in the list, search is
Successful and the message is printed otherwise unsuccessful message is printed.
 Binary seaarch is applied if the items are arranged in either ascending or descending
order.
 In binary search first element is considered as low and last element is considered as
high.

● Position of middle element is found by taking first and last element is as

follows. mid=(low+high)/2
● Mid element is compared with key element, if they are same, the search is
successful. Otherwise if key element is less than middle element then searching
continues in left part of the array.
● If key element is greater than middle element then searching continues in right
part of the array.
The procedure is repeated till key item is found or key item is not found.

ALGORITHM:

STEP 1: START

STEP 2: READ the number of elements, n

STEP 3: READ the elements of array

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STEP 4: READ the key element to be searched

STEP 5: Initialize low←0 and high← n-1

STEP 6: while low<= high do the following

mid← (low+high)/2

if a[mid] is equal to key

PRINT search is successful and print its position goto STEP 8

if key is greater than a[mid] then low←mid+1

else high←mid-1

STEP 7: PRINT Search is unsuccessful

STEP 8: STOP

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FLOWCHART:

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PROGRAM:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
void main()
{
int low, high, n, mid, i, a[50], key ;
printf("Enter the number of elements\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Enter the elements in ascending order\n");
for(i=0; i<n; i++)
{
scanf("%d",&a[i]);
}
printf("Enter the element to be searched\n");
scanf("%d",&key);
low=0;
high=n-1;
while(low<=high)
{
mid=(low+high)/2;
if(key == a[mid])
{
printf("Successful Search & element is found at position = %d\n",mid+1);
exit(0);
}

if(key>a[mid])
{
low=mid+1;
}
else
{
high=mid-1;
}
}
printf("Unsuccessful Search\n");
}

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EXPECTED OUTPUT:

OUTPUT 1:
gcc Lab5.c
./a.out
Enter number of elements
5
Enter array elements in ascending order
- 5 10 20 30 80
Enter the number to be searched 10
Search successful

OUTPUT 2:
gcc Lab5.c
./a.out
Enter number of elements 8
Enter array elements in ascending order 5 9 10 15 20 24 30 87
Enter the number to be searched 99
Search unsuccessful

QUESTIONS TO BE ANSWERED:

1. What is mean by searching?

Ans- Searching in C refers to the process of finding the location of a specific element or
value within a data structure.

2.What are the different searching techniques available?

Ans- Linear seach, Binary search

3. Describe how binary search work?

Ans- Binary search is an efficient algorithm for searching in sorted arrays. It works by
repeatedly dividing the search range in half until the target element is found or the range
becomes empty.

4. What is an array?
Ans- Array is a collection of elements of same data type.

5. Explain how 1D array is declared ?

Ans- Syntax- data_type array_name[size];
.

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PROGRAM 6

Implement Matrix multiplication and validate the rules of multiplication.

THEORY/LOGIC:

Condition to satisfy for matrix multiplication: The number of columns of the 1st matrix must
be equal to the number of rows of the 2nd matrix. And the order of the resultant matrix will
have the same number of rows as the 1st matrix, and the same number of columns as the 2nd
matrix.

To read two matrices of the form A(m x n) and B(p x q) and if the compatibility is matched,
the multiplication for the defined matrices is carried out and displayed in the suitable matrix
format.

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ALGORITHM:
Step 1 : Start
Step 2 : Read m,n,p,q
Step 3 : if(n!=p) then
Print “Matrix Multiplication is not Possible”
end if goto Step 8
Step 4 : Read Matrix a
for i←0 to m
for j←0 to n do
Read a[i][j]
end for
end for
Step 5 : Read Matrix b
for i←0 to p
for j←0 to q
Read b[i][j]
end for
end for
Step 6 : for i←0 to m
for j←0 to q
c[i][j] ← 0
for k←0 to n
c[i][j] ← c[i][j]+a[i][k]*b[k][j]
end for end for

end for
Step 7: Print “Resultant Matrix”
for i←0 to m
for j←0 to q do
Print “ c[i][j]”
end for
end for
Step 8 : Stop

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FLOWCHART:

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PROGRAM:

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int a[50][50],b[50][50],c[50][50];
int m,n,p,q,i,j,k;
printf("Enter the order of Matrix A\n");
scanf("%d%d",&m,&n);
printf("Enter the order of Matrix B\n");
scanf("%d%d",&p,&q);
if(n!=p)
{
printf("Matrix Multiplication Not Possible\n");
}
else
{
printf("Enter the elements of Matrix A\n");
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
{
scanf("%d",&a[i][j]);
}
}
printf("Matrix A is displayed as\n");
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
{
printf("%d\t",a[i][j]);
}
printf("\n");
}
printf("Enter the elements of Matrix B\n");
for(i=0;i<p;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<q;j++)
{
scanf("%d",&b[i][j]);
}
}
printf("Matrix B is displayed as\n");
for(i=0;i<p;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<q;j++)
{
printf("%d\t",b[i][j]);

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}
printf("\n");
}
printf("\nMATRIX MULTIPLICATION \n");
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<q;j++)
{
c[i][j]=0;
for(k=0;k<n;k++)
{
c[i][j]=c[i][j]+a[i][k]*b[k][j];
}
}
}
printf("The resultant Matrix is\n");
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<q;j++)
{
printf("%d\t",c[i][j]);
}
printf("\n");
}
}
}

EXPECTED OUTPUT:

OUTPUT 1:
Enter the order of Matrix A 2 2
Enter the order of Matrix B 2 2
Enter the elements of Matrix A 1 2 3 4
Matrix A is displayed as
1 2
3 4
Enter the elements of Matrix B 5 6 7 8 Matrix B is displayed as
5 6
7 8
The resultant Matrix is 19 22
43 50

OUTPUT 2:
gcc Lab8.c
./a.out
Enter the order of Matrix A 2 3
Enter the order of Matrix B 4 5

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C Programming Lab BPOPS103

Matrix Multiplication Not Possible

QUESTIONS TO BE ANSWERED:
1. Differentiate row major and column major order matrices.
Ans- In row-major order, the elements of a matrix are stored row by row. The
consecutive elements of a row are placed next to each other in memory. In column-
major order, the elements of a matrix are stored column by column. The consecutive
elements of a column are placed next to each other in memory.

2. What is a two-dimensional array?

Ans- A two-dimensional (2D) array in C is a collection of elements organized in a
table or grid format, consisting of rows and columns.

3. Why do we need two for loops to read elements to a matrix?

Ans- Using two nested for loops to read elements into a matrix is a common
practice because a 2D array is essentially a table with rows and columns.

4. Under which condition two matrices can be multiplied.

Ans- Number of columns of first matrix should be equal to number of rows of
second matrix.

5. Why 2D arrays are required?

Ans- To store data in table/matrix format.

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C Programming Lab BPOPS103

PROGRAM 7

Compute sin(x)/cos(x) using Taylor series approximation. Compare your result with the
built-in library function. Print both the results with appropriate inferences.

THEORY/LOGIC:

A Taylor Series is an expansion of a function into an infinite sum of terms, with

increasing exponents of a variable, like x, x2, x3, etc. The Taylor series for sin(x) is

sin(x) = x - (x3/3!) + (x5/5!) - (x7/7!) + …….

● Input degree is converted to radian and computation of sine value takes place.
● Taylor series is a representation of a function as an infinite sum of
terms that are calculated from the values of the function's derivatives at
a single point.

ALGORITHM:

Step 1: START
Step 2: Read degree , number of terms
Step 3: Compute x = degree*3.14593/180;
term = x;
sum = x;
Step 4: Repeat the following steps for i = 1 to 10
term = term*x*x/(2*i*(2*i+1));
sum = sum+term;
Step 5: Print sum, sin(x)
Step 6: STOP

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FLOWCHART:

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C Programming Lab BPOPS103

PROGRAM:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>
void main()
{
int i,n;
float degree,x,sum,term;
printf(“Enter the number of terms\n”);
scanf(“%d”,&n);
printf("Enter a value in degree\n");
scanf("%f",&degree);
x=degree*3.14593/180;
term=x;
sum=x;
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
term= - term*x*x/(2*i*(2*i+1));
sum=sum+term;
}
printf("The calculated sum is = %f\n",sum);
printf("The Mathematical sine value is = %f\n",sin(x));
}

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C Programming Lab BPOPS103

EXPECTED OUTPUT:
$gcc lab8.c -lm

$./a.out

Enter a
value in
degree 90

The calculated sum is = 1.000000

The Mathematical sine value is = 1.000000

QUESTIONS TO BE ANSWERED:
1. Why Taylor series approximation is important in science and engineering?
Ans- For function approximation, numerical analysis, error analysis.

2. What are the different loops in C?

Ans- for , while, do-while

3. What are built-in functions? Give an example.

Ans- Built-in functions, also known as library functions or standard library
functions, are predefined functions provided by programming languages or libraries
to perform common operations. Ex- printf(), scanf() etc.

4. Give out the formula to covert degree into radians.

Ans- radians=degree*3.14593/180;

5. What are the 3 components for a user defined function?

Ans- function declaration, functional call, function definition.

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C Programming Lab BPOPS103

PROGRAM 8

Sort the given set of N numbers using Bubble sort.

THEORY/LOGIC:
□ The process of arranging elements in either ascending order or
descending order is called Sorting.

Bubble Sort
□ In this technique two successive elements of an array such as a[j] and
a[j+1] are compared.
□ If a[j]>=a[j+1] the they are exchanged, this process repeats till all
elements of an array are arranged in ascending order.
□ After each pass the largest element in the array is sinks at the bottom
and the smallest element in the array is bubble towards top. Bubble
Sort algorithm compares each pair of adjacent (neighbouring)
elements and the elements are swapped if they are not in ascending
order.

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C Programming Lab BPOPS103

ALGORITHM:
Step 1: Start
Step 2 : Read n
Step 3: for i←0 to n
Read a[i]
end for
Step 4: for i← 1 to n
for j← 0 to n-i
if (a[j]>a[j+1]) then
temp←a[j]
a[j] ←a[j+1]
a[j+1] ←temp
end if
end for
end for
Step 5 : Print “Sorted Array”
for i←0 to n
Print “a[i]”
end for
Step 6 : Stop

FLOWCHART:

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C Programming Lab BPOPS103

PROGRAM:

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int a[50],n,i,j,temp;
printf("Enter the number of elements\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Enter %d elements\n",n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
scanf("%d",&a[i]);
}
printf("The entered elements are\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("%d\t",a[i]);
}
for(i=1;i<n;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<n-i;j++)
{
if(a[j]>a[j+1])
{
temp=a[j];
a[j]=a[j+1];
a[j+1]=temp;
}
}
}
printf("The sorted elements are\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("%d\t",a[i]);
}
}

EXPECTED OUTPUT:

gedit Lab10.c
gcc Lab10.c
./a.out
Enter the number of elements : 10
Enter 10 elements
12 -5 2 -30 8 -15 3 -10 6 0
The entered elements are
12 -5 2 -30 8 -15 3 -10 60
The sorted elements are
-30 -15 -10 -5 0 2 3 6 8 12

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C Programming Lab BPOPS103

QUESTIONS TO BE ANSWERED:

1. What is mean by sorting?

Ans- Sorting is a common operation in computer science and programming that involves
arranging elements in a specific order.

2. What are the different sorting techniques available?

Ans- selection sort, merge sort, bubble sort

3. How bubble sort works? Why the name bubble?

Ans- Bubble Sort is a simple sorting algorithm that works by repeatedly stepping
through the list, comparing adjacent elements, and swapping them if they are in the
wrong order. The pass through the list is repeated until the entire list is sorted. The name
"bubble" comes from the way smaller elements "bubble" to the top of the list during each
pass.

4. What are the components of for loop?

Ans- Initialization, Condition, Update

5. What is mean by nested for loop?

Ans- A nested for loop is a loop inside another loop.

AJIET, Dept. of CSE, Mangalore 41

C Programming Lab BPOPS103

PROGRAM 9

Write functions to implement string operations such as compare, concatenate, and find
string length. Use the parameter passing techniques
.
ALGORITHM:
Step 1 : Start
Step 2 : Read str1, str2
Step 3:len1 = length(str1) and len2 = length(str2)
Step 4: Print len1, len2
Step 5: Compare(str1,str2)
Step 6: Concat(str1, str2)
Step 7: Stop

function length(str1)
for i←0 to str1[i]!= „\0‟ do
count←count+1
end for
return count

function compare(str1,str2) len1←length(str1)

len2←length(str2)
if(len1!=len2) then
Print “Strings are Different”
end if
for i←0 to str1[i]!= „\0‟ do
if(str1[i]!=str2[i]) then
Print strings are different.
end if
end for
else
Print “Strings are Same”
end if

function concat(str1,str2)
i=length(str1)
for j←0 to str2[j]!= „\0‟ do
str1[i] ←str2[j]
i=i+1
end for
print str1

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C Programming Lab BPOPS103

FLOWCHART:

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C Programming Lab BPOPS103

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C Programming Lab BPOPS103

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C Programming Lab BPOPS103

PROGRAM:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
int length(char s[100]);
void compare(char str1[100],char str2[100]);
void concat(char str1[100],char str2[100]);

int length(char s[100])

{
int i,count=0;
for(i=0;s[i]!='\0';i++)
{
count ++;
}
return count;
}

void compare(char str1[100],char str2[100])

{
int i, flag=1;
if(length(str1)!=length(str2))
flag=0;
else
{
for(i=0;str1[i]!='\0';i++)
{
if(str1[i]!=str2[i])
{
flag=0;
break;
}
}

}
if(flag==1)
printf(“Strings are equal”):

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C Programming Lab BPOPS103

else
printf(“Strings are different”);
}

void concat(char str1[100],char str2[100])

{
int i,j;
i=length(str1);
for(j=0;str2[j]!='\0';j++)
{
str1[i]=str2[j];
i++;
}
printf("The concatenated strings is %s\n",str1);
}

void main()
{
char str1[100],str2[100];
int len1,len2;
printf("Enter the 1st string\n");
scanf("%s",str1);
printf("Enter the 2nd string\n");
scanf("%s",str2);
len1=length(str1);
len2=length(str2);
printf("The length of first string is %d\n",len1);
printf("The length of second string is %d\n",len2);
compare(str1,str2);
concat(str1,str2);
}

AJIET, Dept. of CSE, Mangalore 47

C Programming Lab BPOPS103

PROGRAM 10

Implement structures to read, write, compute average- marks and the

students scoring above and below the average marks for a class of N students.

ALGORITHM:

Step 1 : Start

Step 2 : Define a Structure Student with members

usn,name,marks, Define a structure variable s

Step 3 : Read n

Step 4: for i←0 to n do

Read s[i].usn,
s[i].name,s[i].marks
sum←sum+s[i].marks

end for

Step 5 : avg←sum/n

Step 6 : Print avg

Step 7 : Print “Details of student who scored above

average marks” for i←0 to n do

if(s[i].marks>=avg)then

Print s[i].usn,s[i].name,s[i].marks

end if

end for

Step 8 : Print “Details of student who scored below

average marks” for i←0 to n do
if(s[i].marks<avg)then
Print s[i].usn,s[i].name,s[i].marks end for
Step 9 : Stop

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C Programming Lab BPOPS103

FLOWCHART:

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C Programming Lab BPOPS103

PROGRAM:

#include<stdio.h>
struct student
{
int marks,usn;
char name[100];
};
void main()
{
struct student s[100];
int i,n;
float sum=0.0,avg=0.0;
printf("Enter the number of students\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Enter the student details\n");
printf("\n usn\t name\t marks\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
scanf("%d%s%d",&s[i].usn,s[i].name,&s[i].marks);
sum=sum+s[i].marks;
}
avg=sum/n;
printf ("Average marks is %f",avg);
printf("Students who scored above average marks:\n");
printf("\nusn \t name \t marks \n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
if(s[i].marks>=avg)
{
printf("%d\t%s\t%d\n",s[i].usn,s[i].name,s[i].marks);
}
}
printf("\nStudents scored below average marks:\n");
printf("\n usn\t name\t marks \n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
if(s[i].marks<avg)
{
printf("%d\t%s\t%d\n",s[i].usn,s[i].name,s[i].marks);
}
}
}

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C Programming Lab BPOPS103

EXPECTED OUTPUT:
Enter the number of students 4
Enter the student details:
usn, name, marks
7 alen 75
9 priya 85
20 sidharth 91
25 zuman 82

Average Marks is 83.250000

Students scored above average marks:

usn, name, marks
9 priya 85
20 sidharth 91

Students scored below average marks:

usn, name, marks
7 alen 75
25 zuman 82

QUESTIONS TO BE ANSWERED:

1. Define structures
Ans- Structure is a collection of members of same or different data types.

2. Give syntax to declare structure variable.

Ans-struct structure_Name variable_Name;

3. How structure elements are accessed?

Ans- We can access the members of a structure using the dot (.) operator. The dot
operator allows you to access and manipulate the individual members of a structure.

4. What is array of structure?

Ans- An array of structures in C is a data structure that allows you to create and store
multiple instances of a structure in a contiguous block of memory.

5. What are the benefits of structure?

Ans-Grouping related data, code reusability, modularity

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C Programming Lab BPOPS103

PROGRAM 11

Develop a program using pointers to compute the sum, mean and standard
deviation of all elements stored in an array of n real numbers.

THEORY/LOGIC:

● A pointer is a variable whose value is the address of another variable, i.e.,

direct address of the memory location.

● The mean is the average and is computed as the sum of all numbers divided

by the total numbers.

● Variance measures how far a set of numbers is spread out. A variance of
zero indicates that all the values are identical. Variance is always non-
negative.

Standard deviation (SD) (σ) is a measure that is used to quantify the amount of
variation or dispersion of a set of data values. A standard deviation close to 0
indicates that the data points tend to be very close to the mean (also called the
expected value) of the set, while a high standard deviation indicates that the

data points are

● sum=1+2+3+4+5=15.00

● Mean=15.00/5=3.00

● Standard deviation=sqrt((1-3.00)2+(2-3.00)2+(3-3.00)2+(4-3.00)2+(5-
3.00)2 / 5 )=1.41

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C Programming Lab BPOPS103

ALGORITHM:

Step 1: Start

Step 2 : Read n, *ptr

Step 3 : for i← 0 to n do

Read a[i]

end for

Step 4 : ptr←a

Step 5 : for i←0 to n do

sum←sum+ *ptr ptr←ptr+1;

end for

Step 6 : mean←sum/n

Step 7 : for i←0 to n do

sumvar←sumvar+pow( (*ptr-mean),2)

ptr←ptr+1

end for

Step 8 : var←sumvar/n

Step 9 : sd←sqrt(num)

Step 10 : Print “sum,mean,sd”

Step 11 : Stop

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FLOWCHART:

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C Programming Lab BPOPS103

PROGRAM:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>
void main()
{
float a[50],sum=0.0,sumvar=0.0,mean,var,sd;
float *ptr;
int n,i;
printf("Enter the number of elements\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Enter %d array elements\n",n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
scanf("%f",&a[i]);
}
ptr=a;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
sum=sum+*ptr;
ptr++;
}
mean=sum/n;
ptr=a;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
sumvar=sumvar+(pow((*ptr-mean),2));
ptr++;
}
var=sumvar/n;
sd=sqrt(var);
printf("Sum = %f\n",sum);
printf("Mean = %f\n",mean);
printf("Standard Deviation = %f\n",sd);
}

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C Programming Lab BPOPS103

EXPECTED OUTPUT:
gedit Lab14.c
gcc Lab14.c
./a.out
Enter the number of elements 5
Enter 5 array elements
2.1 4.2 6.3 8.4 10.5
Sum = 31.500000
Mean = 6.300000
Standard Deviation = 2.969849

QUESTIONS TO BE ANSWERED:
1. Why standard deviation is calculated for a list of N related values.
Ans- To provide insights into the spread or distribution of the data points around the
mean (average) value.

2. Define pointers in C.
Ans-Pointer is a variable that holds address of another variable.

3. How do you declare a pointer?

Ans-data_type *pointer_name;

4. What does the dereference operator (*) do in C?

Ans- Accesses the value stored at the memory address pointed by a pointer.

5. What does the NULL pointer represent in C?

Ans- A pointer with a value of zero.

AJIET, Dept. of CSE, Mangalore 56

C Programming Lab BPOPS103

PROGRAM 12

Write a C program to copy a text file to another, read both the input file name and
target file name

Program:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
void main()
{
FILE *p1, *p2;
char filename[100], c;
printf("Enter the filename to open for reading\n");
scanf("%s", filename);
p1=fopen(filename,"r");
if(p1==NULL)
{
printf("Cannot open file %s\n", filename);
exit(0);
}
printf("Enter the filename to writing\n");
scanf("%s", filename);
p2=fopen(filename,"w");
c=fgetc(p1);
while(c!=EOF)
{
fputc(c,p2);
c=fgetc(p1);

}
printf("\n File copied successfully”);
fclose(p1);
fclose(p2);
}

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C Programming Lab BPOPS103

EXPECTED OUTPUT-
To Execute :
Gedit file.c
Gcc file.c -o file.out
. / file.out

Outputs:
Enter the file name to open for reading.
Student.txt
Cannot open file student.txt

Enter the file name to open for reading

Student.txt

Enter the file name to open for writing

output.txt

Contents copied to output.txt

QUESTIONS TO BE ANSWERED:

1. What is a file in C programming?

Ans- A named collection of data stored on a disk or other storage device.

2. Which header file is used for file operations in C?

Ans- <stdio.h>

3. How do you open a file for writing in C?

Ans- fopen("file.txt", "w");

4. What function is used to write a character to a file in C?

Ans- fputc()

5.How do you close a file in

C?Ans-fclose(file)

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C Programming Lab BPOPS103

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