Coding :

Stack:
stack = []
stack.append('a')
stack.append('b')
stack.append('c')
print('Initial stack')
print(stack)
print('\nElements poped from stack:')
print(stack.pop())
print(stack.pop())
print(stack.pop())
print('\nStack after elements are poped:')
print(stack)

Queue:
queue = []
queue.append('a')
queue.append('b')
queue.append('c')
print("Initial queue")
print(queue)
print("\nElements dequeued from queue")
print(queue.pop(0))
print(queue.pop(0))
print(queue.pop(0))
print("\nQueue after removing elements")
print(queue)
List:
List = [1,2,3,4]
print("Initial List: ")
print(List)
List.extend([8, 'Geeks', 'Always'])
print("\nList after performing Extend Operation: ")
print(List)
Output:
Stack:
Initial stack
['a', 'b', 'c']
Elements poped from stack:
c
b
a
Stack after elements are poped:
[]
Queue:
['a', 'b', 'c']
Elements dequeued from queue:
A
b
c
Queue after removing elements
[]
List:
Initial List:
[1, 2, 3, 4]
List after performing Extend Operation:
[1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 'Geeks', 'Always']
Coding:

No = 10
num1, num2 = 0, 1
count = 0
if No <= 0:
print("Invalid Number")
elif No == 1:
print("Fibonacci sequence for limit of ",No,":")
print(num1)
else:
print("Fibonacci sequence:")
while count < No:
print(num1)
nth = num1 + num2
num1 = num2
num2 = nth
count += 1
Output:
Fibonacci sequence:
0
1
1
2
3
5
8
13
21
34
Coding:

Class node:
def __init__(self,data):
self.data=data
self.next=none
def add(self,data):
nn=none(data)
nn.next=None
return nn
def printarray(self,a,n):
i=0
while(i<n)
print(a[i],end=””)
i=i+1
def findlength(self,head)
cur=head
count=0
while(cur!=None):
count=count+1
cur=cur.next
return count
def convertarr(self,head):
length=self.findlength(head)
arr=[]
index=0
 cur=head
while(cur!=None):
arr.append(cur.data)
cur=cur.next
self.printarray(arr,length)
head=node(0)
head=head.add(6)
head.next=head.add(4)
head.next.next=head.add(3)
head.next.next.next=head.add(4)
head.next.next.next.next=head.add(9)
head.convertarr(head)
Output:
[6,4,3,4]
[6 4 3 4]
Coding:

List = [1,2,3,4]
print("Initial List: ")
print(List)
List.extend([8, 'Geeks', 'Always'])
print("\nList after performing Extend Operation: ")
print(List) List = []
print("Blank List: ")
print(List)
List = [10, 20, 14]
print("\nList of numbers: ")
print(List)
List = ["Geeks", "For", "Geeks"]
print("\nList Items: ")
print(List[0])
print(List[2])
Adding the elements:
List = [1,2,3,4]
print("Initial List: ")
print(List)
List.insert(3, 12)
List.insert(0, 'Geeks')
print("\nList after performing Insert Operation: ")
print(List)
List = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12]
print("Intial List: ")
print(List)
List.remove(5)
List.remove(6)
print("\nList after Removal of two elements: ")
print(List)
for i in range(1, 5):
List.remove(i)
print("\nList after Removing a range of elements: ")
print(List)
List = [['Geeks', 'For'] , ['Geeks']]
print("\nMulti-Dimensional List: ")
print(List)
Output:
Initial blank List:
[]
List after Addition of Three elements:
[1, 2, 4]
List after Addition of elements from 1-3:
[1, 2, 4, 1, 2, 3]
>>>
===================== RESTART: Z:/New folder/queue 1.py
=====================
Initial List:
[1, 2, 3, 4]
List after performing Insert Operation:
['Geeks', 1, 2, 3, 12, 4]
>>>
===================== RESTART: Z:/New folder/queue 1.py
=====================
Intial List:
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12]
List after Removal of two elements:
[1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12]
List after Removing a range of elements:
[7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12]
Coding:
stack = []
stack.append('a')
stack.append('b')
stack.append('c')
print('Initial stack')
print(stack)
print('\nElements poped from stack:')
print(stack.pop())
print(stack.pop())
print(stack.pop())
print('\nStack after elements are poped:')
print(stack)
Queue:

queue = []
queue.append('a')
queue.append('b')
queue.append('c')
print("Initial queue")
print(queue)
print("\nElements dequeued from queue")
print(queue.pop(0))
print(queue.pop(0))
print(queue.pop(0))
print("\nQueue after removing elements")
print(queue)
Output:
Initial stack
['a', 'b', 'c']
Elements poped from stack:
c
b
a
Stack after elements are poped:
[]
Coding:

def add(A, B, m, n):

size = max(m, n);
sum = [0 for i in range(size)]
for i in range(0, m, 1):
sum[i] = A[i]
for i in range(n):
sum[i] += B[i]
return sum
def printPoly(poly, n):
for i in range(n):
print(poly[i], end = "")
if (i != 0):
print("x^", i, end = "")
if (i != n - 1):
print(" + ", end = "")
if __name__ == '__main__':
A = [5, 0, 10, 6]
B = [1, 2, 4]
m = len(A)
n = len(B)
print("First polynomial is")
printPoly(A, m)
print("\n", end = "")
print("Second polynomial is")
printPoly(B, n)
print("\n", end = "")
sum = add(A, B, m, n)
size = max(m, n)
print("sum polynomial is")
printPoly(sum, size)
Output:
First polynomial is
5 + 0x^1 + 10x^2 + 6x^3
Second polynomial is
1 + 2x^1 + 4x^2
Sum polynomial is
6 + 2x^1 + 14x^2 + 6x^3
Coding:

class Conversion:
def __init__(self, capacity):
self.top = -1
self.capacity = capacity
self.array = []
self.output = []
self.precedence = {'+':1, '-':1, '*':2, '/':2, '^':3}
def isEmpty(self):
return True if self.top == -1 else False
def peek(self):
return self.array[-1]
def pop(self):
if not self.isEmpty():
self.top -= 1
return self.array.pop()
else:
return "$"
def push(self, op):
self.top += 1
self.array.append(op)
def isOperand(self, ch):
return ch.isalpha()
def notGreater(self, i):
try:
 a = self.precedence[i]
b = self.precedence[self.peek()]
return True if a <= b else False
except KeyError:
return False
def infixToPostfix(self, exp):
for i in exp:
if self.isOperand(i):
self.output.append(i)

elif i == '(':
self.push(i)

elif i == ')':
while( (not self.isEmpty()) and
self.peek() != '('):
a = self.pop()
self.output.append(a)
if (not self.isEmpty() and self.peek() != '('):
return -1
else:
self.pop()
else:
while(not self.isEmpty() and self.notGreater(i)):
self.output.append(self.pop())
self.push(i)
 while not self.isEmpty():
self.output.append(self.pop())
print ("".join(self.output))

exp = "a+b*(c^d-e)^(f+g*h)-i"
obj = Conversion(len(exp))
obj.infixToPostfix(exp)
Output:
abcd^e-fgh*+^*+i-
Coding:

def findWaitingTime(processes, n, bt, wt):

wt[0] = 0
for i in range(1, n):
wt[i] = bt[i - 1] + wt[i - 1]

def findTurnAroundTime(processes, n, bt, wt, tat):

# calculating turnaround
# time by adding bt[i] + wt[i]
for i in range(n):
tat[i] = bt[i] + wt[i]

def findavgTime(processes, n, bt):

wt = [0] * n
tat = [0] * n
total_wt = 0
total_tat = 0

findWaitingTime(processes, n, bt, wt)

findTurnAroundTime(processes, n, bt, wt, tat)
print("Processes Burst time Waiting time Turn around time")

for i in range(n):
 total_wt = total_wt + wt[i]
total_tat = total_tat + tat[i]
print(" " + str(i + 1) + "\t\t" + str(bt[i]) + "\t " str(wt[i])
+ "\t\t " +str(tat[i]))
print( "Average waiting time = "+ str(total_wt / n))
print("Average turn around time = "+ str(total_tat / n))
if __name__ =="__main__":
processes = [ 1, 2, 3]
n = len(processes)
burst_time = [10, 5, 8]
findavgTime(processes, n, burst_time)
Output:

Processes Burst time Waiting time Turn around time

1 10 0 10
2 5 10 15
3 8 15 23
Average waiting time = 8.33333
Average turn around time = 16
Coding:

def BinarySearch(arr, low, high, key):

if high >= low:
mid = (high + low) // 2
if arr[mid] == key:
return mid
elif arr[mid] > key:
return BinarySearch(arr, low, mid - 1, key)
else:
return BinarySearch(arr, mid + 1, high, key)
else:
return -1

arr = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100]
key = 40
result = BinarySearch(arr, 0, len(arr)-1, key)
if result != -1:
print(key, "Found at index", str(result))
else:
print(key, "not Found")

def linearsearch(arr, x):

 for i in range(len(arr)):
if arr[i] == x:
return i
return -1

arr = ['t', 'u', 't', 'o', 'r', 'i', 'a', 'l']

x = 'a'
print("element found at index " + str(linearsearch(arr, x)))
Output of Binary Search:
40 Found at index 3
Output of Linear Search:
element found at index 6
Coding:

def partition(arr,low,high):
i = ( low-1 )
pivot = arr[high]
for j in range(low , high):
if arr[j] <= pivot:
i = i+1
arr[i],arr[j] = arr[j],arr[i]
arr[i+1],arr[high] = arr[high],arr[i+1]
return ( i+1 )
def quickSort(arr,low,high):
if low < high:

pi = partition(arr,low,high)
quickSort(arr, low, pi-1)
quickSort(arr, pi+1, high)

arr = [2,5,3,8,6,5,4,7]
n = len(arr)
quickSort(arr,0,n-1)
print ("Sorted array is:")
for i in range(n):
print (arr[i],end=" ")
def insertionSort(arr):
for i in range(1, len(arr)):
key = arr[i]

j = i-1
while j >=0 and key < arr[j] :
arr[j+1] = arr[j]
j -= 1
arr[j+1] = key

arr = ['t','u','t','o','r','i','a','l']
insertionSort(arr)
print ("The sorted array is:")
for i in range(len(arr)):
print (arr[i])
Output:
Quick Sorted array is:
23455678
Insertion sorted array is:
a
i
l
o
r
t
t
u
Coding:

hashTable = [[],] * 10
def checkPrime(n):
if n == 1 or n == 0:
return 0
for i in range(2, n//2):
if n % i == 0:
return 0
return 1
def getPrime(n):
if n % 2 == 0:
n=n+1
while not checkPrime(n):
n += 2
return n
def hashFunction(key):
capacity = getPrime(10)
return key % capacity
def insertData(key, data):
index = hashFunction(key)
hashTable[index] = [key, data]
def removeData(key):
index = hashFunction(key)
hashTable[index] = 0
insertData(123, "apple")
insertData(432, "mango")
insertData(213, "banana")
insertData(654, "guava")
print(hashTable)
removeData(123)

print(hashTable)
Output:
[[], [], [123, 'apple'], [432, 'mango'], [213, 'banana'], [654, 'guava'], [], [], [], []]
[[], [], 0, [432, 'mango'], [213, 'banana'], [654, 'guava'], [], [], [], []]
Coding:

class Node:
def __init__(self, data):
self.left = None
self.right = None
self.data = data
def insert(self, data):
if self.data:
if data < self.data:
if self.left is None:
self.left = Node(data)
else:
self.left.insert(data)
elif data > self.data:
if self.right is None:
self.right = Node(data)
else:
self.right.insert(data)
else:
self.data = data
def PrintTree(self):
if self.left:
self.left.PrintTree()
print( self.data),
if self.right:
 self.right.PrintTree()
root = Node(12)
root.insert(6)
root.insert(14)
root.insert(3)

root.PrintTree()
Output:
3
6
12
14
Coding:

class Node:
def __init__(self,key):
self.left = None
self.right = None
self.val = key
def printInorder(root):
if root:
printInorder(root.left)
print(root.val),
printInorder(root.right)
def printPostorder(root):
if root:
printPostorder(root.left)
printPostorder(root.right)
print(root.val),
def printPreorder(root):
if root:
print(root.val),
printPreorder(root.left)
printPreorder(root.right)

root = Node(1)
root.left = Node(2)
root.right = Node(3)
root.left.left = Node(4)
root.left.right = Node(5)
print ("\nPreorder traversal of binary tree is")
printPreorder(root)
print ("\nInorder traversal of binary tree is")
printInorder(root)
print ("\nPostorder traversal of binary tree is")
printPostorder(root)
Output:
Preorder traversal of binary tree is
1
2
4
5
3
Inorder traversal of binary tree is
4
2
5
1
3
Postorder traversal of binary tree is
4
5
2
3
1
Coding:

class Node:
def __init__(self, data):
self.left = None
self.right = None
self.data = data

def insert(self, data):

if self.data:
if data < self.data:
if self.left is None:
self.left = Node(data)
else:
self.left.insert(data)
elif data > self.data:
if self.right is None:
self.right = Node(data)
else:
self.right.insert(data)
else:
self.data = data
def findval(self, lkpval):
if lkpval < self.data:
if self.left is None:
return str(lkpval)+" Not Found"
 return self.left.findval(lkpval)
elif lkpval > self.data:
if self.right is None:
return str(lkpval)+" Not Found"
return self.right.findval(lkpval)
else:
return str(self.data) + ' is found'

def PrintTree(self):
if self.left:
self.left.PrintTree()
print( self.data),
if self.right:
self.right.PrintTree()
root = Node(12)
root.insert(6)
root.insert(14)
root.insert(3)
print(root.findval(7))
Output:
7 Not Found
14 is found
Coding:

import heapq
H = [21,1,45,78,3,5]
heapq.heapify(H)
print(H)
heapq.heappush(H,8)
print(H)
heapq.heappop(H)
print(H)
Output:
1, 3, 5, 78, 21, 45
[1, 3, 5, 78, 21, 45, 8]
[3, 8, 5, 78, 21, 45]
Coding:

class graph:
def __init__(self,gdict=None):
if gdict is None:
gdict = []
self.gdict = gdict
def getVertices(self):
return list(self.gdict.keys())
graph_elements = { "a" : ["b","c"],
"b" : ["a", "d"],
"c" : ["a", "d"],
"d" : ["e"],
"e" : ["d"]
}
g = graph(graph_elements)
print(g.getVertices())
class graph:
def __init__(self,gdict=None):
if gdict is None:
gdict = {}
self.gdict = gdict
def edges(self):
return self.findedges()
def findedges(self):
edgename = []
 for vrtx in self.gdict:
for nxtvrtx in self.gdict[vrtx]:
if {nxtvrtx, vrtx} not in edgename:
edgename.append({vrtx, nxtvrtx})
return edgename
graph_elements = { "a" : ["b","c"],
"b" : ["a", "d"],
"c" : ["a", "d"],
"d" : ["e"],

"e" : ["d"]
}
g = graph(graph_elements)
print(g.edges())
Output:
DISPLAYING VERTICES
['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e']
DISPLAYING EDGES
[{'a', 'b'}, {'a', 'c'}, {'d', 'b'}, {'c', 'd'}, {'d', 'e'}]
Coding:

BFS
import collections
def bfs(graph, root):
visited, queue = set(), collections.deque([root])
visited.add(root)
while queue:
vertex = queue.popleft()
print(str(vertex) + " ", end="")
for neighbour in graph[vertex]:
if neighbour not in visited:
visited.add(neighbour)
queue.append(neighbour)
if __name__ == '__main__':
graph = {0: [1, 2], 1: [2], 2: [3], 3: [1, 2]}
print("Following is Breadth First Traversal: ")
bfs(graph, 0)

DFS
import sys
def ret_graph():
return {
'A': {'B':5.5, 'C':2, 'D':6},
'B': {'A':5.5, 'E':3},
 'C': {'A':2, 'F':2.5},
'D': {'A':6, 'F':1.5},
'E': {'B':3, 'J':7},
'F': {'C':2.5, 'D':1.5, 'K':1.5, 'G':3.5},
'G': {'F':3.5, 'I':4},
'H': {'J':2},
'I': {'G':4, 'J':4},
'J': {'H':2, 'I':4},
'K': {'F':1.5}
}
start = 'A'
dest = 'J'
visited = []

stack = []
graph = ret_graph()
path = []
stack.append(start)
visited.append(start)
while stack:
curr = stack.pop()
path.append(curr)
for neigh in graph[curr]:
if neigh not in visited:
visited.append(neigh)
stack.append(neigh)
 if neigh == dest :
print("FOUND:", neigh)
print(path)
sys.exit(0)
print("Not found")
print(path)
Output:
BFS Following is Breadth First Traversal: 0 1 2 3
Output:
DFS FOUND: J ['A', 'D', 'F', 'G', 'I']
Coding:

from sys import maxsize

def BellmanFord(graph, V, E, src):
dis = [maxsize] * V
dis[src] = 0
for i in range(V - 1):
for j in range(E):
if dis[graph[j][0]] +graph[j][2] < dis[graph[j][1]]:
dis[graph[j][1]] = dis[graph[j][0]] + graph[j][2]
for i in range(E):
x = graph[i][0]
y = graph[i][1]
weight = graph[i][2]
if dis[x] != maxsize and dis[x] + weight < dis[y]:
print("Graph contains negative weight cycle")
print("Vertex Distance from Source")
for i in range(V):
print("%d\t\t%d" % (i, dis[i]))

if __name__ == "__main__":
V = 5 # Number of vertices in graph
E = 8 # Number of edges in graph
graph = [[0, 1, -1], [0, 2, 4], [1, 2, 3],
[1, 3, 2], [1, 4, 2], [3, 2, 5],
[3, 1, 1], [4, 3, -3]]
 BellmanFord(graph, V, E, 0)
Output:
Vertex Distance from Source
0 0
1 -1
2 2
3 -2
Coding:

class Graph:
def __init__(self, vertices):
self.V = vertices
self.graph = []

def add_edge(self, u, v, w):

self.graph.append([u, v, w])

def find(self, parent, i):

if parent[i] == i:
return i
return self.find(parent, parent[i])

def apply_union(self, parent, rank, x, y):

xroot = self.find(parent, x)
yroot = self.find(parent, y)
if rank[xroot] < rank[yroot]:
parent[xroot] = yroot
elif rank[xroot] > rank[yroot]:
parent[yroot] = xroot
else:
parent[yroot] = xroot
rank[xroot] += 1
 def kruskal_algo(self):
result = []
i, e = 0, 0
self.graph = sorted(self.graph, key=lambda item: item[2])
parent = [i for i in range(self.V)]
rank = [0] * self.V

while e < self.V - 1:

u, v, w = self.graph[i]
i += 1
x = self.find(parent, u)
y = self.find(parent, v)
if x != y:
e += 1
result.append([u, v, w])
self.apply_union(parent, rank, x, y)

for u, v, weight in result:

print("%d - %d: %d" % (u, v, weight))

g = Graph(6)
g.add_edge(0, 1, 4)
g.add_edge(0, 2, 4)
g.add_edge(1, 2, 2)
g.add_edge(1, 0, 4)
g.add_edge(2, 0, 4)
g.add_edge(2, 1, 2)
g.add_edge(2, 3, 3)
g.add_edge(2, 5, 2)
g.add_edge(2, 4, 4)
g.add_edge(3, 2, 3)
g.add_edge(3, 4, 3)
g.add_edge(4, 2, 4)
g.add_edge(4, 3, 3)
g.add_edge(5, 2, 2)
g.add_edge(5, 4, 3)
g.kruskal_algo()
Output:
1 - 2: 2
2 - 5: 2
2 - 3: 3
3 - 4: 3
0 - 1: 4