1 Define IoT with examples.

Ans: The internet of things, or IoT, is a network of interrelated devices that connect and exchange data with
other IoT devices and the cloud.
OR
The Internet of Things, or IoT, is a system of interrelated computing devices that can collect and
transfer data over a wireless network without human input.
Example:
 Smart cities,
 Smart homes/Home automation,
 Healthcare
 Earthquake detection
 Radiation detection/hazardous gas detection
 Smartphone detection

2 Sketch the key layers in the IoT reference model.

Ans:
 3 Explain characteristics of IoT.
Ans: Dynamic & Self-Adapting: IoT devices and systems may have the capability to dynamically adapt
with the changing contexts and take actions besed on their operating conditions, user's context, or seed
environment. For example, consider a surveillance system comprising of a number of surveillance
cameras. The surveillance cameras can adapt their modes (to normal or infra-red night modes) based
on whether day or night. Cameras could switch from lower resolution to higher resolution modes
when any motion is detected and alert nearby cameras to do the same.
In this example, the surveillance system is adapting itself based on the context and changing
(e.g.dynamic) conditions.
Self-Configuring: IoT devices may have self-configuring capability, allowing a large number of
devices to work together to provide certain functionality (such as weather monitoring). These devices
have the ability configure themselves (in association with the loT infrastructure), setup the
networking, and fetch latest software upgrades with minimal manual or user intervention.
Interoperable Communication Protocols: IoT devices may support a number of Interoperable
communication protocols and can communicate with other devices and also with the
infrastructure.
Unique Identity: Each loT device has a unique identity and a unique identifier (such as an IP address
or a URI). IoT systems may have intelligent interfaces which adapt based on the context, allow
communicating with users and the environmental contexts.
IoT device interfaces allow users to query the devices, monitor their status, and control them remotely,
in association with the control, configuration and management infrastructure.
Integrated into Information Network: loT devices are usually integrated into the information
network that allows them to communicate and exchange data with other devices and systems.
IoT devices can be dynamically discovered in the network, by other devices and/or the network, and
have the capability to describe themselves (and their characteristics) to other devices or user
applications.
For example, a weather monitoring node can describe its monitoring capabilities to another
connected node so that they can communicate and exchange data.
4 Describe IoT component with example.
 Things or Device
These are fitted with sensors and actuators. Sensors collect data from the environment and give to
gateway whereas actuators perform the action (as directed after processing of data).

Gateway
The sensors give data to Gateway and here some kind of pre-processing of data is even done. It
also acts as a level of security for the network and for the transmitted data.

Cloud
The data after being collected is uploaded to cloud. Cloud in simple terms is basically a set of
servers connected to internet 24*7.

Analytics
The data after being received in the cloud processing is done. Various algorithms are applied here for
proper analysis of data (techniques like Machine Learning etc are even applied).

User Interface
User end application where user can monitor or control the data.
5 Explain IoT functional blocks.

An IoT system consist number of functional blocks like Devices, services, communication,
security, and application. They provides the capability for sensing, actuation, identification,
communication, and management.
These functional blocks consist of devices that provide monitoring control functions, handle
communication between host and server, manage the transfer of data, secure the system using
authentication and other functions, and interface to control and monitor various terms.
APPLICATION
It is an interface that provides a control system that use by users to view the status and analyze of
 system.
MANAGEMENT
This functional block provides various functions that are used to manage an IoT system.
SERVICES
This functional block provides some services like monitoring and controlling a device and publishing
and deleting the data and restore the system.
COMMUNICATION
This block handles the communication between the client and cloud-based server and sends/receives
the data using protocols.
SECURITY
This block is used to secure an IoT system using some functions like authorization, data security,
authentication, 2 step verification, etc.
DEVICE
These devices are used to provide sensing and monitoring control functions that collect the data from
the outer environment.

6 Explain IoT architecture.

Ans:

Architecture of IoT
The architecture of IoT is divided into 4 different layers i.e. Sensing Layer, Network Layer,
Data processing Layer, and Application Layer.
• Sensing Layer: The sensing layer is the first layer of the Internet of Things architecture and is
responsible for collecting data from different sources. This layer includes sensors and actuators that
are placed in the environment to gather information about temperature, humidity, light, sound, and
other physical parameters. Wired or wireless communication protocols connect these devices to the
network layer.
 • Network Layer: The network layer of an IoT architecture is responsible for providing
communication and connectivity between devices in the IoT system. It includes protocols and
technologies that enable devices to connect and communicate with each other and with the wider
internet. Examples of network technologies that are commonly used in IoT include WiFi, Bluetooth,
Zigbee, and cellular networks such as 4G and 5G technology. Additionally, the network layer may
include gateways and routers that act as intermediaries between devices and the wider internet, and
may also include security features such as encryption and authentication to protect against
unauthorized access.
• Data processing Layer: The data processing layer of IoT architecture refers to the software and
hardware components that are responsible for collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data from IoT
devices. This layer is responsible for receiving raw data from the devices, processing it, and making it
available for further analysis or action. The data processing layer includes a variety of technologies
and tools, such as data management systems, analytics platforms, and machine learning algorithms.
These tools are used to extract meaningful insights from the data and make decisions based on that
data. Example of a technology used in the data processing layer is a data lake, which is a centralized
repository for storing raw data from IoT devices.

• Application Layer: The application layer of IoT architecture is the topmost layer that interacts
directly with the end-user. It is responsible for providing user-friendly interfaces and functionalities
that enable users to access and control IoT devices. This layer includes various software and
applications such as mobile apps, web portals, and other user interfaces that are designed to interact
with the underlying IoT infrastructure. It also includes middleware services that allow different IoT
devices and systems to communicate and share data seamlessly. The application layer also includes
analytics and processing capabilities that allow data to be analyzed and transformed into meaningful
insights. This can include machine learning algorithms, data visualization tools, and other advanced
analytics capabilities.
7 Explain Deployment challenges in IoT.
Ans: Deployment challenges in IoT :
The deployment of Internet of Things (IoT) systems can present several challenges, including:
Connectivity:
It is the foremost concern while connecting devices, applications and cloud platforms. Connected
devices that provide useful front and information are extremely valuable. But poor connectivity
becomes a challenge where IoT sensors are required to monitor process data and supply
information.
Cross platform capability:
IoT applications must be developed, keeping in mind the technological changes of the future. Its
development requires a balance of hardware and software functions.
It is a challenge for IoT application developers to ensure that the device and IoT platform drivers the
best performance despite heavy device rates and fixings.
Data collection and processing:
In IoT development, data plays an important role. What is more critical here is the processing or
usefulness of stored data.
Along with security and privacy, development teams need to ensure that they plan well for the way
data is collected, stored or processed within an environment.
Lack of skill set:
 All of the development challenges above can only be handled if there is a proper skilled resource
working on the IoT application development.
The right talent will always get you past the major challenges and will be an important IoT application
development asset.
Integration: Ensuring that IoT devices and systems integrate seamlessly with existing technology
and infrastructure.
Network infrastructure: Building and maintaining the network infrastructure needed to support the
large number of connected IoT devices.
Device management: Efficiently managing and maintaining the large number of IoT devices in a
deployment.
Data management: Managing and analyzing the large amounts of data generated by IoT devices,
and integrating it with existing data systems.
Security: Ensuring that the IoT deployment is secure from threats such as cyber-attacks, data breaches,
and unauthorized access.
Cost: Balancing the cost of deploying and maintaining an IoT system with the benefits it delivers.
8 Illustrate the advantages and disadvantages of IoT.
Ans: The advantages of IoT are as follows:
 Cost Reduction − IOT devices catch any problem very fast as compared to traditional
troubleshooting. It not only saves time but also saves costs of large repairs.
 Efficiency and Productivity − An automated PDF conversion and creation tool will remove the
hustle of PDF editing and archiving. Hence, increase in Efficiency and Productivity.
 Business Opportunities − IOT provides advanced analytics, smart utility grids which help Small
Management Businesses to provide more valuable content and things to their customers.
 Customer Experience − Nowadays customer's experience is the most valuable thing in running a
business. IoT has drastically increased the customer's experience. An example of customer experience
is Home Automation. Since everything is connected, customers need not have to worry about
appliances. One can turn off the appliance through mobile.
 Mobility and Agility − With the help of IoT, employees can do their work from any geographical
location, anytime without any restrictions.

The disadvantages of IoT are as follows:

 Security − The data is travelling all over the Internet. So maintaining its privacy is still a Big
Challenge. End-to-end Encryption is a must in IoT.
 Compatibility − There is no International Standard for the monitoring of the equipment.
 Complexity − Most of the devices still contain some software bugs. Each device must be able to
seamlessly interact with other devices in the network.
 Safety − Suppose a patient is left unattended by a doctor. And some notorious guy changes the
prescription or Health monitoring devices malfunctioned. Then it can result in the death of the
patient.
 Policies − Government authorities must take some steps to make policies and standards related to
IoT to stop the Black marketing of IoT devices.