Government Polytechnic Pune, PUNE-411016

(An Autonomous Institute of Government of Maharashtra)

A
Seminar Report On

“IOT IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING”

SUBMITTED BY:

SUMIT RAJARAM NHAVKAR

Under the Guidance of

Mrs. S.B. KULKARNI

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

(Academic Year: 2024-2025)

1
 DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr. SUMIT.RAJARAM. NHAVKAR with Enrollment

Number 2204135 of Third Year Diploma in Mechanical Engineering has successfully
completed the seminar titled “IOT IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING” as part
of
his diploma curriculum in academic year 2024-2025.

Prof.S.B. Kulkarni Dr.N.G.Kulkarni Dr.R.K. Patil

(Seminar Guide) (H.O.D) (Principal)

2
TABLE OF CONTENT

Sr. Topic Name Page No.

No
1. Abstract 5

2. Introduction 6 -7

3. History of iot 8-9

4. Components of iot 10-11

5. Reasons of using iot 12

6. Different application of iot in mechanical 13-17

engineering.
7. Different sensors use in iot. 18-19

8. Issue and challenges in iot. 20-24

9. Iot benefit vs concerns 25-28

10. Conclusion 29

11. References 30

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

There’s quite a bit of confusion around the Internet of Things (IoT). What is it
exactly? Is it something that my business or organization needs to use? If so, how? What are
the use cases? The risks? How do I get started?

Because IoT is such a large concept and there has been so much noise associated with
it in the past few years, it’s easy to dismiss it all as hype. But make no mistake, IoT is a
powerful, long-term approach that every business will need to leverage to succeed in the
future.

We won’t be able to answer all the questions posed above, but this seminar is intended
to equip you with a solid foundation in the Internet of Things and its accompanying concepts,
components, and the technologies that make it all possible. You’ll have a much better handle
on what IoT means and how you might be able to use it to build a new organization, to launch
a new business line within your existing organization, or to simply improve your internal
processes and operations.

No matter which way you look at it, technology has been headed towards automation
for a long time now. In fact, isn’t the very basic principle of technology to make our lives
easier by leaving fewer things to be explicitly done by us? It might be making us all lazier
every day, or one might argue that it is giving us far greater time to pursue whatever we
desire. Whatever might be the effect, there is no doubt that automation is the future and the
place that it is happening the most significantly is right in our homes.

SUMIT RAJARAM NHAVKAR (2204135)

4
 ABSTRACT

Technology is shaping the world like never before. The government and business
leaders in India must harness the opportunities offered by technology and its implications on
the future of work.

COVID-19 and the resulting geopolitical fall out have made it more urgent for
corporate leaders to ensure that India is able to respond to the new normal. They also need to
ensure that the country can seize the opportunity to increase its market share in the global
manufacturing economy.

COVID-19 has precipitated companies’ entire focus towards industry 4.0. Two things
that have become more important for companies today are: focusing on adopting digital
technologies that constitute the Industrial 4.0 revolution, and investing in new products and
services that enable them to thrive in the fast-evolving economic environment.

This report discusses why we believe IoT, the most critical technology of the Industrial
4.0 revolution, has a future despite facing continuous challenges in the market. It covers
impending drivers that build a stronger case for the technology. We will also discuss how the
technology could benefit market players by creating opportunities for monetisation and
evolving new business models. Towards the end, the report provides recommendations on the
way forward.

5
 CHAPTER NO-1

INTRODUCTION

The internet of things, or IoT, is a system of interrelated computing devices, mechanical and
digital machines, objects, animals or people that are provided with unique identifiers (UIDs)
and the ability to transfer data over a network without requiring human-to-human or human
to- computer interaction.

A with a biochip transponder, an automobile that has built-in sensors to alert the driver when
tire pressure is low or any other natural or man-made object that can be assigned an Internet
Protocol (IP) address and is able to transfer data over a network.

Increasingly, organizations in a variety of industries are using IoT to operate more efficiently,
better understand customers to deliver enhanced customer service, improve decision-making
and increase the value of the business.

How are you reading this e-book right now? It might be on desktop, on mobile, maybe a
tablet, but whatever device you’re using, it’s most likely connected to the internet. thing in
the internet of things can be a person with a heart monitor implant, a farm animal

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An internet connection is a wonderful thing, it gives us all sorts of benefits that just weren’t
possible before. If you’re old enough, think of your cell phone before it was a smartphone.
You could call and you could text, sure, but now you can read any book, watch any movie, or
listen to any song all in the palm of your hand.

The point is that connecting things to the internet yields many amazing benefits. We’ve all
seen these benefits with our smartphones, laptops, and tablets, but this is true for everything
else too. And yes, we do mean everything.

The Internet of Things is actually a pretty simple concept, it means taking all the physical
places and things in the world and connecting them to the internet.

Confusion arises not because the concept is so narrow and tightly defined, but rather because
it’s so broad and loosely defined. It can be hard to nail down the concept in your head when
there are so many examples and possibilities in IoT.

To help clarify, it’s important to understand the benefits of connecting things to the internet.
Why would we even want to connect everything to the internet?

7
 CHAPTER NO-2

HISTORY OF IOT

Kevin Ashton, co-founder of the Auto-ID Center at the Massachusetts Institute of

Technology (MIT) first mentioned the internet of things in a presentation he made to
Procter.

& Gamble (P&G) in 1999. Wanting to of where IoT was headed. bring radio frequency ID
(RFID) to the attention of P&G's senior
management, Ashton called his presentation
"Internet of Things' to incorporate the cool new
trend of 1999: the internet. MIT professor Neil
Gerstenfeld’s book, When Things Start to Think,
also appeared in 1999. It didn't use the exact term
but provided a clear vision.

IoT has evolved from the convergence of wireless technologies, microelectromechanical

systems (MEMSes), microservices and the internet. The convergence has helped tear down
the silos between operational technology (OT) and information technology (IT), enabling
unstructured machine-generated data to be analyzed for insights to drive improvements.

Although Ashton's was the first mention of the internet of things, the idea of connected
devices has been around since the 1970s, under the monikers embedded internet and
pervasive computing.

The first internet appliance, for example, was a Coke machine at Carnegie Mellon University
in the early 1980s. Using the web, programmers could check the status of the machine and
determine whether there would be a cold drink awaiting them, should they decide to make the
trip to the machine.

8
IoT evolved from M2M communication, i.e., machines connecting to each other via a
network without human interaction. M2M refers to connecting a device to the cloud,
managing it and collecting data.

Taking M2M to the next level, IoT is a sensor network of billions of smart devices that
connect people, systems and other applications to collect and share data. As its foundation,
M2M offers the connectivity that enables IoT.

The internet of things is also a natural extension of supervisory control and data acquisition
(SCADA), a category of software application programs for process control, the gathering of
data in real time from remote locations to control equipment and conditions. SCADA systems
include hardware and software components. The hardware gathers and feeds data into a
computer that has SCADA software installed, where it is then processed and presented in a
timely manner. The evolution of SCADA is such that late-generation SCADA systems
developed into first-generation IoT systems.

The concept of the IoT ecosystem, however, didn't really come into its own until the middle
of 2010 when, in part, the government of China said it would make IoT a strategic priority in
its five-year plan.

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 CHAPTER NO-3

COMPONENTS OF IOT

An IoT ecosystem consists of web-enabled smart devices that use embedded systems, such as
processors, sensors and communication hardware, to collect, send and act on data they
acquire from their environments. IoT devices share the sensor data they collect by connecting
to an IoT gateway or other edge device where data is either sent to the cloud to be analyzed
or analyzed locally. Sometimes, these devices communicate with other related devices and
act on the information they get from one another. The devices do most of the work without
human intervention, although people can interact with the devices -- for instance, to set them
up, give them instructions or access the data.

FIG NO 1-HOW DOES IOT WORKS

The connectivity, networking and communication protocols used with these web-enabled
devices largely depend on the specific IoT applications deployed. IoT can also make use of
artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning to aid in making data collecting processes
easier and more dynamic.

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 FIG NO-2 IOT ARCHITECTURE

An IoT system consists of sensors/devices which “talk” to the cloud through some kind of
connectivity. Once the data gets to the cloud, software processes it and then might decide to
perform an action, such as sending an alert or automatically adjusting the sensors/devices
without the need for the user.

But if user input is needed or if the user simply wants to check in on the system, a user
interface allows them to do so. Any adjustments or actions that the user makes are then sent
in the opposite direction through the system: from the user interface to the cloud, and back to
the sensors/devices to make some kind of change.

That’s how an IoT system works at a high level. Now we’ll take a deeper dive into each of
these components to explain what they are, how they work, and important considerations for
your organization as you consider building and/or implementing IoT solutions.

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 CHAPTER NO-4

REASONS OF USING IOT

The internet of things helps people live and work smarter, as well as gain complete control
over their lives. In addition to offering smart devices to automate homes, IoT is essential to
business. IoT provides businesses with a real-time look into how their systems really work,
delivering insights into everything from the performance of machines to supply chain and
logistics operations.

FIG NO -3 FUTURE OF IOT

IoT enables companies to automate processes and reduce labor costs. It also cuts down on
waste and improves service delivery, making it less expensive to manufacture and deliver
goods, as such, IoT is one of the most important technologies of everyday life, and it will
continue to pick up steam as more businesses realize the potential of connected devices to
keep them competitive. well as offering transparency into customer transactions.

12
 CHAPTER NO-5
DIFFERENT APPLICATIONS OF IOT IN MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING
The integration of IoT (Internet of Things) in mechanical engineering has opened a wide
range of applications, enhancing the efficiency, automation, and performance of
systems. Here are some key areas where IoT can be implemented:

1. Smart Manufacturing / Industry 4.0

Predictive Maintenance: Sensors can monitor the condition of machines in real-time,
predicting potential failures and scheduling maintenance before a breakdown occurs.

FIG NO -4

Process Optimization: IoT devices can gather real-time data to optimize machine
performance and manufacturing processes, reducing waste and energy consumption.
Supply Chain Management: IoT helps in tracking inventory, optimizing logistics, and
monitoring shipments in real-time.

2. HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning) Systems

FIG NO -5

13
Smart HVAC Control: IoT sensors can optimize HVAC systems by adjusting heating,
cooling, and ventilation based on environmental conditions and occupancy, improving
energy efficiency.
Remote Monitoring and Diagnostics: IoT-enabled HVAC systems can be remotely
monitored for operational performance, making it easier to detect issues early and perform
remote diagnostics.

3. Automotive and Transportation Systems

FIG NO -6

Vehicle Telematics: IoT in vehicles helps monitor engine performance, fuel efficiency, and
wear-and-tear of mechanical components. Data from vehicles can be used to improve
design and efficiency.
Autonomous Systems: IoT is crucial in the development of self-driving vehicles, as it enables
communication between different vehicle components and external infrastructure.

4. Robotics and Automation

FIG NO -7

14
Connected Robots: IoT helps in monitoring and controlling robots remotely. Robots
equipped with sensors can provide real-time feedback on operational conditions,
enhancing efficiency.
Collaborative Robots (Cabot’s): IoT enables robots to communicate with other systems,
improving task coordination in assembly lines or workshops.

5. Aerospace and Aviation

FIG NO-8
Aircraft Health Monitoring: IoT is used to track the performance of various aircraft systems
(like engines, landing gear, etc.) to ensure timely maintenance and improve safety.
Smart Manufacturing for Aerospace Parts: IoT is used to improve the manufacturing
processes for aerospace components, including predictive maintenance of machinery and
quality assurance.

6. Building Automation and Smart Infrastructure

Smart Buildings: IoT systems monitor mechanical equipment like elevators, escalators, and
fire suppression systems for real-time performance and fault detection.
Energy-Efficient Buildings: Mechanical systems such as water pumps, generators, and
HVAC systems in buildings can be optimized using IoT for energy savings.

15
 FIG NO-9

7. Agriculture
Precision Agriculture: IoT devices can control and monitor agricultural machinery like
tractors, irrigation systems, and harvesters to optimize operations and resource use.

FIG NO-10

Automated Irrigation Systems: IoT sensors help monitor soil conditions, water levels, and
machinery in real-time, ensuring efficient irrigation and farming.

8. Oil and Gas Industry.

Pipeline Monitoring: IoT sensors monitor pipelines for leaks, pressure changes, and other
potential issues, reducing the risk of failures and optimizing flow rates.
Equipment Health Monitoring: IoT systems track the performance of mechanical equipment
in refineries, drilling platforms, and pipelines, ensuring efficient operation and timely
maintenance.

16
 FIG NO -11

9. Smart Wearables in Engineering.

FIG NO-12

Worker Safety: IoT wearables can monitor the health and safety of workers operating
heavy machinery by tracking vital signs, environmental conditions, and equipment
usage, reducing workplace accidents.
In all these areas, IoT enhances the efficiency, safety, and productivity of mechanical
systems by providing real-time data, enabling predictive maintenance, and supporting remote
monitoring and control.

17
 CHAPTER NO-6
DIFFERENT TYPE OF SENSOR USE IN IOT
1. Temperature Sensors
- Use: Measure the temperature of machines or environments.

- Types: Thermocouples, RTDs (Resistance Temperature Detectors).

- Applications: Monitoring engine and machine temperatures, industrial processes.

2. Pressure Sensors
- Use: Detect the pressure of liquids or gases.

- Types: Strain-gauge-based sensors, piezoelectric sensors.

- Applications: Hydraulic systems, pneumatic systems, and fluid monitoring.

3. Vibration Sensors
- Use: Monitor vibration in machinery to detect imbalances or failures.

- Types: Accelerometers, piezoelectric vibration sensors.

- Applications: Monitoring motors, turbines, and other rotating equipment.

4. Proximity Sensors
- Use: Detect the presence or absence of objects.

- Types: Inductive, capacitive, ultrasonic sensors.

- Applications: Robotics, assembly lines, automated machinery.

5. Flow Sensors
- Use: Measure the flow rate of liquids or gases.

- Types: Turbine, electromagnetic, thermal flow meters.

- Applications: Water treatment, oil and gas, chemical processing.

18
6. Strain Gauges
- Use: Measure strain on structures or mechanical parts.

- Types: Resistance-based strain gauges.

- Applications: Stress analysis, load monitoring in bridges, buildings, and machinery.

7. Force Sensors
- Use: Measure applied force or load.

- Types: Load cells, piezoelectric force sensors.

- Applications: Robotics, material testing, and industrial pressing operations.

- Types: Strain-gauge-based tor systems.

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 CHAPTER N0-7

Issues and Challenges of IoT

Scalability:

Given the huge number of devices requiring simultaneous connectivity, scalability in

IoT systems has become a concern. In IoT, there are mainly two types of scalability
issues: vertical scalability, which refers to the addition or removal of computing
resources of an IoT node; and horizontal scalability, which refers to the addition or
removal of an IoT node. Given its importance, IoT scalability has been extensively
addressed in the literature, with the proposal of cloud computing (Cabree et al., 2017;
Cheng et al., 2017; Shirer and MacGillivray, 2020) or cloud-based architectures (Xu
and Helal, 2015). However, despite these efforts, challenges still remain, such as IoT
nodes needing to provide an increased number of services, such as functional
scalability, access control, data storage, fault tolerance, and privacy and security, to
name a few.

Security and Privacy

The lack of privacy standards and end-to-end security solutions has been an ongoing
concern for conventional IoT deployment, and wireless IoT faces more challenges in
terms of these aspects (Shafagh et al., 2017). Several technologies are aiming to solve
privacy and security issues from both a hardware and software perspective. For
hardware, RFID and newer releases of 5G and other local network protocols are key
to tackling security issues at a hardware level. In terms of software, Key Management
System (KMS) with a zero-trust network feature and blockchain are rapidly
addressing the privacy and trust threats with reinforced security features (Sicari et al.,
2015; Sun et al., 2019; Xu et al., 2020). With the help of newer communication
protocols, KMS, and blockchain, the grand challenge of IoT devices is the
interdependence of security,

20
 privacy, and trust for IoT ecosystems. The challenge shall always be considered as a
holistic goal for optimal integrity and performance.

FIG NO-13

Self-Organization

There is an ongoing paradigm shift from Internet-of-Things to Internet-of-Everything

due to the proliferation of IoT nodes which demands new approaches to autonomic
management to make the network proactive rather than reactive. The main idea
behind self-organization in IoT systems is to actively respond to the changing
environments in an automatic and coordinated fashion through the use of one or more
control loops that reconfigures the system behavior on-demand to keep it within
desired bounds (Kephart, 2005). These systems proactively self-manage themselves
by reacting to the changing environment using advanced algorithms in conjunction
with high-level human-defined goals and policies. These self-organization
capabilities are important to ensure the

21
 robustness and survival of the future dense IoT network and therefore have attracted
an intense research interest (Milner et al., 2012; Ding et al., 2013; Qiu et al., 2017;
Pang et al., 2020). However, there are many open challenges in this space and some
notable research directions for the future include dealing with the heterogeneous
interoperability of the system, designing optimal self-organizing protocols and routing
strategies for large-scale distributed heterogeneous IoT networks, and cross-platform
behavior optimization.

Energy Efficiency

Researchers have used several approaches to address the problem of designing energy
efficient IoT networks:

(a) developing energy-efficient routing protocols to reduce the number of hops

(Machado et al., 2013), optimizing communication link status (Khan et al., 2016),
adopting wake-sleep strategies based on network traffic (Xia and Li, 2013), and data
reduction via controlling the network topology.

(b) incorporating renewable energy devices in the network alongside adopting

load balancing strategies (Li et al., 2015; Han et al., 2016).

(c) exploiting wireless charging mechanisms to solve the fundamental issue of

power management, especially for large-scale heterogenous IoT networks (Madhja et
al., 2016). However, from a hardware perspective there is a significant need to
develop net-zero-energy sensor nodes, since the current trend is to pack an energy
constrained node with more and more functionality, which could lead to a possible
compromise between fidelity and power efficiency.

22
 FIG NO-14

Grand Challenges in Sensing

Sensing constitutes a vital part within IoT and wireless sensor networks. In a typical
setting, sensed data is sent over the IoT network for post-analysis and inference to get
insights. For the post-processing inference to be valuable, the accuracy of sensors is
fundamental. For this accord, ISO standard 5725:1994 separates accuracy into
precision and trueness while emphasizing the integrity of a sensor (Suzuki et al.,
2019). In contrast, RF sensing utilizes the channel state information for sensing and,
due to its inherent EM nature, it utilizes machine learning for classifying sensed
information and presents additional challenges, such as linearity, repeatability,
resolution, hysteresis, temperature coefficients, stability, and calibration.

Addressing these challenges consequently improves the reliability of RF sensing,

ultimately realizing a possible future for ambient RF sensing. Furthermore, RF
sensing has the advantage of a tactile nature, making it feasible for use in numerous
applications, easily deployable, and cost-effective. The subsequent advances in ML
techniques and RF characterization are envisaged to make RF sensing an integral part
of IoT networks. This is also evident from the recent developments in the THz band
for

23
sensing and communications. Currently, THz is potentially being used for sensing
food and water security (Ren et al., 2019a,b), sensing the cornea of eyes (Ozheredov
et al., 2018), freezing of gait detection in Parkinson's disease (Tahir et al., 2019),
sensing for real time near field imaging (Hillger et al., 2018), detecting corneal tissue
water content (Grundfest et al., 2019), etc. Nevertheless, for the true success of IoT,
we envisage that a variety of sensing instruments will be part of the network and the
above challenges would need to be effectively addressed.

24
 CHAPTER NO-8

IOT Benefits vs Concerns

Benefits:

1. Better Analysis Because You Have More Data Than Ever Before

With multiple devices connected to the internet, you are able to bring together
manufacturing-related data (and many other forms) that will help with reporting,
analysis, visual summaries and being able to pass data from the corporate level to the
branch level in order to increase efficiencies.

2. Maximize Efficiency

Here I am going to talk about one of my favorite parts of the IoT – tracking my
package. Think about it- before you would, maybe, get a window of time on when
your package was supposed to arrive and now I get a text for every step it makes from
leaving the warehouse to arriving at my front door. Again, selfish reasoning but even
back in 2014, Frederico Guerrini wrote in Forbes about how this technology would
transform the postal service. The IoT can make USPS more efficient, I don’t know of
a better case study than that.

3. Decreased Cost

Let’s be honest, it usually comes down to budget. When you take advantage of the
connectivity of your solutions you can monitor on a real time basis and cut on visits
between locations. If you are in healthcare, this can cut down on doctor’s rounds by

25
 giving real-time patient updates. If you are in financial services, you can get real-time
readings from each bank branch.

FIG NO-15

Concerns:

1. Big Data On Steroids

I realize this is directly in contradiction from the 1 point above but let’s be honest,
more data can lead to more problems. The IoT means that you have more devices and
more data than ever before and while that can be great for analysis and for figuring
out new efficiencies, it can also lead to a list of vulnerabilities and alerts so large that
you don’t know where to begin. How do you fix this? You need a vulnerability
management and a threat-detection solution. Why? Because there is just no way that
you, or any human, can go through all of this information and decide what is most
important. With so much

26
data from so many devices in the IoT, you need a vulnerability management solution
and a threat detection solution. One to prioritize the vulnerability risks so that you can
manage down the threat surface and one to monitor your devices to tell you if, and
when, you've been compromised by a bad actor. However, just like there are
thousands of vulnerabilities in your organization, there are thousands of alerts that can
come with a threat detection solution. Make sure you have a solution that will only
give you verified alerts rather than wasting time on alerts that aren’t real.

2. The Threat of Unknown Networks

With the convenience of 24/7 access comes the unknown factor of just where that
24/7 access is taking place. Are you in the office? Are you at home but also on your
VPN network? Then you’ve clearly been listening to your security team. But if you
happen to be on a plane on a coast-to-coast trip with Wi-Fi that won’t let you connect
to VPN but you also really need to get that proposal done before you land…. You
could be in trouble. That is just one example but I’m sure you can think of plenty
more, especially if you have remote employees or multiple locations. These
devices are connecting to these unknown networks and then coming back home
to your safe, protected network with malware and other vulnerabilities, and you must
be able to catch them. Again, here a threat detection solution will monitor anything
and every device that is connected to your network so that you can be sure, anything
that is connected will be monitored and you will be alerted if there are any
compromised devices immediately.

27
 FIG NO-16

3. Admin Passwords

If you are a DevOps person, this may be the time to stop reading. I love developers
but, let’s be honest, they are not usually too concerned about security. They expect
you, your SecOps or your IT security team to take care of that. Therefore, you are left
with administrative passwords like “admin” or “1234” which are easy for them to
remember but also for every bad actor to guess. Again, the convenience of devices
doesn’t always mean it’s convenient for you. Make sure that you are checking,
changing, and enforcing password resets on all of your IoT devices

28
 Conclusion And Future Enhancements

Just as with most things in life, there are benefits and threats against introducing the Internet
of Things to your company. What only you and your team can decide is if the benefits
outweigh the risks. When it comes to cyber-security, there are always risks and we all know
that it is not “if” someone can get in but “when” they get in. If you decide to take the risk and
invest in the IoT for your company, make sure that you not only heed the threats listed above
but also have a vulnerability management solution to help you prioritize the threats before
they get in and a solution that will monitor all your connected IoT devices to give you
verified alerts when there is a threat to your organization. the Internet of Things (IoT) is set to
revolutionize various industries by enhancing connectivity, enabling real-time data analysis,
and facilitating smarter decision-making. Its integration with emerging technologies like AI,
machine learning, and blockchain will drive efficiency, innovation, and improved user
experiences.

As IoT continues to evolve, it will play a crucial role in shaping the future of smart cities,
healthcare, manufacturing, and beyond, promoting sustainability and optimizing resource
management. However, addressing challenges such as security, interoperability, and data
privacy will be vital to fully realize its potential. Overall, IoT stands as a transformative
force, poised to create a more interconnected and efficient world.

29
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➢ https://www.google.com/search
➢ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_of_things
➢ Dr. Mazlan Abbas, MIMOS Ber had, Wisma IEM, Petaling Jaya,
➢ GE cloud expo 2014. "Industrial Internet as a Service", by
Shyam Varan Nath, Principal Architect.

➢ Cisco whitepaper, "The Internet of Things" - How the Next

Evolution of the Internet Is Changing Everything, by Dave
Evans, April 2011.
➢ https://www.oracle.com
➢ https://studymafia.org

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