Human

Anatomy & Physiology

Dr. Shayne Verli O. Cadavedo-Novicio
School of Nursing
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Muscle Attachment and Movements
Muscle Names
Location • Pectoralis (chest)
• Gluteus (buttock)
• Brachial (arm)
Size • Gluteus maximus (large)
• Gluteus minimus (small)
• Longus (long)*
• Brevis (short)*
Shape • Deltoid (triangular)
• Quadratus (quadrate)
• Teres (round)
Muscle Names
Orientation of Fascicles • Rectus (straight, parallel) muscle
fascicles running in the same
direction as the structure with
which the muscle is associated;
whereas the fascicles of an
oblique muscle lie at an angle to
the length of the structure
Muscle Names
Origin and Insertion • sternocleidomastoid has its origin
on the sternum and clavicle and its
insertion on the mastoid process
of the temporal bone
• brachioradialis originates in the
arm (brachium) and inserts onto
the radius
Number of Heads biceps muscle has two heads
(origins), and a triceps muscle has
three heads (origins)
Muscle Names
Function • Abductors and adductors are the
muscles that cause that type of
movement.
• Abduction moves a structure away
from the midline
• Adduction moves a structure
toward the midline
Muscle Shapes
CIRCULAR
Fascicles are arranged in a circle around
an opening and act as sphincters to
close the opening.
• Orbicularis oris
• Orbicularis oculi
Muscle Shapes
Convergent
Broadly distributed fascicles converge
at a single tendon.
• Pectoralis major
• Pectoralis minor
Muscle Shapes
Parallel
Fascicles lie parallel to one another and to
the long axis of the muscle.

TRAPEZIUS
Shape: Trapezium
Muscle Shapes
Parallel
Fascicles lie parallel to one another and to
the long axis of the muscle.

RHOMBOIDEUS
Shape: Rhomboidal
Muscle Shapes
Parallel
Fascicles lie parallel to one another and to
the long axis of the muscle.

RECTUS ABDOMINIS
Shape: Quadrate
Muscle Shapes
Pennate
Fascicles originate from a
tendon that runs the length
of the entire muscle.

3 patterns:
UNIPENNATE
BIPENNATE
MULTIPENNATE
Muscle Shapes
Pennate
UNIPENNATE
Fascicles are on only one side of the tendon.

Palmar interosseus
Semimembranosus
Muscle Shapes
Pennate
BIPENNATE
Fascicles are on both sides of the tendon.

Rectus femoris
Muscle Shapes
Pennate
MULTIPENNATE
Fascicles are arranged at many places
around the central tendon. They are spread
out at angles to many smaller tendons.

Deltoid
Muscle Shapes
Fusiform
Fascicles lie parallel to the long axis of the
muscle. The belly of the muscle is larger in
diameter than the ends.

Biceps brachii (two-headed

Triceps brachii (three-headed)
HEAD AND NECK MUSCLES
Muscles of the Head and Neck
• Facial expressions
• Chewing
• Moving the tongue
• Swallowing
• Producing sounds
• Moving the eye
• Moving the head and neck
MUSCLES OF FACIAL EXPRESSION
Muscle BUCCINATOR DEPRESSOR ANGULI ORIS
Origin Maxilla Lower border of mandible
Mandible
Insertion Orbicularis oris at corner Skin of lip near corner of
of mouth mouth
Action Draws corner of mouth Lowers corner of mouth;
posteriorly; compresses “frown”
cheek to hold food
between teeth
MUSCLES OF FACIAL EXPRESSION
Muscle LEVATOR LABII OCCIPITOFRONTALIS
SUPERIORIS
Origin Maxilla Occipital bone
Insertion Skin and orbicularis oris Skin of eyebrow and nose
of upper lip
Action Raises upper lip; sneer Moves scalp; raises
eyebrows
MUSCLES OF FACIAL EXPRESSION
Muscle ORBICULARIS OCULI ORBICULARIS ORIS
Origin Maxilla Nasal septum
Frontal bone Maxilla
Mandible
Insertion Circles orbit and inserts Fascia and other muscle of
onto skin around eyelids lips
Action Closes eyes; blinking, Closes and purses lips;
winking, squinting “kissing”
MUSCLES OF FACIAL EXPRESSION
Muscle ZYGOMATICUS MAJOR ZYGOMATICUS MINOR
Origin Zygomatic bone Zygomatic bone
Insertion Angle of mouth Orbicularis oris of upper
lip
Action Elevates and abducts Elevates and abducts
upper lip and corner of upper lip; “smile”
mouth; “smile”
MUSCLES OF MASTIFICATION
Muscle TEMPORALIS MASSETER
Origin Temporal fossa Zygomatic arch
Insertion Anterior portion of Lateral side of mandibular
mandibular ramus and ramus
coronoid process
Action Elevates and draws Elevates and pushes
mandible posteriorly; mandible anteriorly;
closes jaw closes jaw
MUSCLES OF MASTIFICATION
Muscle LATERAL PTERYGOID MEDIAL PTERYGOID
Origin Lateral pterygoid plate Lateral pterygoid plate of
and greater wing of sphenoid and tuberosity of
sphenoid maxilla
Insertion Condylar process of Medial surface of
mandible and articular mandible
disks
Action Pushes mandible Pushes mandible
anteriorly and depresses anteriorly and elevates
mandible; closes jaw mandible; closes jaw
TONGUE AND SWALLOWING MUSCLES
Muscle INTRINSIC
• Longitudinal
• Transverse
• Vertical
Origin Within the tongue
Insertion Within the tongue
Action Pushes food
TONGUE AND SWALLOWING MUSCLES
Muscle EXTRINSIC
Genioglossus Hyoglossus
Origin Mental protuberance of Hyoid
mandible
Insertion Tongue Side of tongue
Action Protrusion (‘sticking the Depression and retraction
tongue out’) and of the tongue.
depression of the tongue.
TONGUE AND SWALLOWING MUSCLES
Muscle EXTRINSIC
Styloglossus Palatoglossus
Origin Styloid process of Soft palate
temporal bone
Insertion Tongue (lateral and Tongue
inferior)
Action Retraction and elevation Elevation of the posterior
of the tongue. tongue
TONGUE AND SWALLOWING MUSCLES
Muscle HYOID MUSCLES - SUPRAHYOID
• Digastric (Anterior and Posterior)
• Mylohyoid
• Stylohyoid
• Geniohyoid
Origin Base of skull
Insertion Hyoid bone
Action Elevates and stabilizes hyoid
TONGUE AND SWALLOWING MUSCLES
Muscle HYOID MUSCLES - INFRAHYOID
• Thyrohyoid
• Omohyoid
• Sternothyroid
• Sternohyoid
Origin Sternum, larynx
Insertion Hyoid bone
Action Depresses or stabilizes hyoid
TONGUE AND SWALLOWING MUSCLES
Muscle PHARYNGEAL MUSCLES
CONSTRICTORS ELEVATORS
Superior, Middle, Inferior Stylopharyngeus,
Salpingopharyngeus,
Palatopharyngeus
Origin Larynx and hyoid Soft palate and auditory
tube
Insertion Pharynx Pharynx
Action Constrict pharynx Elevate pharynx
NECK MUSCLES
Muscle PLATYSMA STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID
Origin Fascia of chest (over Manubrium of sternum
pectoral muscles) and and medial part of clavicle
deltoid
Insertion Lower margin of Mastoid process and
mandible and muscle at nuchal line of skull
corner of mouth
Action Tenses skin of neck; depresses Individually rotate head;
mandible; pulls lower lip back
and down (produces downward
together flex neck
sag of the mouth)
NECK MUSCLES
Muscle TRAPEZIUS
Origin Posterior surface of skull and upper vertebral column
(C7–T12)
Insertion Clavicle, acromion process, and scapular spine
Action Extends and laterally flexes neck
TRUNK MUSCLES
MUSCLES ACTING ON THE THORAX
Muscle Superficial, Erector Spinae, Deep Back
ERECTOR SPINAE
Origin Sacrum, ilium, vertebrae, and ribs
Insertion Ribs, vertebrae, and skull
Action Extends vertebral column; maintains posture
MUSCLES OF THE THORAX
Muscles EXTERNAL INTERCOSTALS INTERNAL INTERCOSTAL
Origin Inferior edge of each rib Superior edge of each rib
Insertion Superior edge of next rib Inferior edge of next rib
below origin above origin
Action Inspiration; elevate ribs Forced expiration;
depress ribs
MUSCLES OF THE THORAX
Muscles SCALENES DIAPHRAGM
Origin Cervical vertebrae Inferior ribs, sternum, and
lumbar vertebrae
Insertion First and second ribs Central tendon of
diaphragm
Action Inspiration; elevate ribs Inspiration; depress floor
of thorax
PELVIC DIAPHRAGM AND
PERNIEAL MUSCLES
UPPER LIMB MUSCLES
LOWER LIMB MUSCLES