Resistance Ω.
Voltage(V) Current(mA)
100 9 88.7
330 9 27.1
470 9 19.1
1k 9 8.99
2.2k 9 4.09
PROCEDURE
Table 1: Constant Voltage (V = 9V), Changing Resistance
Table 2: Constant Resistance (R = 1k), Changing Voltage
Voltage(V) Resistance Ω. Current(mA)
1.5 1k 1.50
3 1k 3.00
4.5 1k 4.49
6 1k 5.99
9 1k 8.99
5.1
This graph shows the inverse relationship between current (I) and resistance (R) at a
constant voltage. As resistance increases, current decreases, following Ohm's Law . The
curve reflects a non-linear decline, confirming said law.
5.2
The graph shows a linear relationship, where current increases proportionally with voltage,
following Ohm's Law . The straight-line pattern confirms a constant resistance.
5.3
Table 1
Resistance Ω. Current (mA) Voltage (V) Measured
Resistance Ω.
100 88.7 9 101.47
330 27.1 9 332.10
470 19.1 9 471.20
1000 8.99 9 1001.11
2200 4.09 9 2200.49
Comparison:
The experimental voltage is 9V across all resistances.
The theoretical resistance values closely match the given resistance values,
confirming Ohm's Law.
This indicates that the circuit follows expected electrical behavior with minor
variations due to measurement uncertainty.
Table 2
Voltage Current Experimental Measured
(V) (mA) resistance Ω. resistance Ω.
1.5 1.5 1k 1000
3 3 1k 1000
4.5 4.49 1k 1002.23
6 5.99 1k 1001.67
9 8.99 1k 1001.11
Comparison:
The experimental resistance is 1k Ω. for all values.
Since both values match closely, this confirms that the circuit behaves as an ideal
resistor.
6.1
Theoretical Voltage (V) Current (mA) Measured Error %
Resistance Ω. Resistance Ω.
100 9 88.7 101.47 1.47%
330 9 27.1 332.10 0.64%
470 9 19.1 471.20 0.26%
1000 9 8.99 1001.11 0.11%
2200 9 4.09 2200.49 0.02%
6.2
Voltage Current Experimental Measured Error %
(V) (mA) resistance Ω. resistance Ω.
1.5 1.5 1k 1000 0%
3 3 1k 1000 0%
4.5 4.49 1k 1002.23 0.22%
6 5.99 1k 1001.67 0.17%
9 8.99 1k 1001.11 0.11%
7
Discussion Questions
1. What happens to current when resistance increases?
According to Ohm’s Law (V = IR), if the voltage remains constant and resistance
increases, the current decreases. This inverse relationship is confirmed by the data in
Table 1, where higher resistance values resulted in lower current measurements.
2. What happens to current when voltage increases?
Ohm’s Law states that current is directly proportional to voltage when resistance
remains constant. In Table 2, increasing the voltage led to a proportional increase in
current, confirming this direct relationship.
3. Do your measured values follow Ohm’s Law? Explain any discrepancies.
The measured values closely align with theoretical expectations, showing a consistent
relationship between voltage, current, and resistance. Small discrepancies may arise due
to measurement inaccuracies, component tolerances, or minor circuit imperfections.
4. How would using a potentiometer change the experiment?
A potentiometer allows for continuous resistance variation instead of fixed values,
providing more data points to analyze the relationship between voltage, current, and
resistance in real time. It could also be used to demonstrate the effect of resistance
changes on circuit behavior dynamically.
5. What sources of error could affect your measurements?
Potential sources of error include:
-Component tolerances (resistors often have 5% or 10% deviation from their labeled value).
-Multimeter accuracy and resolution limitations.
-Connection resistance and wire imperfections.
-Environmental factors such as temperature variations affecting resistance.
Our experiment confirms Ohm’s Law (V = IR) by demonstrating the relationships between
voltage, current, and resistance:
1. Current vs. Resistance: When resistance increases while keeping voltage constant,
current decreases. This inverse relationship aligns with Ohm’s Law.
2. Current vs. Voltage: When voltage increases while keeping resistance constant,
current increases proportionally, confirming a direct relationship.
3. Measured vs. Theoretical Values: The calculated resistances closely match
theoretical values, with minimal error due to component tolerances and
measurement limitations.
4. Sources of Error: Small discrepancies can be attributed to resistor tolerances,
multimeter accuracy, and minor circuit imperfections.
5. Using a Potentiometer: A variable resistor would allow for smoother data collection,
providing more insights into how resistance affects current.
Sources:
- Ohm’s Law and Circuit Theory
Alexander, C. K., & Sadiku, M. N. (2017). Fundamentals of Electric Circuits (6th
ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.
Hayt, W. H., Kemmerly, J. E., & Durbin, S. M. (2018). Engineering Circuit
Analysis (9th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.
- Effects of Resistance and Voltage on Current
Dorf, R. C., & Svoboda, J. A. (2020). Introduction to Electric Circuits (10th ed.).
Wiley.
- Measurement Errors and Instrumentation
Dally, J. W., Riley, W. F., & McConnell, K. G. (1993). Instrumentation for
Engineering Measurements (2nd ed.). Wiley.
- Practical Considerations in Circuit Analysis
Horowitz, P., & Hill, W. (2015). The Art of Electronics (3rd ed.). Cambridge
University Press.
Evidence
