SCIENCE

Grade 9

Prepared by
Alla Omer
Chapter 10
Work and machines
CHAPTER (10-1)

Calculating Work

Work is calculated using the formula:

W=Fxd

Work
(Joule (J) or N.m) Distance
Force (Meter (m))
(Newton (N))

Calculate the following

1. Redyar uses 20N of force to push a lawn mower 10 meters. How much work does he
do?
Challenge

2. How much work does an elephant do while moving a circus wagon 20 meters with a
pulling force of 200N.

1
CHAPTER (10-1)

3. sama applies 350N of force to move her stalled car 40 m. How much work did Sama
do?
Challenge

4. Rawaz does 15 Joules of work to push a desk over 1 meter. How much force did he
use?

5. Sam uses a force of 25 Newtons to lift her grocery bag, while doing 50 Joules of work.
How far did she lift the grocery bag?

2
CHAPTER (10-1)

Calculating Power
Power is calculated using the formula:

P=W t

Power
(Watt (W) or J/s)
Work
Time
(Second (s))
P
(Joule (J))

Math Break /page 185

Calculate the following.

1. If it takes you 10 s to do 150 J of work on a box to move it up a ramp, what is your

power output?

2. A light bulb is on for 12 s, and during that time it uses 1,200 J of electrical energy. What is the
power of the light bulb?

3
CHAPTER (10-1)

Calculate the following

1. An instrument uses a battery that provides 500 J of energy for 1200 seconds. What is
the power of this instrument?
Challenge

2. A chainsaw used 4000 J in 180 s. Calculate the power used in watts.

3. A television dose 6000 J of work in 2 minutes to create an image of a television

program. What is the power of the television?

4. A truck takes 2 seconds to move a car by doing 40J of work. Calculate the power of the
trucks engine.

4
CHAPTER (10-1)

Section review

Using Key Terms

For each pair of terms ,explain how the meanings of the terms differ.
1 Work and Power
Work is done when a force causes an object to move in the direction of the
force. But power is the rate at which work is done.

2 Joule and watt

Joule is the SI unit used to express energy. But Watt is the SI unit used to
express power.

Understanding Key Ideas

3 How is work calculated?

a. force times distance.
b. force divided by distance
c. power times distance
d. power divided by distance

Math Skills
4 Using a force of 10 N, you push a shopping cart 10 m. How much work did you
do?
Force = 10 N
Distance = 10 m
Work = ?
Work = F x d
Work = 10 N x 10 m
Work = 100 N.m OR J

5 If you did 100 J work in 5 s ,What was your power output?

Work = 100 J
Time = 5 s
Power = ?
Power = W/t
Power = 100 J/5 s
Power = 20 J/s or w

5
CHAPTER (10-1)

Critical thinking

6 Work is done on a ball when a pitcher throws it. Is the pitcher still doing work
on the ball as it flies through the air?Explain
No, because the pitcher is no longer applying force on it.

7 Applying Concepts You lift a chair that weighs S0 N to a height of 0.5 m and
carry it 10 m across the room. How much work do you do on the chair?

Force = 50 N
Distance = 0.5 m
Distance = 10 m
Work = ? Work = F x d
Work = 50 N x 0.5 m
Work = 25 N.m OR J

Interpreting Graphics

8 What idea about work and force does the following diagram describe? Explain
your answer.
The same work is done on the object for each path, although distance and
force along the two paths differ.

Self-checks

180 Is work done every time a force is applied to an object? Explain

Work is only done when the force causes the object to move in the direction
of the force. If there is no movement or if the movement is not in the
direction of the applied force, no work is done.

183 How is work calculated?

Work is calculated by multiplying force and distance.

184 How is power calculated?

Power is calculated by dividing work by the time.

6
CHAPTER (10 - 1 )

National exam questions

1 Work is calculated by .........
A) dividing power over distance C) dividing force over distance
B) multiplying power by distance D) multiplying force by distance

2 If you make a work of 100 joules in 5 seconds, the power will be .........
A) 500 watt C) 500 joules
B) 20 watt D) 20 joules

3 The unit of work is .........

A) joule C) watt
B) meter D) liter

4 When the force applied by a machine on a body is increased, the distance over which
the force is applied .........
A) increases C) decreases
B) doesn’t change D) duplicates

5 If you make a work of 150 joules in 10 seconds, what is the amount of your power?
A) 15 joules C) 15 watt
B) 1500 watt D) 1500 joules

6 Watt is the unit used to express .........

A) work C) force
B) energy D) power

7 A light bulb is on for 12 seconds, and during that time, it uses 1200J of electric
energy. What is the power of the light bulb?
A) 100 watt C) 1000 watt
B) 14400 watt D) 10 watt

8 The transfer of energy to an object by using a force that causes the object to move in
the direction of the force is called .........
A) power C) work
B) force D) perfect efficiency

9 Using a force of 100N you push a shopping cart 20m. How much work did you do?
A) 2000J C) 200J
B) 100J D) 1020J

10 A cart is pushed by a force 50N for a distance 5m. Calculate the work out put.
A) 250 J C) 10 J
100
B) 10 watt D) 250 watt

7
CHAPTER (10-1)

National exam questions

11 If you did 1000J of work on the curtain in 10s. What is the power output?
A) 100 watt C) 1000 watt
B) 10000 watt D) 990 watt

12 Using a force of 100N, you push a shopping cart 10 m. How much work did you do?
A) 1000 J C) 10 J
B) 100 J D) 110 J

13 Which of the following is an international unit to measure power?

A) Kilogram C) Newton
B) Joule D) Watt

14 A stage manager at a play raises the curtain by doing 6000J of work on the curtain in
15s. What is the power output of the stage manager?
A) 400J C) 400 watt
B) 90000J D) 90000 watt

15 Which of the following in an international unit to measure work?

A) Kilogram C) Newton
B) Joule D) Watt

16 You and a friend together apply a force of 1000N to a car, which make the car roll
10m in 100s. What is the power output?
A) 1000 watt C) 100 watt
B) 200 watt D) 10 watt

17 In which of the following figures does the greatest work done(occur) (when the
athlete lifts a set of weights)?

18 How is work calculated?

A) force times distance (𝑊 = 𝐹 × 𝑑). C) power times distance (𝑊 = 𝑃 × 𝑑).
B) force divided by distance(𝑊 = 𝐹 /𝑑 ) D) power divided by distance (𝑊 = 𝑃/ 𝑑 )

19 One Watt equals:-

A) one joule per hour C) one joule per day
100
B) one joule per minute D) one joule per second

8
CHAPTER (10-1)

National exam questions

20 Which of the following equations correctly describes the relation between power, work,
and time?
A) W = 𝑃 / 𝑡 C) P = 𝑊/ 𝑡
B) W = 𝑡 /𝑃 D) P = 𝑡 /W

21 In which of the following situations work is not being done?

A) a crane lifting a bucket of concrete.
B) you push a wall.
C) you push a car and it does not move.
D) (B and C) are correct.

22 (Watt) is SI unit used to express which of the following?

A) power C) mechanical energy
B) work D) thermal energy

23 Which of the following is an unit of measure for work?

A)Newton C)second
B)Joule D)Watt

Answer the following questions.

A.When work is done?

Challenge

B.Tick if work has been done.

1.Studying science lesson.

2.Bowling ball.

3.Carrying suitcase.

4.Pulling a table.

5.Weight lifting.

6.Pushing a wall.

7.Lifting a suitcase.

8.Kicking a football.

9.Throwing a stone.

10.Cycling uphill

100

9
CHAPTER (10-2)

Calculating Mechanical Advantage

Mechanical Advantage is calculated using the formula:

Output force
Mechanical advantage (MA) = _________________
Input force

Calculate the following

Calculate the mechanical advantage of the following:

1.A lever requires an input force of 50 Newtons to lift a load with an output force of 200
Newtons. What is the mechanical advantage of the lever?
Challenge

2.A pulley system is used to lift a heavy object. If the input force applied to the pulley system
is 100 Newtons and the output force lifting the object is 500 Newtons, what is the
mechanical advantage of the pulley system?

10
CHAPTER (10-2)

3.A ramp is used to lift a crate. If a person applies an input force of 150 Newtons to push
the crate up the ramp, and the output force lifting the crate is 600 Newtons, what is the
mechanical advantage of the ramp?

4.A wheel and axle mechanism require an input force of 80 Newtons to turn the axle,
resulting in an output force of 400 Newtons. What is the mechanical advantage of the
wheel and axle system?

5. A screw is turned using an input force of 20 Newton-meters, resulting in an output

force of 100 Newton-meters. What is the mechanical advantage of the screw?

11
CHAPTER (10-2)

B. Determine the output and input force in the following, and mention how each makes
the work easier.
Challenge

12
CHAPTER (10-2)

Challenge

Mechanical Efficiency
The 100 in this
Calculating Mechanical Efficiency equation means that
mechanical efficiency
Mechanical Efficiency is calculated using the formula: is expressed as a
percentage.

Output work
Mechanical efficiency = _________________ X 100
Input work

1.A lever system requires 200 Joules of input energy to lift a load with a mechanical
advantage resulting in 150 Joules of useful output energy. What is the mechanical
efficiency of the lever system?
Challenge

2.A gear mechanism requires 1200 Joules of input energy to turn, resulting in 960 Joules of
useful output energy transferred to another gear. What is the mechanical efficiency of the
gear mechanism?

13
CHAPTER (10-2)

Find the mechanical efficiency of the following.

3.A machine requires 500 Joules of input energy to perform a task and produces 400
Joules of useful output energy. What is the mechanical efficiency of the machine?
Challenge

4.What is the mechanical efficiency of a machine whose work input is 100J and work
output is 30 Joules?

5.A pulley system is used to lift a heavy object. If the input work applied to the pulley
system is 600 Joules and the output work lifting the object is 450 Joules, what is the
mechanical efficiency of the pulley system?

14
CHAPTER (10-2)

Section review

Using Key Terms

For each pair of terms ,explain how the meanings of the terms differ.
1 Work input and work output
Input work refers to the amount of work that is supplied to a machine to
perform a task. But output work, on the other hand, refers to the useful work
that a machine produces as a result of its operation.

2 Mechanical advantage and mechanical efficiency

Mechanical efficiency measures how effectively a machine converts input
energy into useful output energy. While, mechanical advantage measures
the ratio of the output force or effort to the input force or effort in a
machine.

Understanding Key Ideas

3 Which of the following is the correct way to calculate mechanical advantage?

a. input force ÷ output force

b.output force ÷ input force
c.work input ÷ work output
d. work output ÷ work input
4 Explain how using a ramp makes work easier.
Using a ramp reduce the amount of force needed to lift or move objects
vertically by spreading the lifting action over a longer horizontal distance.

5 Give a specific example of a machine, and describe how its mechanical

efficiency might be calculated.
Example: Stapler A stapler's mechanical efficiency can be calculated by
comparing the input force applied by the user to press down on the stapler
handle with the output force exerted by the stapler to drive a staple through
papers. The ratio of output work to input work determines its mechanical
efficiency.

6 Why can't a machine be 100% efficient?

Machines cannot achieve 100% efficiency primarily due to friction.

15
CHAPTER (10-2)

6 Why can't a machine be 100% efficient?

Machines cannot achieve 100% efficiency primarily due to friction.

Math skills

7 Suppose that you exert 60 N on a machine and the machine exerts 300 N
on another object. What is the machine's mechanical advantage?
Input force = 60N
Output force = 300N
MA = ?
MA = Output force /Input force
MA = 300 /60
MA = 5
8 What is the mechanical efficiency of a machine whose work input is 100 J and
work output is 30J?
Mechanical efficiency =?
Output work = 30J
Input work = 100J
Output work
Mechanical efficiency = X 100
Input work
30
Mechanical efficiency = X 100
100

Mechanical efficiency = 30%

Critical Thinking

9 Making Inferences For a machine with a mechanical advantage of 3, how does

the distance through which the output force is exerted differ from the distance
through which the input force is exerted?
for a machine with mechanical advantage MA greater than 1, the output
distance is shorter than the input distance.

10 Analyzing Processes Describe the effect that friction has on a machine's

mechanical efficiency. How do lubricants increase a machine's mechanical
efficiency.
Effect of Friction: Friction reduces a machine's efficiency by converting
some input energy into heat.
Role of Lubricants: Lubricants decrease friction, increasing a machine's
efficiency by allowing smoother movement between parts.

16
CHAPTER (10-2)

6 Why can't a machine be 100% efficient?

Machines cannot achieve 100% efficiency primarily due to friction.

Math skills

7 Suppose that you exert 60 N on a machine and the machine exerts 300 N
on another object. What is the machine's mechanical advantage?
Input force = 60N
Output force = 300N
MA = ?
MA = Output force /Input force
MA = 300 /60
MA = 5
8 What is the mechanical efficiency of a machine whose work input is 100 J and
work output is 30J?
Mechanical efficiency =?
Output work = 30J
Input work = 100J
Output work
Mechanical efficiency = X 100
Input work
30
Mechanical efficiency = X 100
100

Mechanical efficiency = 30%

Critical Thinking

9 Making Inferences For a machine with a mechanical advantage of 3, how does

the distance through which the output force is exerted differ from the distance
through which the input force is exerted?
for a machine with mechanical advantage MA greater than 1, the output
distance is shorter than the input distance.

10 Analyzing Processes Describe the effect that friction has on a machine's

mechanical efficiency. How do lubricants increase a machine's mechanical
efficiency.
Effect of Friction: Friction reduces a machine's efficiency by converting
some input energy into heat.
Role of Lubricants: Lubricants decrease friction, increasing a machine's
efficiency by allowing smoother movement between parts.

17
CHAPTER (10-2)

National exam questions

1 A machine makes work easier by changing .........
A) work input C) mechanical efficiency
B) size or direction of the force D) work output

2 Work output of a machine is impossible to be bigger than the work input because of .
A) friction C)output force
B) input force D)power

3 Which of the following DOES NOT permit the mechanical efficieney of machines to be
100%? C) Power
A) Applied force
D) Friction
B) Resulting force

4 Which of the following changes the amount of force or the direction to do a work?
A) Power C) Machine
B) Mechanical efficiency D) Sliding (gliding)

5 Which of the following is the correct way to calculate mechanical efficiency?

A) (input force/output force ) x 100 C) (work input/work output ) x 100
B) (output force/input force) x100 D) (work output/work input) x 100

6 Which of the following would prevent machines from being 100% mechanically
efficient?
A) Friction C) Output force
B) Input force D) Power

7 A machine can .........

A) increase neither distance nor the force
B) increase distance by increasing force
C) increase distance by decreasing force
D) decrease distance by decreasing force

8 Which of the following is the correct way to calculate mechanical advantage?

A) Output force divide by input force X 100
B) Output force divide by input force
C) Work output divide by work input X 100
D) Work output divide by work input

100

19
CHAPTER (10-2)

National exam questions

10 Friction;
A) increases the mechanical advantage
B) assists in achieving 100% machine efficiency
C) prevents machines from achieving 100% efficiency
D) protects machine surfaces

11 What is the mechanical efficiency of a machine whose work input is 100 J and work
output is 40 J?
A) 300% C) 40%
B) 50% D)100%

12 What is the mechanical efficiency of a machine whose work input is 200 J and work output
is 60 J ?
A) 30% C) 100 %
B) 60 % D) 150%

100

20
CHAPTER (10-3)

Classes of lever

First-class lever Second-class lever Third-class lever

The fulcrum is between the The load is between the The input force is between
input force and the load. input force and the fulcrum. the load and the fulcrum.

First-class lever always Second-class lever doesn’t Third-class lever doesn’t

changes the direction of the change the direction of the change the direction of the
input force. input force. input force.

Depending on the location of They allow you to apply less

It increases the distance
the fulcrum, it can be used to force that the force exerted
over which the force applied
increase force or to increase by the load. (increases the
not the force.
the distance. input force )

The mechanical advantage can

The mechanical advantage
be one, greater than one or
The mechanical advantage is less than one. (The output
less than one, based on the
is greater than one. force is always less than the
distance between fulcrum,
input force. )
load and input force.

Example; Swing (see-saw) and Example; Wheelbarrow, Example;Hammer, tweezers

Scissors . nutcracker and can opener. and weightlifting

21
CHAPTER (10-3)

Types of pulley

Fixed pulley Movable pulley Block and tackle

The pully is attached to a fixed The pully is attached to a Consists of a combination of

object. movable object. fixed and movable pulleys.

Changes the direction of the Does not change the force's Changes the direction of the
force. direction. force.

Provides a mechanical The mechanical advantage of

Provides a mechanical
advantage of 1, meaning the a block and tackle system
advantage of 2, meaning it
output force is the same as depends on the number of
doubles the output force.
the input force. rope segments.

The fixed pulley does not Increases force but also

Multiplies the output force by
increase or decrease the force increases the distance over
the number of rope
applied; it simply redirects it which the input force must be
segments.
in a different direction. exerted.

Example; Lifting a bucket

Example; Flagpole Example; Flagpole
from a well

22
CHAPTER (10-3)

Calculating mechanical advantage of wheel and axle

Radius of wheel
Mechanical advantage = _________________
Radius of axel

1.The radius of the car steering wheel is 0.25 meters, and the radius of the axle (the
steering column) is 0.02 meters. Calculate the mechanical advantage.
Challenge

2.The radius of the handle of the screwdriver (the wheel) is 0.02 meters, and the radius
of the shaft (the axle) is 0.005 meters. Calculate the mechanical advantage of the wheel
and axle.

3.The radius of the fishing reel's spool (the wheel) is 0.05 meters, and the radius of the
axle is 0.01 meters. Calculate the mechanical advantage.

23
CHAPTER (10-3)

Calculating mechanical advantage of inclined plane

Length of inclined plane

Mechanical advantage =
Height to which the load is lifted

Answer the following questions.

A) Circle the correct answer

1 Inclined plane makes the work easier by .........

A) decreasing force B) increasing distance
C) A and B D) None of these
Challenge

B) Calculate the mechanical advantage of wheel and axle.

1.A ramp used to load boxes into a truck has a length of 5 meters and a height of 1
meter. What is the mechanical advantage of the ramp?

2.An inclined plane used for wheelchair access has a length of 8 meters and a height of 2
meters. Calculate its mechanical advantage.

24
CHAPTER (10-3)

3.A ski slope has a length of 100 meters and a height of 20 meters. Determine the
mechanical advantage of the ski slope.
Challenge

4.A playground slide has a length of 6 meters and a height of 3 meters. What is the
mechanical advantage of the slide?

5. A wheelchair ramp at a building entrance has a length of 10 meters and a height of 1.5
meters. Find the mechanical advantage of the wheelchair ramp.

25
CHAPTER (10-3)

Math Break

Find the advantage.

1. A heavy box is pushed up a ramp that has an incline of 4.8 m long and 1.2 m high. What is the
mechanical advantage of the ramp?

2. A wheelchair ramp is 9 m long and 1.5 m high. What is the mechanical advantage of the ramp?

3. If an inclined plane were 2 m long and 8 m high, what would be its mechanical advantage?

26
CHAPTER (10-3)

Determine the input force, output force, and fulcrum (if they have) in the following
diagrams, and classify them according to types of machines.
Challenge

27
CHAPTER (10-3)

Calculating mechanical advantage of wedge

Length of wedge
Mechanical advantage =
Greatest thickness

Answer the following questions.

A) Circle the correct answer

1 ......... is a common example wedge.

A) Knife B) Hammer
C) Screw D) None of these
Challenge

B) Calculate the mechanical advantage of wheel and axle.

1.A knife has a blade length of 10 centimeters and a thickness of 0.2 centimeters. What
is the mechanical advantage of the knife blade?

28
CHAPTER (10-3)

2.An axe head has a length of 15 centimeters and a thickness of 0.5 centimeters.
Determine the mechanical advantage of the axe head..
Challenge

3.A doorstop wedge measures 8 centimeters in length and has a thickness of 0.3
centimeters. Calculate its mechanical advantage.

4.A chisel has a blade length of 12 centimeters and a thickness of 0.4 centimeters. Find
the mechanical advantage of the chisel.

29
CHAPTER (10-3)

Self-checks

193 How do the three types of levers differ from one another ?
Each class of lever has a different placement of fulcrum, input force and load.
195 How is the mechanical advantage of a wheel and axle calculated?
The mechanical advantage of a wheel and axle calculated by dividing the radius of
the wheel to the radius of the axle.
196 What is inclined plane?
Inclined plane is slanted surface that makes the raising of loads easier, such as a
ramp.

Notes

30
CHAPTER (10-3)

Notes

31
CHAPTER (10-3)

Section review

Using key terms

1 In your own words, write a definition for the term lever.

2 Use the following terms in the same sentence: inclined plane, wedge, and
screw.

Understanding Key Ideas

3 Which class of lever always has a mechanical advantage of greater than 1?

a. first-class
b.second-class
c. third-class
d. None of the above

4 Give an example of each of the following simple machines: first-class lever,

second-class lever, third-class lever, inclined plane, wedge, and screw.

Math Skills

5 A ramp is 0.5 m high and has a slope that is 4 m long. What is its mechanical
advantage?
CHAPTER (10-3)

6 The radius of the wheel of a wheel and axle is 4 times the radius of the axle.
What is the mechanical advantage of the wheel and axle?

Critical Thinking

7 Applying Concepts A third-class lever has a mechanical advantage of less

than 1. Explain why it is useful for some tasks.
This can be advantageous for tasks where speed and precision are more
important than force amplification, such as using tweezers to pick up small
objects or using a fishing rod to cast a line.

8 . How can you claculate the mechanical advantage of a screw?

The mechanical advantage of a screw can be calculated by dividing the
circumference of the screw's threads (the distance traveled per revolution) by
the pitch of the screw (the distance between corresponding points on adjacent
threads). The formula is:
Mechanical Advantage = Circumference of threads / Pitch of screw

9 How can you increase the mechanical advantage of a knife in two ways?
- Sharpening the blade: A sharper blade reduces the effort required to cut
through materials by reducing friction and resistance.
- Increasing the length of the blade: A longer blade allows for a greater
distance over which the force is applied, resulting in a greater mechanical
advantage.

Interpreting graphics

10 Indicate two simple machines being used in the picture below.

A door has hinges (which serve as a lever) and a door knob (a wheel-and-axle).
CHAPTER (10-3)

National exam questions

1 The scissors are made up of two machines, which are .........
A) lever and wedge C) lever and inclined plane
B) inclined plane and pulley D) pulley and screw

2 What is the mechanical advantage of the showed pulley in the figure at the right?
A) 1 C) 4
B) 2 D) Less than 1

3 Which type of levers always have mechanical advantage greater than (1)?
A) First-class lever C) Third-class lever
B) Second-class lever D) All of these

4 Inclined plane of length (8 meters) and height of (2 meters), the mechanical

advantage equals to .........
A) 8 C) 1
B) 16 D) 4

5 Which type of pulley does not change the force's direction?

A) Fixed Pulley C) Simple pulley
B) Movable Pulley D) Covalent pulley

6 A simple machine which describes (doorknobs) is .........

A) lever C) wheel and axle
B) pulley D) wedge

7 If an inclined plane were (2m) long and (8m) high, what would be its mechanical
advantage?
A) ¼ C) 16
B) 4 D) 8
8 In which of the following lever classes, the output force (load) is between the input
force and the fulcrum?
A) First-class lever C) Third-class lever
B) Second-class lever D) All lever classes
9 When the fulcrum is closer to the load than to the input force, it has a mechanical
advantage of .........
A) equal to 1 C) greater than 1
B) less than 1 D) equal to zero

10 If an inclined plane were ( 8m )long and (2m) high, what would be its mechanical
advantage?
A) 8 C) 2 100

B) 4 D) 1/4

32
CHAPTER (10-3)

National exam questions

11 In which class of lever the load is located between the input force and the fulcrum?
A) First-class lever C) Third -class lever
B) Second-class lever D) All lever classes

12 In block and tackle;

A) The mechanical advantage is 4 C) Consist of two fixed pulley
B) Consist of two moveable pulley D) The mechanical advantage is less
than one

13 One of the following machines a screw is made up of it.

A) Lever C) Pulley and inclined plane
B) Inclined plane D) Wedge

14 In the first-class levers, when the fulcrum is closer to the load than to the input force,
has a mechanical advantage .........
A) equal to 1 C) less than
B) greater than 1 D) equal to zero

15 The mechanical advantage of the movable pulley is ...........

A) 1 C) 3
B) 2 D) 4
16 Which of the following is the correct way to calculate mechanical advantage of a
wheel and axle?
A) Radius of the wheel / radius of the C) Radius of the axle X radius of the
axle wheel
B) Radius of the axle X radius of the D) Radius of the axle / radius of the
axle wheel
17 Knife is a common-example for which of the following simple machines?
A) Lever C) Inclined plane
B) Wheel and axle D) Wedge

18 A heavy box is pushed up a ramp that is 4.8m long and 1.2m high. What is the
mechanical advantage of the ramp?
A) 2 C) 4
B) 6 D) 8
19 The longer the spiral on a screw is and the closer together the threads are its
mechanical advantage will be .........
A) greater C) less
B) not affected D) sometimes it gets less and
100
Sometimes it gets bigger

33
CHAPTER (10-3)

National exam questions

20 The Mechanical advantage of a wheel and axle is:
A) the radius of the wheel ÷ the radius of the axle.
B) the radius of the wheel × the radius of the axle.
C) the radius of the axle ÷ the radius of the wheel.
D) the radius of the wheel + the radius of the axle

21 Which of the following shapes is an example of a third-Class Lever?

22 Is a simple machine that is made up of two inclined planes and that

moves often used for cutting.
A) lever C) pulley
B) wedge D) screw

23 Which of the following figures is an example of a first-class lever?

A-(1) C-(3)
B-(2) D-(1) and (3)
1 2 3

24 The adjacent figure shows two smooth inclined planes (a) and (b) used to raise
the same box to the same height. Which of the following is correct?
A) We require less force to push box on an inclined plane (a)
B) Mechanical advantage of the inclined plane (b) = ( 𝟐/ 𝟏 )
C) Mechanical advantage of the inclined plane (a) = ( 𝟑 /𝟏 )
D) All answers are correct

25 Which of the following is true for Figure 1 and 2?

A)Figure 1 is movable pulley and Figure 2 is fixed pulley
B)Figure 1 is fixed pulley and Figure 2 is movable pulley
C)Both figure 1 and 2 are fixed pulleys
D)Both figure 1 and 2 are movable pulleys

100
1 2

34
CHAPTER (10-3)

National exam questions

26 The mechanical advantage of the movable pulley is equal to:
A) 1 C) 4
B) 2 D) 6

27 Which of the following figures is an example of the second-class lever?

28 A heavy box is pushed up a ramp that has an incline of 3 m long and 0.6 m high
What is the mechanical advantage of the ramp?
A-3 C-5
B-0.12 D-1.2

29 Which of the adjacent figures is an example of a Second -class) lever?

A)Figure (1)
B)Figure (2)
C)Figure (3)
D)Figure (1) and Figure (3)

1 2 3

35
CHAPTER 10 (review)

Chapter review

Using Key Terms

For each pair of terms, explain how the meanings of the terms differ.

1 Work and power

Work is energy transferred when force moves an object over a distance,
while power is the rate at which work is done.
2 Lever and inclined plane
A lever, a rigid bar pivoting around a fixed point, applies force. An inclined
plane, a tilted surface, makes moving objects easier.

3 Wheel and axle and pulley

A wheel and axle transmit force by connecting a larger wheel to a smaller
axle. A pulley uses a grooved wheel and rope to lift or lower objects.

Short answer

10 Identify the two simple machines that make up a pair of scissors.

The two simple machines are a lever (for the handles) and a wedge (for the
blades).

11 Explain why you do work on a bag of groceries when you pick it up but not
when you carry it.
Work is done when you lift the bag of groceries because the force and the
motion have the same direction, but when you carrying it they don’t have the
same direction.

12 Why is the work output of a machine always less than the work input?
The work output of a machine is always less than the work input due to energy
losses such as friction.

13 What does the mechanical advantage of a first-class lever depend upon?

Describe how it can be changed.
The mechanical advantage of a first-class lever depends on the distance
between the applied force and the fulcrum. It can be changed by adjusting the
positions of the load, fulcrum, and applied force.

36
CHAPTER 10 (review)

14 You and a friend together apply a force of 1,000 N to a car, which makes the
car roll 10 m in 1 min and 40 s.
a. How much work did you and your friend do together?

b. What was the power output?

15 A lever allows a 35 N load to be lifted with a force of 7 N. What is the

mechanical advantage of the lever?

37
CHAPTER 10 (review)

22 Identifying Relationships If the mechanical advantage of a certain

machine is greater than 1, what does that tell you about the relationship
between the input force and distance and output force and distance?
If the mechanical advantage of a machine is greater than 1, it indicates that the
output force is greater than the input force. This means that the machine
amplifies the input force, allowing a smaller input force to produce a larger
output force over a shorter distance.

Interpreting graphics

23 For each of the images below, identify the class of lever used and calculate the
mechanical advantage of the lever.

a. b.

a.
This is an example of a class 1 lever. The fulcrum (pivot point) is at one end, the
effort (force applied) is exerted at the other end, and the load (resistance) is in
between. The mechanical advantage of a class 1 lever is calculated by dividing
the distance from the fulcrum to the point where the force is applied (effort
arm) by the distance from the fulcrum to the point where the load is placed
(load arm).

b.
This is an example of a class 3 lever. In fishing, the fishing rod acts as the lever,
with the fisherman applying the effort (force) to the rod handle, the load
(resistance) being the fish at the other end of the line, and the fulcrum being
where the rod bends. The mechanical advantage of a class 3 lever is always
less than 1, as the effort arm is shorter than the load arm, resulting in a
greater distance but smaller force applied to the load.

38
Chapter 11
Energy
CHAPTER (11-1)

Calculating Kinetic energy

Kinetic energy is calculated using the formula:

mv 2
KE =
2

Kinetic energy Speed (Velocity)

(Joule (J)) (Meter per second (m/s))

Mass
(Kilograms (Kg))

Joule is the SI unit used to express energy.

Math break | Page 205

Calculate the kinetic energy (KE).

1.What is the kinetic energy of a car that has a mass of 1,200 kg and is moving at a speed of 20
m/s?

2. What is the kinetic energy of a car that has a mass of 2,400 kg and is moving at 20 m/s? How
does this kinetic energy compare to the kinetic energy of the car in the example 1?

39
CHAPTER (11-1)

3.What is the kinetic energy of a 4,000 kg elephant that is running at 2 m/s? at 4 m/s? How do the
two kinetic energies compare with one another.

4. What is the kinetic energy of a 3,000 kg bus that is moving at 20 m/s.

Notes:

Car crashes are much more dangerous at higher speeds than at lower speed.
A mowing car has 4 times the kinetic energy of the same car going half the
speed.

40
CHAPTER (11-1)

Calculate kinetic energy

1. How much kinetic energy does an 810 Kg race car have, when it is traveling with a
velocity of 65 m/s?
Challenge

2. Barry Bonds swings a bat which has a mass of 1.5 Kg at a velocity of 55 m/s. How
many joules of kinetic energy could he give to a ball?

3. A golf pro swings his driver which weighs 75 kg at a velocity of 60 m/s. Calculate the
kinetic energy.

41
CHAPTER (11-1)

4. Calculate the KE of a car which has a mass of 1000 kg and is moving at the rate
of 20 m/s.
Challenge

5. What is the KE of a soccer ball which has a mass of 0.8 kg and is kicked at a
velocity of 10 m/s?

42
CHAPTER (11-1)

Calculating Gravitational potential energy (GPE)

Gravitational potential energy is calculated using the formula:

GPE = Weight X Height

Gravitational Potential Energy Weight Height

(Joule (J) or N.m) (Newton (N)) (Meter (m))

Joule is the SI unit used to express energy.

Math break | Page 206

Calculate gravitational potential energy (GPE)

1. What is the gravitational potential energy of a book with a weight of 13 N at a height of 1.5 m off
the ground?

2. What is the gravitational potential energy of a cat that weighs 40 N standing on a table that is 0.8
m above the ground?

43
CHAPTER (11-1)

3. What is the gravitational potential energy of a diver who weighs 500 N standing on a platform
that is 10 m off the ground?

4. What is the gravitational potential energy of a diver who weighs 600 N standing on a platform
that is 8 m off the ground?

Calculate gravitational potential energy (GPE)

1. What is the gravitational potential energy gained by a 500N Mars Rover when it is lifted
15m by a test crane on Earth?
Challenge

44
CHAPTER (11-1)

2. What is the gravitational potential energy when a bungee jumper of 80N is lifted 60m
in a crane before jumping?
Challenge

3. What is the gravitational potential energy of a 2N toy robot dog when it jumps 1m?

4.What is the gravitational potential energy when a lift has 400N rises 24m in a tower
block?

45
CHAPTER (11-1)

Self-checks

204 What is energy?

Energy is the capacity to do work.

207 What two kinds of energy that can make up the mechanical energy?
Mechanical energy is the sum of kinetic and potential energy.

Notes

46
CHAPTER (11-1)

Notes

47
CHAPTER (11-1)

Section review

Using Key Terms

1 In your own words, write a definition for the term Energy.

2 Use the following terms in the same sentence: kinetic energy, potential energy,
and mechanical energy.

Understanding Key Ideas

3 How are energy and work related?

4 What two factors determine gravitational potential energy?

Critical thinking

5 Applying Concepts Explain why a high-speed collision may cause more

damage to vehicles than a low-speed collision does.
Car crashes are much more dangerous at higher speeds than at lower speed.
A mowing car has 4 times the kinetic energy of the same car going half the
speed.

Math Skills

6 What is the kinetic energy of an athlete whose mass is 70 kg and running at 6

m/s?

48
CHAPTER (11-1)

7 What is the potential energy of a flower pot weighing 15 N and placed on the
balcony at a height of 20 m above the ground?

Interpreting graphics

8 Describe the two forms of mechanical energy for the man in the picture below.

49
CHAPTER (11-1)

National exam questions

1 Kinetic energy depends on .........

A) mass and volume C) speed and weight
B) weight and height D) speed and mass

2 Gravitational potential energy depends on .........

A) speed and mass C) weight and speed
B) weight and height D) speed and height

3 What is the kinetic energy of a car that mass of 1,000 kg and is moving at a speed of
20 m/g?
A) 200,000 J C) 500,000 J
B) 400,000 J D) 10000 J

4 What is the gravitational potential energy of a book with a weight of (16N) at a height
of (2m) of the ground?
A) 8 J C) 18 J
B) 32 J D) 14 J

5 Which of the following is kinetic energy?

A) Nuclear Energy C) Sound Energy
B) Light energy D) Chemical energy

6 What is the kinetic energy of an elephant has a mass of 4000Kg ,and is moving at a
speed of 2m/s?
A) 2000 kg .m2 /s2 C) 8000 Kg.m2/s2
B) 8000 J/s D) 2000 J

7 What is the gravitational potential energy of a diver who weighs (500N ) standing on a
platform that is (10m) off the ground?
A) 50 J C) 490 J
B) 5000 J D) 510 J

8 What is the gravitational potential energy of a cat that weighs 40 M standing on a

table that is 0.8 m above the ground?
A) 32 J C) 500 J
B) 50 J D) 4800 J

9 What is the gravitational potential energy of a cat that weighs 60N standing on a
table that is 0.8m?
A) 4.8 J C) 48 J
B) 84 J D) 8.4 J
100

50
CHAPTER (11-1)

National exam questions

10 What Is the kinetic energy of a car that has a mass of 1200 kg and Is moving at a
speed of 20 m/s?
A) 24 000 J C) 480 000 J
B) 48 000 J D) 240 000 J

11 What is the gravitational potential energy of a cat that weighs 40 N standing on a

table that is 0.8 m above the ground.
A) 500 J C) 32 J
B) 50 J D) 4800 J

12 Which of the following statements is correct ?

A) kinetic energy: the energy of an object’s motion
B) Energy: the capacity to do work.
C) Potential energy: the energy that an object’s has because of the position or shape
D) All answers are correct

100

51
CHAPTER (11-2)

Answer the following questions

A) Identify the energy transformations (conversions) for each of the following items.

Item Energy conversion

Challenge

Alarm clock

Battery

Light bulb

Blender

Hair dryer

Food

B) Choose the correct answer

1 The wound-up rubber band in the toy airplane has a kind of potential energy
called .........
A) kinetic energy B) elastic potential energy
C) chemical energy D) none of these

2 When the skateboarder reaches the top of the half-pipe, his ......... is at a maximum.
A) kinetic energy B) potential energy
C) chemical energy D) thermal energy

52
CHAPTER (11-2)

3 As the skateboarder speeds down through the bottom of the half-pipe, the
skateboarder's ......... is at a maximum.
A) kinetic energy B) potential energy
C) chemical energy D) thermal energy

4 Chemical energy of food is converted into ......... when you are active.
Challenge

A) kinetic energy B) potential energy

C) chemical energy D) thermal energy

5 Chemical energy of food is converted into ......... to maintain body temperature.

A) kinetic energy B) potential energy
C) chemical energy D) thermal energy

6 Electrical energy is also converted into ......... in a grid of wires that heats up.
A) kinetic energy B) potential energy
C) chemical energy D) thermal energy

7 The fan forces air across the hot wires, and hot air blows out of the nozzle of the
hair dryer. You can hear the ......... energy that also comes out.
A) kinetic energy B) potential energy
C) chemical energy D) sound energy

8 Electrical energy enters the hair dryer and is converted into ......... as a small
electric motor spins a fan blade.
A) kinetic energy B) potential energy
C) chemical energy D) sound energy

53
CHAPTER (11-2)

Self-checks

210 How is elastic potential energy stored and released?

The stretched rubber band stores potential energy. When you let the rubber band
go, it goes back to its original shape. It releases its stored up potential energy into
kinetic energy that spins the propellers.

Notes

54
CHAPTER (11-2)

Notes

55
CHAPTER (11-2)

Section review

Using Key Terms

1 In your own words, write a definition for the term Energy conservation.

Understanding Key Ideas

2 Describe a case in which electrical energy is converted into thermal energy.

3 How does your body get the energy that it needs?

Critical thinking
4 Applying Concepts Describe the kinetic-potential energy conversions that
occur when a basketball bounces.
When the basketball reaches its highest point, it has the most stored energy,
called potential energy. As it comes back down, this potential energy turns into
movement energy, or kinetic energy, making the ball speed up. The fastest
point is when it hits the ground. After bouncing, the energy changes back to
potential, ready for the next bounce.

5 Applying Concepts A car that brakes suddenly comes to a screeching halt.

Is the sound energy produced in this conversion a useful form of energy?
Explain your answer.
The sound energy produced is generally not seen as a beneficial form of
energy in the car's braking system since it doesn't contribute to the car's
stopping process.

Interpreting Graphics

6 Look at the diagram below, and answer the following questions.

a.

b.

56
CHAPTER (11-2)

National exam questions

1 Electrical energy converted into light energy and thermal energy in .........
A) alarm clock C) bulb
B) battery D) blender
2 In hair dryer electrical energy enters is converted into .........
A) thermal energy C) kinetic energy
B) chemical energy D) (A and C)

3 In hair dryer electrical energy enters is converted into ......... which helps you to drying
your hair.
A) thermal energy C) kinetic energy
B) chemical energy D) (A and C)

4 In a light bulb ......... energy converted into .........

A) electrical ,light energy and thermal energy
B) sound, electrical energy and Kinetic energy
C) electrical, Kinetic energy and light energy.
D) Kinetic, sound energy and thermal energy

5 In car battery ......... energy converted into ......... energy

A) electrical, Kinetic C) chemical, electrical
B) electrical, sound D) electrical, chemical

6 In alarm clock ......... energy converted into ......... energy.

A) electrical, sound C) electrical, kinetic
B) sound, electrical D) kinetic, electrical

7 Your body uses the food you eat to convert chemical energy into ......... energy.
A) sound C) kinetic
B) electrical D) none of them

8 A change from one form of energy to another is .........

A) energy transmission C) energy conversion
B) energy consumption D) energy creation

9 Chemical energy in food is converted into ......... energy to maintain body

temperature.
A) sound C) kinetic
B) thermal D) none of them

100

57
CHAPTER (11-3)

Label energy conversion in a roller coaster.

On roller coaster, some

mechanical energy (the sum of
kinetic energy and potential
Challenge

energy) is always converted into

thermal energy because of
friction.

58
CHAPTER (11-3)

Describe Energy Conservation in a Light Bulb.

Challenge

Choose the correct answer

1 Improving the efficiency of machines is important, because greater efficiency .........

A) increases friction
B) reduces energy loss
C) increases energy loss
D) makes the car more aerodynamic
Challenge

59
CHAPTER (11-3)

Self-checks

213 Why is the conservation of energy considered as scientific law?

Energy is conserved in all cases. Because no exception to this rule has been found,
this rule is described as a law.

214 Why is “perpetual motion” impossible?

Because some waste thermal energy always results from energy conversions. The
only way a machine can keep moving is to have a constant supply of energy.

Notes

60
CHAPTER (11-3)

Notes

61
CHAPTER (11-3)

Section review

Using Key Terms

1 Use the following terms in the same sentences: friction and the law of
conservation of energy.

Understanding Key Ideas

2 Perpetual motion is impossible because
a. things tend to slow down.
b. energy is lost.
c. machines are very inefficient.
d. machines have friction.

3 Describe the energy conversions that take place on a roller coaster, and
explain how energy is conserved.
On a roller coaster, energy conservation means the ride transforms between
going up (potential energy) and going down (kinetic energy). As it climbs, it
stores energy, and as it descends, it uses that energy. The total energy stays
the same, showing how energy is conserved during the ride.

Math Skills
4 A bike is pedaled with 80 J of energy and then coasts. It does 60 J of work in
moving forward until it stops. How much of the energy that was put into the
bike became thermal energy?
The thermal energy produced can be calculated by subtracting the work done
from the initial energy:
Thermal energy=Initial energy−Work done
Thermal energy=Initial energy−Work done
Thermal energy=80 J−60 J=20 J
Thermal energy=80J−60J=20J
Therefore, 20 joules of the energy that was put into the bike become thermal
energy.

62
CHAPTER (11-3)

Critical thinking

5 Evaluating Conclusions Imagine that you drop a ball. It bounces a few times
and then it stops. Your friend says that the energy that the ball had is gone.
Where did the energy go? Evaluate your friend's statement based on energy
conservation.
According to the principle of energy conservation, energy cannot be created or
destroyed; it can only change forms. In the case of the bouncing ball, some of
its kinetic energy is converted into other forms, such as heat and sound, but
the total energy should still be conserved.

National exam questions

1 Thermal energy is always produced as a result of .........

A) energy conversion C) destroying energy
B) produces energy D) energy transfer

2 When the energy changes from shape to another shape always apart of energy
changed into .........
A) mechanical C) heat
B) light D) potential energy

3 While turning a light bulb on, some energy changes into ........., which makes the bulb
feel warm.
A) thermal energy C) electric energy
B) kinetic energy D) light energy

4 On a roller coaster, some mechanical energy is always converted into thermal energy
because of .........
A) friction C) sound
B) electricity D) sight

63
CHAPTER 11 (review)

Chapter review

Using Key Terms

1 For each pair of terms, explain how the meanings of the terms differ.
a. potential energy and kinetic energy

b. mechanical energy and energy conversion

c. friction and the law of conservation of energy

6 Name two forms of energy, and relate them to kinetic or potential energy.

7 Give three examples of one form of energy being converted into another form.
a. When a car brakes, kinetic energy is converted into thermal energy due to
friction.
b. A battery-operated device converts chemical energy into electrical energy.
c. A hydroelectric power plant converts gravitational potential energy of water
at a height into electrical energy.

8 Explain what a closed system is, and how energy is conserved within it.
A closed system is a system that does not exchange matter with its
surroundings, but energy can be exchanged. Energy is conserved within a
closed system, meaning the total energy remains constant over time. Energy
can change forms within the system, but the total amount of energy remains
the same
9 A box has 400 J of gravitational potential energy.

a. How much work had to be done to give the box that energy?

b. If the box weighs 100 N, how far above the ground is it?

64
CHAPTER 11(review)

16 Evaluating Hypotheses Describe how you would test the two hypotheses you
proposed in item 15. How would you determine whether one, both, or neither
hypothesis is a factor in the car's efficiency?
Test aerodynamics with wind tunnel experiments and compare fuel efficiency
in real-world driving tests to evaluate the impact of each factor on the cars'
efficiency.

17 Use the graphic below to answer the questions that follow:

a. What is the skier's gravitational potential energy at point a?

b.What is the skier's gravitational potential energy at point b?

c. What is the skier's kinetic energy at point b?

65
Chapter 12
Heat
CHAPTER (12-1)

Temperature
Temperature is the measure of average
kinetic energy of the particles in an object.

The more kinetic energy the particles

of an object have, the higher the
temperature of the object is.

Notes:

The Thermometer The temperature of a substance

depends on the average kinetic
Thermometer is a thin glass tube filled energy of all particles not the
with a liquid, used to measure amount of it .
temperature. .

Mercury and alcohol are often used in

thermometers because they remain
in liquid form over a large
temperature range.

Thermal expansion is the increase in

volume of a substance because of an
increase in temperature.

The three temperature scales:

1. Fahrenheit (°F)
2. Celsius (°C)
3. Kelvin (K)

Absolute zero (lowest temperature;

-273°C,0 K and -459°F ) is the temperature
at which all molecular motion stops.

Notes:

The three temperature scales

are KFC.
Kelvin is not expressed in
degrees.

66
CHAPTER (12-1)

Math break | Page 223

Convert the following.

1. What temperature on the Celsius scale is equivalent to 373 K?

2. Absolute zero is 0 K. What is the equivalent temperature on the Celsius scale? on the Fahrenheit
scale?

3. Which temperature is colder, 0°F or 200 K?

67
CHAPTER (12-1)

Convert the following.

Challenge 1. Convert 45°C to degrees Fahrenheit.

2. Convert 68°F to degrees Celsius.

3. Convert 45°C to degrees Kelvins.

68
CHAPTER (12-1)

4. Convert 32 K to degrees Celsius.

Challenge

5. Convert 45°F to degrees Celsius.

6. Convert 100°F to degrees Celsius.

69
CHAPTER (12-1)

Choose the correct answer.

1 When you measure an object’s temperature, you measure .........

A) average kinetic energy of all particles
B) kinetic energy of slowest particle
C) kinetic energy of each particle
Challenge

D) kinetic energy of fastest particle

2 In Celsius scale, the temperature ranges between .........

A) freezing and boiling point of water
B) freezing and boiling point of oil
C) freezing and boiling point of Mercury
D) freezing and boiling point of alcohol

3 A pot of tea and a cup of tea contain varying quantities of tea, yet their atoms
share an identical average kinetic energy. What can be inferred about their
temperatures?
A) The temperature of the pot of tea is higher
B) The temperature of the cup of tea is higher
C) The temperatures of both are equal.
D) None of these

4 Kelvin scale is divided into units called .........

A) kelvins B) kelvin points
C) degrees kelvins D) kelvinian

5 A change in one Kelvin is equal to a change of .........

A) one Celsius degree B) ten degrees Celsius
C) one Fahrenheit degree D) ten degrees Fahrenheit

6 Thermostats is a device that .........

A) controls the heater B) controls elevator
C) controls thermometer D) (A and C)

70
CHAPTER (12-1)

Self-checks

221 How is temperature related to the kinetic energy of the particles of a

substance?
Temperature is directly related to the average kinetic energy of the particles of a
substance. Higher temperature indicates greater average kinetic energy, while
lower temperature suggests lower kinetic energy.

222 What property makes thermometers work?

Thermometers can measure temperature because of a property called thermal
expansion.

224 What is the purpose of expansion joints in a bridge?

Expansion joints keep segments of the bridge apart so that they have room to
expand without the bridge breaking.

Notes

71
CHAPTER (12-1)

Notes

72
CHAPTER (12-1)

Section review

Using Key Terms

1 In your own words, write a definition for the term temperature.

2 Use each of the following terms in a separate sentence: thermal expansion

and absolute zero.

3 Which of the following is them coldest temperature possible?

a. 0K
b. 0C
c. 0°F
d. -273°F

4 Does temperature depend on the amount of the substance? Explain.

5 Describe the process of thermal expansion.

Thermal expansion is a phenomenon in which substances increase in volume
in response to a rise in temperature. It occurs because higher temperatures
cause the particles in a substance to move more vigorously, resulting in
increased average kinetic energy. As a consequence, the particles tend to
occupy a larger space, leading to the expansion of the material.

Math Skills
6 Convert 35C to degrees Fahrenheit

73
CHAPTER (12-1)

7 Convert 34°F to degrees Celsius.

8 Convert 0C to kelvins.

9
Convert 100 K to degrees Celsius

Critical thinking

10 Predicting Consequences Why do you think heating a full pot of soup on the
stove could cause the soup to overflow?

11 Analyzing Processes During thermal expansion, what happens to the

density of a substance.

12 Forming Hypotheses A glass of cold water whose particles had a low average
kinetic energy was placed on a table. The average kinetic energy in the cold
water increased, while the average kinetic energy of the part of the table under
the glass decreased. What do you think happened?

74
CHAPTER (12 - 1)

National exam questions

1 Thermometers can measure temperature because of a property called ........

A) thermal expansion C) heat
B) thermal conduction D) specific heat

2 When the average kinetic energy of a substance particles is reduced leads to .........
A) thermal energy C) decrease in temperature
B) increase in temperature D) absolute zero

3 Change (45 Celsius) into (Kelvin).

A) 241 kelvin C) 318 kelvin
B) 20 kelvin D) 113 kelvin

4 Thin glass tube filled with a liquid which measures the temperature is .........
A) expansion joint C) bimetallic strip
B) thermometer D) thermostats

5 The normal human body temperature is 37C°. What is the equivalent in Kelvin scale?
A) 310 K C) 273 K
B) 236 K D) -273 K

6 The increase of the volume of a substance because of an increase in temperature is

called .........
A) thermal energy C) radiation
B) thermal conduction D) thermal expansion

7 Which of the following is the lowest temperatures?

A) 0° C C) -273°F
B) 0° D) 0 K

8 Which of the following statements is correct for temperature?

A) Temperature is a measure of how hot (or cold) an object is.
B) Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in an
object.
C) Temperature depends on how much matter a substance contains
D) (A and D)

9 In which temperature all molecular motion of matter stops?

A) 0°C C) 0 K
B) 0°F D) 100 °C
100

75
CHAPTER (12 - 1)

National exam questions

10 Absolute zero (0 K). What is the temperature in Fahrenheit scale?

A) 0°F C) 32°F
B) -100°F D) - 459°F

11 Which of the following is equal to 87.8°𝐹:-

A) 49°𝐶 C) 31°𝐶
B) 56°𝐶 D) 160°

12 In which temperature all molecular motion of matter stops?

A) 0°C C) 0 K
B) 0°F D) 100 °C

13 The………….is a substance that do not conducts thermal energy very well.

A) flannel shirt C) copper pipe
B) iron pipe D) metal spoon

14 The highest recorded temperature on Earth was recorded in the at Aziziya region
of Libya, which reached 136 °F .What is this temperature according to the Celsius scale ?
A) 50 °C C) 80 °C
B) 57.77 °C D) 70 °C

15 Which of the following is the boiling point of water?

A) 212 ℉ C) 373 K
B) 100 ºC D) All of them are correct

16 Which of the following statements is correct for temperature?

A)Temperature is a measure of how hot (or cold) an object is.
B)Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in an object
C)Temperature depends on how much matter a substance contains
D)Both (A and B) are correct

100

76
CHAPTER (12-2)

Conductors and insulators

Conductorisisaamaterial
Conductor material Insulatorisisa amaterial
Insulator materialthat
that
through which energy can be reduces or prevents the
transferred as heat. transfer of heat.

Tick if the object is a thermal conductor or cross if it is an insulator.

Objects Objects

Curling iron Copper pipe

Challenge

Flannel shirt Plastic spatula

Cookie sheet Stove coil

Iron skillet Cermaic bowl

Oven mitt Fiberglass insulation

77
CHAPTER (12-2)

Specific heat
Specific heat is the amount of energy needed to change the temperature of 1 kg of a
substance by 1°C at constant pressure.

Heat transferris calculated using the formula:

Heat = specific heat X mass X change in temperature

Degrees Celsius
Joules per kilogram degree ( °C )
Celsius. ( J/kg.°C ) Kilogram
(Kg)

Notes:

When the water’s temperature increases , the value of heat is positive.

but if it cools down the value for heat which then be negative because
the temperature decreases

78
CHAPTER (12-2)

Math break | Page 232

Calculating heat.

1. Calculate the heat transferred to a mass of 0.2 kg of water to change the temperature of the
water from 25°C to 80°C. (The specific heat of water is 4,184 J/Kg.°C)

2. Imagine that you heat 2.0 Kg of water to make pasta. The temperature of the water before you
heat it is 40°C, and the temperature after is 100°C. How much heat was transferred to the water?

79
CHAPTER (12-2)

Self-checks

227 What will happen if two objects at different temperatures come into
contact?
Energy is transferred from the object that has the higher temperature to the
object that has the lower temperature.
229 How can two objects that are at the same temperature feel as if they are
at different temperatures?
Objects at the same temperature may feel different when touched due to
variations in thermal conductivity. This is because materials transfer heat at
different rates, affecting how quickly heat is conducted to or from the skin.
230 What is greenhouse effect?
The greenhouse effect is a natural process where certain gases in Earth's
atmosphere (such as water vapor, carbon dioxide, and methane) trap heat from
the sun, keeping our planet warm enough to support life.
232 What is the information needed to calculate the amount of heat?
Mass (m): Specific Heat Capacity (c): Temperature Change (ΔT):

Notes

80
CHAPTER (12-2)

Notes

81
CHAPTER (12-2)

Section review

Using Key Terms

For each pair of terms, explain how the meanings of the terms differ.

1 thermal conductor and thermal inslulator

2 convection and radiation.

3 Two objects at different temperatures are in contact. Which of the following

happens to their thermal energy?
a. Their thermal energies remain the same.
b. Thermal energy passes from the cooler object to the warmer object.
c. Thermal energy passes from the warmer object to the cooler object.
d. Thermal energy passes back and forth equally between the two objects.

4 What is heat?

Math skills
5 The specific heat of lead is 128 J/kg.C. How much heat is needed to raise the
temperature of a 0.015 kg sample of lead by 10℃?

82
CHAPTER (12-2)

Critical thinking
6 Making Inferences Two objects made by the same substance have the same
total thermal energy. They are different sizes. Are they at the same
temperature? Explain.

7
Applying Concepts Why do many metal cooking utensils have wooden
handles?

Interpreting Graphics
8 Look at the photo below. It shows examples of heat transfer by conduction,
convection, and radiation. Indicate which type of heat transfer is happening
next to each letter.
a.
b.
c.

83
CHAPTER (12-2)

National exam questions

1 A material that conducts thermal energy very well is .........

A) flannel shirt C) copper pipe
B) plastic spatula D) fiberglass insulator

2 Which of the following is a good thermal insulator?

A) Rubber C) Cloth
B) Wood D) All of them

3 Radiation is the transfer .........

A) heat energy by circulation C) energy as electromagnetic wave
B) energy as heat inside matter particles D) all of these

4 The heat is transferred between two objects when both objects .........
A) have same temperature C) are large in size
B) have different temperatures D) have high amount of energy

5 ......... is the unit of quantity heat.

A) watt C) J
B) J/Kg. C° D) J/Kg

6 Suppose 1.3 Kg of water is heated from 0°C to 60°C. How much energy was
transferred to the water? If you know water's specific heat is 4184 J/kg.°C.
A) 217568 J C) 326352 J
B) 435136 J D) 163176 J

7 Which of the following IS NOT a way of heat transfer?

A) Conduction C) Convection
B) Absorption D) Radiation

8 The electromagnetic waves are different from other types of waves because they can
travel through ..........
A) wood C) steel
B) glass D) space

9 Calculate the heat transferred to a mass of 2Kg of water to change the temperature of
the water from (20°c to 40°c). if you know that the specific heat of water is 4184 J/Kg.°C)
A) 84560 J C) 400 J
B) 167360 J D) 400 J/Kg

100

84
CHAPTER (12-2)

National exam questions

10 Transfer of thermal energy by the circulation of the molecules of a liquid or gas is
called .........
A) convection C) thermal conduction
B) radiation D) specific heat

11 The repeated rising and sinking of water particles during boiling is a result of .........
A) radiation C) conduction
B) convection D) all of these

12 When comparing the amount of thermal energy of the cup (a) with the amount
of thermal energy of the cup (b) In the adjacent figure, the amount of thermal energy of
the cup (a) is. equal to............... the amount of thermal energy of the cup (b).
A) twice C) four times
B) three times D) half

13 Using the information shown in the figures Which of the following has the largest
amount of thermal energy?

14 What is the way by which thermal energy is transferred from the sun to the
earth?
A) Conduction
B) Radiation
C) Convection
D) Convection and conduction

15 Which of the following shapes is an example of heat transfer by convection?

A) (1) C) (3)
B) (2) D) (2) and (3)

100

85
CHAPTER 12 (review)

Chapter review

Using Key Terms

For each pair of terms, explain how the meanings of the terms differ.

1 temperature and thermal energy

2 conduction and heat

3 conductor and insulator

UNDERSTANDING KEY IDEAS

Multiple Choice

4 Which of the following temperatures is the lowest?

a. 100C
b. 100°F
c. 100 K
d. They are all the same.

5
Which of the following materials would NOT be a good insulator?
a. wood
b. cloth
c. metal
d. rubber

6
Compared with the Indian ocean, a cup of hot chocolate has ____thermal
and _____ temperature
a. more; higher
b. less; higher
c. more; lower
d. less; lower

86
CHAPTER 12 (review)

Short Answers

7 How does temperature relate to kinetic energy?

8 What are the differences between conduction, convection, and radiation?

Math Skills

9 The weather forecast calls for a temperature of 84°F. What is the

corresponding temperature in degrees Celsius? in kelvins?

10 Water boils at 100C. What is the corresponding boiling temperature in

kelvins?
T

11 Suppose 1.3 kg of water is heated from 20C to 100C. How much energy was
transferred to the water? (Water's specific heat is 4,184 J/kg.C.)

12 CRITICAL THINKING

87
CHAPTER 12 (review)

13 Applying Concepts The metal lid is stuck on a glass jar of jelly. Explain why
running hot water over the lid will help you get the lid off.
Running hot water over the lid will help because heat expands materials. The
hot water causes the metal lid to expand more than the glass jar, making it
easier to loosen and remove.

14
Applying Concepts How does a down jacket keep you warm? (Hint: Think
aboutmwhat insulation does.)
A down jacket keeps you warm by trapping air in its fluffy insulation. The
trapped air creates a layer of thermal insulation that reduces heat transfer,
preventing the loss of body heat to the surrounding environment.

15 Evaluating Assumptions Someone claims that a large bowl of soup has more
thermal energy than a small bowl of soup. Is this always true? Explain.
That's correct, the thermal energy increases when there is a higher number of
particles.

16 Analyzing Processes In a hot-air balloon, air is heated by a flame. Explain

how this enables the balloon to float in the air.
In a hot-air balloon, the air inside the balloon is heated by a flame. As the air
heats up, it becomes less dense and rises. This creates a buoyant force that
lifts the balloon, allowing it to float in the air.

17 Analyzing Processes What is different about the two kinds of metal on the
bimetallic strip of a thermostat coil?
The two kinds of metal on the bimetallic strip have different coefficients of
thermal expansion.

18 Making Comparisons How is radiation different from both conduction and

convection?
Radiation is the transfer of heat through electromagnetic waves and does not
require a medium. Conduction and convection, on the other hand, involve the
direct contact or movement of particles within a medium.

19 You put a test tube containing 40 g of water at 60C in a container that contains
120 g of water at 20C. The graph below shows the variation in the temperature
of the water in the test tube and of the water in the container. Examine the
graph below, and then answer the questions that follow.

a. The particles of the water in the test tube

had the higher average kinetic energy at the
beginning.
b. The transfer of thermal energy stops at 30°C
(both substances reach thermal equilibrium).
88
Chapter 13
Chemical compound
CHAPTER (13-1)

Self-checks

241 Why do ionic solutions conduct an electric current?

Ionic solutions conduct an electric current because when ionic compounds
dissolve in water, they break into charged ions. These ions, with their positive and
negative charges, enable the flow of electric current through the solution.
242 Why won't most covalent compounds dissolve in water?
Most covalent compounds will not dissolve in Water because the attraction of the
water molecules to each other is much stronger than their attraction to the
compound.

Notes

89
CHAPTER (13-1)

Notes

90
CHAPTER (13-1)

National exam questions

1 Which of the following is not properties of covalent compound?

A) Low solubility C) Low melting points
B) Conduct heat and an electric current D) Does not conduct an electric current

2 Most covalent compounds .........

A) dissolve in water C) become positive ions in water
B) solutions conduct electric current D) do not dissolve in water

3 Which of the following is an ionic compound?

A) Sugar C) Sodium chloride
B) Water D) Oil

4 Covalent compounds:
A) Have low melting point
B) Most of their solutions do not conduct electric current
C) Don't dissolve easily in water
D) All of them

5 Which of the following has low solubility in water?

A) Olive oils C) Ionic compound
B) Sodium chloride D) All of these

6 Convalent compound.........
A) has low melting point C) has high melting point
B) consists of two nonmetals D) conducts electric current in water
solution

7 Ionic compounds .........

A) have low melting point C) are often brittle
B) do not conduct electric current in D) do not dissolve In water
water

8 Which of the following describes an ionic compound?

A) It has a low melting point C) It consists of shared electrons
B) It consists of two nonmetals D) It conducts electric current in water
solution

100

91
CHAPTER (13-1)

National exam questions

9 Its water solution does not conducts electric current:-

A)sucrose C-salt
B)acid D-base

10 Which of the following conducts an electric current?

A) pure water C) salt water
B) sugar water D) olive oil

11 Which of the following is a characteristic of ionic compounds?

A) break apart when hit C) have high solubility in water
B) have high melting point D) all of them are correct

12 ......... is a force that bonds two or more atoms to form molecules or compounds.
A) Ionic compound C) Valence electron
B) Molecular compound D) Chemical bond

13 Which of the following isn't the property of the ionic compounds?

A) Low solubility B) It has high melting points
C) Solutions are conduct electric D) Produced from the reaction of a
current metal with nonmetal

14 Is a covalent compound that dissolves in water and does not conduct the electric current:-
A) sugar C) salt
B) base D) acid

15 Which of the following is correct when metal reacts with non-metal?

A)metals become positively charged ion
B) non-metals become negatively charged ion
C) non-metals become positively charged ion
D) both ( A and B) are correct

100

92
CHAPTER (13-1)

Section review
Using Key Terms
1 Explain the meaning of each of the following terms: ionic compound, covalent
compound, and chemical bond.

Understanding Key Ideas

2 Which of the following describes an ionic compound?

a. It has a low melting point.
b. It consists of shared electrons.
c. It conducts electric current in water solutions.
d. It consists of two nonmetals.

3 List two properties of covalent compounds.

.

Math skills

4 A compound is formed of chromium, oxygen and potassium. It contains

39.37% chromium, 38.10% oxygen. What is the percentage of potassium in
this compound?

Critical Thinking
5 Making Inferences Solid crystals of ionic compounds do not conduct an
electric
current. But when the crystals dissolve in water, the solution conducts an
electric current. Justify

93
CHAPTER (13-2)

Acids and Bases

Acid Base (Alkaline)

Acid is any compound that increases Base is any compound that increases
the number ofhydronium(H3O+) the number of hydroxide (OH-)ions
ions when dissolved in water. when dissolved in water.

Bases have bitter taste and slippery

Acids have sour taste.
feel.

Acids exhibit corrosive properties and Bases can be corrosive and harmful to
can be harmful or poisonous. skin.

Acids react with certain metals to

---
produce hydrogen(H) gas.

Bromothymol blue is an
Bromothymol blue is an indicator
indicator that turns dark blue
that changes color from pale blue
when a base is added.
to yellow in the presence of an acid.

Litmus paper, available in blue and Litmus paper, available in blue and
red, changes color to red when red, changes color to blue when
exposed to acids. exposed to bases.

Solutions of bases conduct electricity

Acids dissolve in water, forming ions in
as they increase the concentration of
the solution. These ions enable the
hydroxide ions in the solution.
solution to conduct electricity.Sulfuric
acid in car batteries facilitates electric
conductivity.

94
CHAPTER (13-2)

Self-checks

244 How is a hydronium ion formed?

A hydronium ion forms when a hydrogen ion bonds to a water molecule in a water
solution (When an acid dissolves in water).
246 What are three uses of acids?
Sulfuric acid is used in car batteries to conduct electric current. Hydrochloric acid
is used as an algaecide in swimming pools. Nitric acid is used to make fertilizers.

249 What are three ways can bases be used at home?

Bases can be used at home in the form of soap, oven cleaner, or antacid.

Notes

95
CHAPTER (13-2)

Notes

96
CHAPTER (13-2)

Section review
Using Key Terms
1 Explain the meaning of each of the following terms: acid, base, and indicator.

.
Understanding Key Ideas
2 A base is a substance that
a. feels slippery.
b. tastes sour.
c. reacts with metals to produce hydrogen gas.
d. turns blue litmus paper red.

3 Acids are important in

a. making antacids.
b. preparing detergents.
c. keeping algae out of swimming pools.
d. manufacturing cement.

4 What happens to red litmus paper when it is dipped in a basic solution.

5 Making Comparisons Make a table to compare the properties of acids and

bases.

Critical Thinking
6 Analyzing Processes Suppose that your teacher gives you a solution of an
unknown chemical. The chemical is either an acid or a base. You know that
touching or tasting acids and bases is not safe. What two tests could you
perform on the chemical to determine whether it is an acid or a base? What
results would help you decide if the chemical was an acid or a base?
1. Litmus Paper Test: Dip a strip of litmus paper into the substance. If the
paper turns red, the substance is acidic. If it turns blue, the substance is
basic.
2. Metal Reaction Test: React the substance with a reactive metal such as
magnesium or zinc. If the substance reacts with the metal to produce
hydrogen gas (bubbles) and forms a salt, it is likely an acid. If there is no
reaction, it may be a base or neutral. This test exploits the characteristic
reaction of acids with metals to produce hydrogen gas.
97
CHAPTER (13-2)

National exam questions

1 When a hydrogen ion (H+) separates from the acid and bind bounds with a water
molecule, .........
A) form a base C) form a hydronium ion
B) form a weak acid form D) form a hydrogen molecule

2 One of the following acids uses for etch glass.

A) Nitric acid C) Hydrofluoric acid
B) Hydrochloric acid D) Citric acid

3 When blue litmus paper inserts to an acid the indicator changed color in to .........
A) yellow C) purple
B) red D) orange

4 One of the following gases produce when hydrochloric acid react with an active
metal .........
A) chlorine C) hydrogen
B) oxygen D) all of these

5 When the acid reacts with some metals then one of the following produce.
A) Nitrogen C) Hydrogen
B) Oxygen D) Carbon dioxide

6 Acids change the color of bromothymol from pale blue into .........
A) red C) dark blue
B) yellow D) dark red

7 One of the following uses as antacid to treat heart burn.

A) Aluminum hydroxide C) Sodium hydroxide
B) Calcium hydroxide D) Potassium hydroxide

8 It changes the litmus paper color from red into blue.

A) Weak acids C) Strong acids
B) Bases D) Neutral solutions

9 In reaction hydrochloric acid with the metal which of the following gases rises .........
A) Chlorine C) Hydrogen
B) Oxygen D) All of these

10 Bases change the color of bromothymol from pale blue to .........

A) green B) yellow
B) red D) dark blue 100

98
CHAPTER (13-2)

National exam questions

11 ......... is an acid is used to make fertilizers, rubber and plastics.
A. Hydrofluoric acid C. Nitric acid
B. Phosphoric acid D. Hydrofluoric acid

12 Its water solution does not conducts electric current.

A) sucrose C) salt
B) acid D) base

13 Solutions of bases conduct electric current because bases increase the number of
......... ions in a solution.
A) hydrogen C) hydronium
B) hydroxide D) (A and C)

14 Which of the following has the base property?

A)vitamin C)nitric acid
B)soap D)hydrofluoric acid

15 An acid is used to make fertilizers, rubberand plastics:

A)hydrofluoric acid C) lemon
B)phosphoric acid D) sodium chloride

16 Lettuce plants need a soil with a pH of between :

A)4-45 C)5.5-6
B)4-6 D)8-9

17 Which of the following produce when (H) of acid reacts with (OH) of base?t
A)salt C) hydronium ions
B)water D)all of them are correct

18 is a compound reacts with zinc metal to produce hydrogen gas:-

A) NaOH C) NaCl
B) HCl D) Ca(OH)2

19 By dissolving an acid in water:-

A) the number of H3O+ decreases C) the number of H3O+ increases
B) the number of OH increases D) both ( A and B) are correct

20 Is a salt used to make fertilizers:-

A) calcium sulfate. C) sodium chloride
B) ammonium nitrate D) ammonium hydroxide 100

99
CHAPTER (13-3)

Self-checks

250 What is the difference between a strong and a weak acid?

In a strong acid, all of the molecules of the acid break apart when the acid is
dissolved in water. In a weak acid, only a few of the acid molecules break apart
when the acid is dissolved in water.

252 How can indicators determine pH?

Indicators turn different colors at different pH levels. The color on the pH strip can
be compared with the colors on the indicator scale to determine the pH of the
solution being tested.

Notes

100
CHAPTER (13-3)

Notes

101
CHAPTER (13-3)

Section review
Using Key Terms
1 With your own words, write a sentence expressing the relationship
between the following terms: neutralization reaction and
salt.

Understanding Key Ideas

2 A neutralization reaction
a. includes an acid and a base.
b. produces a salt.
c. forms water.
d. All of the above.

3 Explain the difference between a strong acid and a weak acid.

Math skills
4 For each point lower on the pH scale, the hydrogen ions in solution
increase tenfold. For example, a solution of pH 3 is not twice as acidic as
a solution of pH 6 but is 1,000 times as acidic. How many times more
acidic is a solution of pH 2 than a solution of pH 4?
The pH scale is logarithmic, meaning each unit change represents a
tenfold difference in hydrogen ion concentration. So, the difference in
hydrogen ion concentration between pH 2 and pH 4 is:
pH 2 has a hydrogen ion concentration 100 times higher than pH 4 (since
pH 4 is two units higher than pH 2 on the scale).
Therefore, a solution of pH 2 is 100 times more acidic than a solution of
pH 4.

Critical Thinking

5 Analyzing Processes Predict what will happen to the hydrogen ion

concentration and the pH of water if hydrochloric acid is added to the
water.

102
CHAPTER (13-3)

National exam questions

1 The salt is ionic compound; its negative ion comes from .........
A) base C) hydronium
B) acid D) hydroxide

2 Hydrochloric acid (HCI) is neutralized by the addition of .........

A) salt C) base
B) water D) sugar

3 ......... is value that used to express the acidity and basicity of a system.
A) Concentration C) pH
B) The acidity and basicity force D) Neutralize

4 Salt is an ionic compound, composed of .........

A) positive ion of an acid and negative ion of a base
B) positive ion of a base and negative ion an acid
C) positive ion of an acid and negative ion of a hydroxide
D) none of the above

5 Which of the following are two weak bases?

A) Sodium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide
B) Calcium hydroxide and ammonium hydroxide
C) Ammonium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide
D) Aluminum hydroxide and ammonium hydroxide

6 When metal react with nonmetal, the charge of nonmetal atoms become .........
A) oppositely charge C) negatively charge
B) positively charge D) neutral charge

7 Which of the following salt uses to make fertilizers?

A) Calcium sulfate C) Ammonium nitrate
B) Sodium hydrogen carbonate and D) (B and C)
sulfate

8 When only a few molecules of a base break part in solution is called .........
A) strong acid C) weak acid
B) weak base D) strong base

9 The number pH in neutral solution is .........

A) 3 C) 7
B) 11 D) 1 100

103
CHAPTER (13-3)

National exam questions

10
An Increase in the concentration of hydronium ions .........
A) increases pH C) does not affect the pH
B) decreases the pH D) doubles the pH

11
A value that is used to express the acidity or basicity (alkalinity) of a system.
A) pH C) hydronium
B) Neutralization reaction D) None of these
12 One of the following is a weak acid.
A) Sulfuric acid C) Hydrochloric acid
B) Nitric acid D) Citric acid

4 Distillied water has a pH of ......

13
A) 2 C) 10
B) 7 D) 14
14 A neutralization reaction .........
A) includes acid and base C) forms water
B) produces salt D) all of them

15 What type of compound would you use to neutralize a solution of potassium hydroxide?
A) acid C) salt
B) base D)indicator

16 Is an ionic compound that forms when a metal atom replaces the hydrogen of an acid:-
A) base C) salt
B) acid D) vitamin

17 Is a compound that increases the number of hydroxide ions (OH- ) when dissolved in
water:
A) base C) sodium chloride
B) acid D) sugar.

18 The pH of basic solution is:-

A) equal 7 C) greater than 7
B) less than 7 D) cannot be determined

100

104
CHAPTER 13 (review)

Chapter review

Using Key Terms

Compare the terms in each pair of terms, stating the similarities and the
differences.

1 ionic compound and covalent compound

- *Similarities:* Both are types of chemical compounds.
- *Differences:* Ionic compounds are formed by the transfer of electrons between
atoms, resulting in ions held together by electrostatic forces. Covalent compounds
are formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms.

2 acid and base

- *Similarities:* Both are types of substances with distinct chemical properties.
- *Differences:* Acids release hydrogen ions (H⁺) when dissolved in water and have
a pH below 7, while bases release hydroxide ions (OH⁻) when dissolved in water and
have a pH above 7.

3 pH and indicator
- *Similarities:* Both are related to the measurement of acidity or basicity of a
solution.
- *Differences:* pH is a numerical scale that measures the concentration of
hydronium ions in a solution, indicating its acidity or basicity. Indicators are
substances that change color in response to changes in pH, providing a visual
indication of the solution's acidity or basicity.

UNDERSTANDING KEY IDEAS

Multiple Choice

4 Ionic compounds
a. have a low melting point.
b. are often brittle.
c. do not conduct electric current in water.
d. do not dissolve in water.

5 Refer to figure 2 on page 251. An increase in the concentration of hydronium ions

in solution
a. increases the pH
b. decreases the pH
c. does not affect the pH
d. doubles the pH

105
CHAPTER 13 (review)

Short Answers

6 What type of compound would you use to neutralize a solution of

potassium hydroxide?
A compound that can neutralize a solution of potassium hydroxide is an
acid, specifically a weak acid like acetic acid.

7 Explain why the reaction of an acid with a base is called neutralization.

The reaction of an acid with a base is called neutralization because it
results in the formation of water and a salt, and the pH of the solution
becomes neutral (pH 7).

8 The concentration of what kind of ions increases when an acid is

dissolved in water and when a base is dissolved in water?
The concentration of hydronium ions (H⁺) increases when an acid is
dissolved in water, and the concentration of hydroxide ions (OH⁻)
increases when a base is dissolved in water.

Math Skills
9 Most of the vinegar used to make pickles is 5% acetic acid. This means
that 100 mL of vinegar contains 5 mL of acid. If you bought a 250 mL
bottle of vinegar, how many milliliters of acetic acid would be in the
bottle?
100 mL of vinegar contains 5 mL of acetic acid. Therefore, in a 250 mL
bottle of vinegar, there would be \( \frac{5}{100} \times 250 = 12.5 \) mL
of acetic acid.

Critical thinking
10 Concept mapping Make use of the following terms to draw a concept
map: acid, base, salt, neutral, and pH.
[acid] --> [neutral] <-- [base] --> [salt] --> [pH]

11 Applying Concepts Fish give off the base, ammonia, NH3, as waste. How
does the release of ammonia affect the pH of the water in the aquarium?
What can be done to modify the pH of the water?
The release of ammonia by fish increases the pH of the water in the
aquarium, making it more basic. To modify the pH of the water, you can add
acidic substances or buffers to neutralize the excess base.

106
Chapter 14
Atomic energy
CHAPTER (14-1)

Compare alpha, beta and gamma particles.

Features Alpha Particle Beta Particle Gamma Particle

Number of Proton
Challenge

Number of
Neutron

Number of
Electron

Number of
Positron

Mass number

Charge

Type of decay

Example

107
CHAPTER (14-1)

Calculating the age

The age is calculated using the formula:

Age = Half-life × Number of half-lives

Math break | Page 263

Convert the following.

1.How Old Is It? One-fourth of the original carbon-14 of an antler is unchanged.

2.Determine the age of a wooden spear that contains one-eighth of its original amount of carbon-
14.

108
CHAPTER (14-1)

Determine the age of the following.

1. If a fossilized bone contains one-sixteenth of its original carbon-14, what is its age?
Challenge

2.Suppose ancient pottery contains one-fourth of its original carbon-14. Determine the
age.

3. Determine the age of a rock, If it contains one-eight f its original uranium-238.

109
CHAPTER (14-1)

Self-checks

259 What two things are conserved in radioactive decay?

The number of mass and charge are conserved in radioactive decay.

261 Name three symptoms of radiation sickness.

Radiation sickness (symptoms; fatigue, loss of appetite, and hair loss).

263 What is the half-life of carbon-14?

The half-life of carbon-14 is 5,730 years.

264 What is a tracer?

Tracers are radioactive elements whose paths can be followed through a process
or reaction.

Notes

110
CHAPTER (14-1)

111
CHAPTER (14-1)

Section review
Using Key Terms

1 Write with your own words a sentence to express the relationship between
the radioactivity and half-life.

Understanding Key Ideas

2 Which of the following statements describes the changes that happen in
radioactive decay?

3 Describe the experiment that led to the discovery of radioactivity.

4 Give two examples of how radioactivity is useful and two examples of how it is
harmful.
Useful:

Math skills
5 A rock contains one-fourth of its original amount of potassium-40. The half-life
of potassium-40 is 1.3 billion years. Calculate the rock's age.

112
CHAPTER (14-1)

6 How many half-lives have passed if a sample contains one-sixteenth

(1/16) of its original amount of radioactive material?

7 Making Comparisons Compare the penetrating power of the following

nuclear radiation: alpha particles, beta particles, and gamma rays.
Alpha particles have the least penetrating power, followed by beta particles,
while gamma rays have the highest penetrating power due to their nature as
high-energy electromagnetic waves.

8 Making Inferences Why would uranium-238 not be useful in determining

the age of a spear that is thought to be 5,000 years old? Explain your
reasoning.
Uranium-238 has a very long half-life of about 4.5 billion years, making it
unsuitable for dating objects that are only 5,000 years old. Its decay rate
would be too slow to provide accurate age estimates.

Interpreting Graphics
9
Look at the figure below. Which nucleus could not undergo alpha decay?
Explain your answer. Beryllium-10
Hydrogen-3 (tritium) could not undergo alpha decay because it does not
have sufficient mass or charge to emit an alpha particle. Alpha decay typically
involves heavy nuclei with high atomic numbers.

8
CHAPTER (14-1)

National exam questions

1 The decay of a carbon -14 nucleus is an example of .........

A) alpha decay C) gamma decay
B) beta decay D) all of these

2 To diagnose medical problems doctors use .........

A) Geiger calculator C) tracers
B) alpha particle D) beta particle

3 ......... is the process by which an unstable nucleus gives off nuclear radiation.
A) Nuclear fission C) Nuclear fusion
B) Radioactivity D) All of these

4 One-fourth of the original Potassium-40 of a rock unchanged. Calculate the rock's

age.
A) 2.6 billion years C) 4.5 billion years
B) 5.2 billion years D) 1.3 billion years

5 The sum of the numbers of protons and neutrons in the nucleus is called ..........
A) atomic number C) mass number
B) alpha particle D) all of these

6 Radioactivity uses for ........

A) diagnosing illness C) help detect defects in structure
B) sterilizing products D) all of these

7 Gama decay .........

A) has one neutron and two electrons C) has no mass and no charge
B) has two neutrons D) has charge and no mass

8 A Beta particle .........

A) has no mass and charge C) the charge is -1 or +1
B) the charge and mass are greater D) made up of two protons and two
than alpha particle neutrons

9 What is half-life of Uranium -238 ?

A) 5.4 billion years C) 4.5billion years
B) 45 billion years D) 5730 years

10 Which nuclear radiation can be stopped by paper?

A) Radio activity C) Gamma rays
B) Beta particle D) Alpha particle 100

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National exam questions

11 Gamma rays:
A) made up of two protons and two neutrons
B) the charge and mass is greater than Alpha particle
C) the charge is -1 or +1
D) has no mass and charge

12 The process by which an unstable nucleus gives off nuclear radiation:

C) radioactivity
A) mass number
D) none of these
B) atomic number

13 All of the following are symptoms of radiation sickness Except :

A) hemorrhage C) loss of appetite
B) weakness D) hair loss

14 How many half-lives have passed if a sample contains half of its original amount of
radioactive material?
C) Three half-lives
A) One half-life
D) Four half-lives
B) Two half-lives

15 Uses of radioactive materials:

C) diagnosing illness
A) detecting defects in materials
D) all of these
B) sterilizing products

16 After how many half-lives, one-fourth from a radioactive sample atom remains
unchanged?
C) three half-lives
A) one half-life
D) four half- lives
B) two half-lives

17 ......... is a type of ray that has no charge or mass and is the most penetrating.
C) Gamma ray
A) Alpha ray
D) X-ray
B) Beta ray

18 -Which of the following is correct?

A) an alpha particle composed of two protons and two neutrons
B) a beta particle can be an electron or a positron
C) gamma rays are a form of light with very high energy
D) all of them are correct

100

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National exam questions

19 Which nuclear radiation can be stopped by paper?
A) alpha particles C) gamma rays
B) beta particles D) all of them are correct

20 The mass number is the sum of the…………….in the nucleus of an atom.

A) electrons and protons
B) protons and neutrons

21 The half-life of a radioactive atom is 2 months, If you start with 1g of the element, how
much will remain after 6 months?
A) 1/2 C) 1/ 8
B) 1/4 D) 1/16

22 ......... is a type of ray that has no charge or mass and is the most penetrating.
A) Alpha ray C) Gamma ray
B) Beta ray D) X-ray

23 Which of the following is(are) symptoms of radiation sickness?

A) fatigue, loss of appetite C) destruction of blood cells
B) hair loss D) all of them are correct

24 Which of the following particles have a greater charge and mass?

A) alpha particle C) gamma ray
B) beta particle D) cannot be determine

25 How many grams of a radioactive atom remain after two half-life? if you start with one
gram of the element
A) 1/2 C) 1/ 8
B) 1/4 D) 1/16

100

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CHAPTER (14-2)

Nuclear fuel verses fossil fuel

Nuclear fuel (Nuclear power plants) Fossil Fuels

Cost more to build. Cost less to build.

Cost less to run. (Needs less fuel) Cost more to run. (Needs more fuel)

Do not release gases, such as carbon Release gases, such as carbon

dioxide, into the atmosphere. dioxide, into the atmosphere.

Answer the following.

A) Why home electricity cannot be generated using nuclear fusion?

Challenge

B) Choose the correct answer:

1 Fusing the hydrogen-2 in 3.8L of water releases about the same amount of
energy as burning .........
A) 1,140 L of gasoline
C) 40 L of gasoline

2 Fissions’ products are ......... fusions’ products.

A) more radioactive than
C) less radioactive than

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Self-checks

266 What happens to a nucleus that undergoes nuclear fission?

A nucleus that undergoes nuclear fission splits into two smaller, more stable
nuclei.
269 What are the two advantages of using nuclear fission to generate
electrical energy?
Using nuclear fission to generate electrical energy can help our supply of fossil
fuels last longer, can help protect the environment because gases such as carbon
dioxide are not released during fission, and can save money because nuclear
power plants often cost less to run than power plants that use fossil fuels.
270 Describe the process of nuclear fusion.
In nuclear fusion, two or more nuclei that have small masses combine to form a
larger nucleus. During fusion, energy is released.

Notes

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CHAPTER (14-2)

Section review
Using Key Terms

1 Put between brackets the term or the concept that most fits each of the
following two statements:
a. During (_______________) small nuclei combine.
b. During (_______________) nuclei split one after another.

Understanding Key Ideas

2 Which of the following is an advantage nuclear fission has over fossil fuels?
a. unlimited supply of fuel
b. less radioactive waste
c. fewer building expenses
d. less released carbon dioxide

3 Which kind of nuclear reaction is currently used to generate electrical

energy? Explain your answer.

4 Which kind of nuclear reaction is the source of the sun's energy?

The source of the Sun's energy is nuclear fusion. In fusion reactions, nuclei of
atoms combine to form larger nuclei, releasing vast amounts of energy. The
Sun's core is primarily composed of hydrogen, and under immense pressure
and temperature, hydrogen atoms undergo fusion to form helium, releasing
energy in the process. This continuous fusion process sustains the Sun's
energy output, providing light and heat to our solar system.

5 What particle is needed to begin a nuclear chain reaction?

6 In both fission and fusion, what is converted into energy?

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CHAPTER (14-2)

National exam questions

1 The waste products of nuclear fission .........

A) are harmless C) can be destroyed by burning them
B) are safe after 20 years D) remain radioactivity for thousands
of years

2 The process by which an unstable nucleus gives off nuclear radiation is:-
A) nuclear fission C) nuclear fusion
B) nuclear chain reaction D) radioactivity

3 In nuclear fission of Uranium -235 ,the nucleus splits into .........

A) Barium - 142, Krypton-91 and neutron negative charge
B) Barium -142, Krypton-91and neutron positive charge
C) Barium - I 42, Krypton-91 and neutron without charge
D) Barium -56

4 The advantage of nuclear fusion now is .........

A) provide home electricity C) are not radioactive
B) less energy is needed to hold the D) all of these
plasma

5 During Uranium nucleus splitting into two small nuclei which of the following
releases?
A) Neutrons C) Protons
B) Energy D) (A and B)

6 In nuclear power plants ......... is used to generate electrical energy.

A) uranium nuclear fuel C) nuclear fusion
B) nuclear hydrogen D) uncontrolled chain reaction

7 The combination of the nuclei of small atoms.

A) Nuclear fission C) Nuclear chain reaction
B) Nuclear fusion D) Radioactive decay

8 Which kind of nuclear reaction is the source of the sun’s energy?

A) nuclear fission C) nuclear chain reaction
B) nuclear fusion D) all of them are correct

100

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CHAPTER 14 (review)

Chapter review

Using Key Terms

1 The following statements are false. Replace the underlined term to make a
true statement.
a. Nuclear fusion involves splitting a nucleus.
Nuclear fission
b. During one beta decay, half of a radioactive sample will decay.
half-life
c. Radioactivity involves the joining of nuclei.
Nuclear fusion
UNDERSTANDING KEY IDEAS
Multiple Choice

2 Which of the following is a use of radioactive material?

a. detecting smoke
b. locating defects in materials
c. generating electrical energy
d. All of the above

3 Which of the following particles begins a nuclear chain reaction and also is
itself produced by this reaction?
a. positron
b. neutron
c. alpha particle
d. beta particle

4 Which nuclear radiation can be stopped by paper?

a. alpha particles
b. beta particles
c. gamma rays
d. None of the Above

5 The half-life of a radioactive atom is 2 months. If you start with 1 g of the

element, how much will remain after 6 months?
a. 1/2
b. 1/4
c. 1/8
d. 1/16

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CHAPTER 14 (review)

6 The waste products of nuclear fission

a. are harmless.
b. are safe after 20 years.
c. can be destroyed by burning them.
d. remain radioactive for thousands of years.

7 Which statement about nuclear fusion is false?

a. Nuclear fusion happens in the sun.
b. Nuclear fusion is the joining of the nuclei of atoms.
c. Nuclear fusion is currently used to generate electrical energy.
d. Nuclear fusion can use hydrogen as a fuel.

Short Answer

8 What are two dangers associated with nuclear fission?

Two dangers associated with nuclear fission are:
- Risk of radioactive contamination in case of accidents or leaks.
- Potential for nuclear proliferation and the development of nuclear weapons.

9 What are two of the problems that need to be solved in order to make
nuclear fusion a usable energy source?
Two problems that need to be solved in order to make nuclear fusion a
usable energy source are:
- Achieving and sustaining the high temperatures and pressures required
for fusion reactions.
- Developing efficient methods to capture and utilize the energy released by
fusion reactions.

10 In nuclear fission, the products have less mass than the starting materials
do. Explain why this happens.
In nuclear fission, the products have less mass than the starting materials
do because some of the mass is converted into energy. This energy is
released in the form of kinetic energy of the fission fragments and neutrons,
as well as in the form of gamma radiation.

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CHAPTER 14 (review)

Math Skills

11 A scientist used 10 g of phosphorus-32 in a test on plant growth but forgot to

record the date. When he carried out his measurements, sometime later, he
found that only 2.5 g of phosphorus -32 remained. If the half-life of
phosphorus -32 is 14 days, how many days ago did the experiment begin?
The experiment began 28 days ago. Since the half-life of phosphorus-32 is 14
days, two half-lives have passed (2 * 14 = 28 days), and the remaining 2.5 g
indicates this time frame.

CRITICAL THINKING
12 Concept Mapping Use the following terms to create a concept map:
radioactive decay, alpha particle, beta particle, gamma ray, and nuclear
radiation.

13 Expressing Opinions Smoke detectors often use americium-243 to detect

smoke particles in the air. Americium-243 undergoes alpha decay. Do you
think that these smoke detectors are safe to have in your home if used
properly? Explain your answer. (Hint: Think about the penetrating ability of
alpha particles.)
Yes, smoke detectors using americium-243 are safe when used properly.
Americium-243 undergoes alpha decay, and alpha particles have low
penetrating ability, making them easily stopped by materials like air and even
clothing. This makes them safe for home use, as the radiation exposure is
minimal.

14 Applying Concepts How can radiation cause cancer?

Radiation can cause cancer by damaging the DNA within cells, leading to
mutations that can result in uncontrolled cell growth and the formation of
tumors.

15 Analyzing Processes Explain why nuclei of carbon, oxygen, and iron can be
found in stars.
Carbon, oxygen, and iron nuclei can be found in stars because these elements
are formed through nuclear fusion reactions within the cores of stars. During
the lifecycle of a star, hydrogen and helium nuclei undergo fusion to form
heavier elements such as carbon, oxygen, and iron through various nuclear
processes.

16 Making Inferences If you could block all radiation from sources outside your
body, explain why you would still be exposed to some radiation.
Even if all radiation from external sources were blocked, you would still be
exposed to some radiation due to natural sources within your body, such as
radioactive isotopes present in certain tissues, as well as cosmic radiation and
radon gas.
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CHAPTER 14 (review)

NTERPRETING GRAPHICS

17 The image below was made in a manner similar to that

of Becquerel's original experiment. What conclusions
can be drawn from this image about the penetrating
power of radiation?
The image, shows that radiation penetrates materials
differently. It may reveal certain materials' effectiveness
in blocking radiation, indicating varying penetrating
powers of radiation types.

18 Use the graph below to answer the two questions that follow.

a. What is the half-life of fermium-256?

a.fermium-256 = 2.5h

b. What is the half-life of fermium-251?

b.fermium-251 = 5h

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Prepared by
Alla Omer