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This page intentionally left blank
LOGIC IN COMPUTER SCIENCE
Modelling and Reasoning about Systems
LOGIC IN COMPUTER SCIENCE
Modelling and Reasoning about Systems

MICHAEL HUTH
Department of Computing
Imperial College London, United Kingdom

MARK RYAN
School of Computer Science
University of Birmingham, United Kingdom
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo

Cambridge University Press

The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK
Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York
www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521543101

© Cambridge University Press 2004

This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of

relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place
without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.

First published in print format 2004

ISBN-13 978-0-511-26401-6 eBook (EBL)

ISBN-10 0-511-26401-1 eBook (EBL)

ISBN-13 978-0-521-54310-1 paperback

ISBN-10 0-521-54310-X paperback

Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls
for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not
guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.
 Contents

Foreword to the first edition page ix

Preface to the second edition xi
Acknowledgements xiii
1 Propositional logic 1
1.1 Declarative sentences 2
1.2 Natural deduction 5
1.2.1 Rules for natural deduction 6
1.2.2 Derived rules 23
1.2.3 Natural deduction in summary 26
1.2.4 Provable equivalence 29
1.2.5 An aside: proof by contradiction 29
1.3 Propositional logic as a formal language 31
1.4 Semantics of propositional logic 36
1.4.1 The meaning of logical connectives 36
1.4.2 Mathematical induction 40
1.4.3 Soundness of propositional logic 45
1.4.4 Completeness of propositional logic 49
1.5 Normal forms 53
1.5.1 Semantic equivalence, satisfiability and validity 54
1.5.2 Conjunctive normal forms and validity 58
1.5.3 Horn clauses and satisfiability 65
1.6 SAT solvers 68
1.6.1 A linear solver 69
1.6.2 A cubic solver 72
1.7 Exercises 78
1.8 Bibliographic notes 91
2 Predicate logic 93
2.1 The need for a richer language 93

v
vi Contents

2.2 Predicate logic as a formal language 98

2.2.1 Terms 99
2.2.2 Formulas 100
2.2.3 Free and bound variables 102
2.2.4 Substitution 104
2.3 Proof theory of predicate logic 107
2.3.1 Natural deduction rules 107
2.3.2 Quantifier equivalences 117
2.4 Semantics of predicate logic 122
2.4.1 Models 123
2.4.2 Semantic entailment 129
2.4.3 The semantics of equality 130
2.5 Undecidability of predicate logic 131
2.6 Expressiveness of predicate logic 136
2.6.1 Existential second-order logic 139
2.6.2 Universal second-order logic 140
2.7 Micromodels of software 141
2.7.1 State machines 142
2.7.2 Alma – re-visited 146
2.7.3 A software micromodel 148
2.8 Exercises 157
2.9 Bibliographic notes 170
3 Verification by model checking 172
3.1 Motivation for verification 172
3.2 Linear-time temporal logic 175
3.2.1 Syntax of LTL 175
3.2.2 Semantics of LTL 178
3.2.3 Practical patterns of specifications 183
3.2.4 Important equivalences between LTL formulas 184
3.2.5 Adequate sets of connectives for LTL 186
3.3 Model checking: systems, tools, properties 187
3.3.1 Example: mutual exclusion 187
3.3.2 The NuSMV model checker 191
3.3.3 Running NuSMV 194
3.3.4 Mutual exclusion revisited 195
3.3.5 The ferryman 199
3.3.6 The alternating bit protocol 203
3.4 Branching-time logic 207
3.4.1 Syntax of CTL 208
 Contents vii

3.4.2 Semantics of CTL 211

3.4.3 Practical patterns of specifications 215
3.4.4 Important equivalences between CTL formulas 215
3.4.5 Adequate sets of CTL connectives 216
3.5 CTL* and the expressive powers of LTL and CTL 217
3.5.1 Boolean combinations of temporal formulas in CTL 220
3.5.2 Past operators in LTL 221
3.6 Model-checking algorithms 221
3.6.1 The CTL model-checking algorithm 222
3.6.2 CTL model checking with fairness 230
3.6.3 The LTL model-checking algorithm 232
3.7 The fixed-point characterisation of CTL 238
3.7.1 Monotone functions 240
3.7.2 The correctness of SATEG 242
3.7.3 The correctness of SATEU 243
3.8 Exercises 245
3.9 Bibliographic notes 254
4 Program verification 256
4.1 Why should we specify and verify code? 257
4.2 A framework for software verification 258
4.2.1 A core programming language 259
4.2.2 Hoare triples 262
4.2.3 Partial and total correctness 265
4.2.4 Program variables and logical variables 268
4.3 Proof calculus for partial correctness 269
4.3.1 Proof rules 269
4.3.2 Proof tableaux 273
4.3.3 A case study: minimal-sum section 287
4.4 Proof calculus for total correctness 292
4.5 Programming by contract 296
4.6 Exercises 299
4.7 Bibliographic notes 304
5 Modal logics and agents 306
5.1 Modes of truth 306
5.2 Basic modal logic 307
5.2.1 Syntax 307
5.2.2 Semantics 308
5.3 Logic engineering 316
5.3.1 The stock of valid formulas 317
viii Contents

5.3.2 Important properties of the accessibility relation 320

5.3.3 Correspondence theory 322
5.3.4 Some modal logics 326
5.4 Natural deduction 328
5.5 Reasoning about knowledge in a multi-agent system 331
5.5.1 Some examples 332
5.5.2 The modal logic KT45n 335
5.5.3 Natural deduction for KT45n 339
5.5.4 Formalising the examples 342
5.6 Exercises 350
5.7 Bibliographic notes 356
6 Binary decision diagrams 358
6.1 Representing boolean functions 358
6.1.1 Propositional formulas and truth tables 359
6.1.2 Binary decision diagrams 361
6.1.3 Ordered BDDs 366
6.2 Algorithms for reduced OBDDs 372
6.2.1 The algorithm reduce 372
6.2.2 The algorithm apply 373
6.2.3 The algorithm restrict 377
6.2.4 The algorithm exists 377
6.2.5 Assessment of OBDDs 380
6.3 Symbolic model checking 382
6.3.1 Representing subsets of the set of states 383
6.3.2 Representing the transition relation 385
6.3.3 Implementing the functions pre∃ and pre∀ 387
6.3.4 Synthesising OBDDs 387
6.4 A relational mu-calculus 390
6.4.1 Syntax and semantics 390
6.4.2 Coding CTL models and specifications 393
6.5 Exercises 398
6.6 Bibliographic notes 413
Bibliography 414
Index 418
 Foreword to the first edition

by
Edmund M. Clarke
FORE Systems Professor of Computer Science
Carnegie Mellon University
Pittsburgh, PA

Formal methods have finally come of age! Specification languages, theorem

provers, and model checkers are beginning to be used routinely in industry.
Mathematical logic is basic to all of these techniques. Until now textbooks
on logic for computer scientists have not kept pace with the development
of tools for hardware and software specification and verification. For exam-
ple, in spite of the success of model checking in verifying sequential circuit
designs and communication protocols, until now I did not know of a sin-
gle text, suitable for undergraduate and beginning graduate students, that
attempts to explain how this technique works. As a result, this material is
rarely taught to computer scientists and electrical engineers who will need to
use it as part of their jobs in the near future. Instead, engineers avoid using
formal methods in situations where the methods would be of genuine benefit
or complain that the concepts and notation used by the tools are compli-
cated and unnatural. This is unfortunate since the underlying mathematics
is generally quite simple, certainly no more difficult than the concepts from
mathematical analysis that every calculus student is expected to learn.
Logic in Computer Science by Huth and Ryan is an exceptional book.
I was amazed when I looked through it for the first time. In addition to
propositional and predicate logic, it has a particularly thorough treatment
of temporal logic and model checking. In fact, the book is quite remarkable
in how much of this material it is able to cover: linear and branching time
temporal logic, explicit state model checking, fairness, the basic fixpoint

ix
x Foreword to the first edition

theorems for computation tree logic (CTL), even binary decision diagrams
and symbolic model checking. Moreover, this material is presented at a level
that is accessible to undergraduate and beginning graduate students. Nu-
merous problems and examples are provided to help students master the
material in the book. Since both Huth and Ryan are active researchers in
logics of programs and program verification, they write with considerable
authority.
In summary, the material in this book is up-to-date, practical, and ele-
gantly presented. The book is a wonderful example of what a modern text
on logic for computer science should be like. I recommend it to the reader
with greatest enthusiasm and predict that the book will be an enormous
success.

(This foreword is re-printed in the second edition with its author’s permis-
sion.)
 Preface to the second edition

Our motivation for (re)writing this book

One of the leitmotifs of writing the first edition of our book was the obser-
vation that most logics used in the design, specification and verification of
computer systems fundamentally deal with a satisfaction relation
M
φ
where M is some sort of situation or model of a system, and φ is a specifi-
cation, a formula of that logic, expressing what should be true in situation
M. At the heart of this set-up is that one can often specify and implement
algorithms for computing
. We developed this theme for propositional,
first-order, temporal, modal, and program logics. Based on the encourag-
ing feedback received from five continents we are pleased to hereby present
the second edition of this text which means to preserve and improve on the
original intent of the first edition.

What’s new and what’s gone

Chapter 1 now discusses the design, correctness, and complexity of a SAT
solver (a marking algorithm similar to Stålmarck’s method [SS90]) for full
propositional logic.
Chapter 2 now contains basic results from model theory (Compactness
Theorem and Löwenheim–Skolem Theorem); a section on the transitive clo-
sure and the expressiveness of existential and universal second-order logic;
and a section on the use of the object modelling language Alloy and its anal-
yser for specifying and exploring under-specified first-order logic models with
respect to properties written in first-order logic with transitive closure. The
Alloy language is executable which makes such exploration interactive and
formal.

xi
xii Preface to the second edition

Chapter 3 has been completely restructured. It now begins with a discus-

sion of linear-time temporal logic; features the open-source NuSMV model-
checking tool throughout; and includes a discussion on planning problems,
more material on the expressiveness of temporal logics, and new modelling
examples.
Chapter 4 contains more material on total correctness proofs and a new
section on the programming-by-contract paradigm of verifying program cor-
rectness.
Chapters 5 and 6 have also been revised, with many small alterations and
corrections.

The interdependence of chapters and prerequisites

The book requires that students know the basics of elementary arithmetic
and naive set theoretic concepts and notation. The core material of Chap-
ter 1 (everything except Sections 1.4.3 to 1.6.2) is essential for all of the
chapters that follow. Other than that, only Chapter 6 depends on Chapter 3
and a basic understanding of the static scoping rules covered in Chapter 2 –
although one may easily cover Sections 6.1 and 6.2 without having done
Chapter 3 at all. Roughly, the interdependence diagram of chapters is

2 3 4 5

WWW page
This book is supported by a Web page, which contains a list of errata;
text files for all the program code; ancillary technical material and links;
all the figures; an interactive tutor based on multiple-choice questions;
and details of how instructors can obtain the solutions to exercises in
this book which are marked with a ∗. The URL for the book’s page
is www.cs.bham.ac.uk/research/lics/. See also www.cambridge.org/
052154310x
 Acknowledgements

Many people have, directly or indirectly, assisted us in writing this book.

David Schmidt kindly provided serveral exercises for Chapter 4. Krysia
Broda has pointed out some typographical errors and she and the other
authors of [BEKV94] have allowed us to use some exercises from that book.
We have also borrowed exercises or examples from [Hod77] and [FHMV95].
Susan Eisenbach provided a first description of the Package Dependency
System that we model in Alloy in Chapter 2. Daniel Jackson make very
helpful comments on versions of that section. Zena Matilde Ariola, Josh
Hodas, Jan Komorowski, Sergey Kotov, Scott A. Smolka and Steve Vickers
have corresponded with us about this text; their comments are appreciated.
Matt Dwyer and John Hatcliff made useful comments on drafts of Chap-
ter 3. Kevin Lucas provided insightful comments on the content of Chapter
6, and notified us of numerous typographical errors in several drafts of the
book. Achim Jung read several chapters and gave useful feedback.
Additionally, a number of people read and provided useful comments on
several chapters, including Moti Ben-Ari, Graham Clark, Christian Haack,
Anthony Hook, Roberto Segala, Alan Sexton and Allen Stoughton. Numer-
ous students at Kansas State University and the University of Birmingham
have given us feedback of various kinds, which has influenced our choice and
presentation of the topics. We acknowledge Paul Taylor’s LATEX package for
proof boxes. About half a dozen anonymous referees made critical, but con-
structive, comments which helped to improve this text in various ways. In
spite of these contributions, there may still be errors in the book, and we
alone must take responsibility for those.
Added for second edition
Many people have helped improve this text by pointing out typos and
making other useful comments after the publication date. Among them,

xiii
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 To find the Moon’s Latitude.
Sixth Element. 363. Precept. Having found the Sun’s distance
from the Ascending Node by § 357, at the mean
time of New Moon, and his Anomaly for that time by § 359, find the
Equation of the Node in Table XIII, by the Sun’s Anomaly, and the
Equation of the Sun’s mean Place in Table XII by his Anomaly: these two
Equations applied (as the titles direct) to the Sun’s mean distance from
the Ascending Node, give his true distance from it, and also the Moon’s
true distance at the time of Change: but when the Moon is Full, this
distance must be increased by the addition of 6 Signs, which will then be
the Moon’s true distance from the same Node.
The Moon’s true distance from the Ascending Node is called the
Argument of the Moon’s Latitude; with the Signs of which, at the head of
Table XIV, and Degrees at the left hand, or with the Signs at the foot of
the Table and Degrees at the right hand, take out the Moon’s Latitude:
which is North Ascending, North Descending, South Ascending, or South
Descending, according to the letters NA, ND, SA or SD, annexed to the
Signs of the said Argument.

Plate XII.
The Geometrical Construction of Solar and Lunar Eclipses.
J. Ferguson delin.
J. Mynde Sculp.
 EXAMPLE.
s° ʹ
Sun’s mean Dist. from the Node at New Moon in April 1764 0 5 37
[83]

To which add the Equation of the Node + 10

And it gives the Sun’s corrected Distance from the Node 0 5 47
To which cor. Dist. add the Eq. of the Sun’s mean Place + 1 56
And it gives the Sun’s true Distance from the Node 0 7 43
Which, being at the time of New Moon, is the Argument of Latitude;
and in Table XIV, (making proportions for the 43ʹ) shews the Moon’s
Latitude to be 40ʹ 9ʺ North Ascending[84].
 To find the Moon’s true hourly Motion from the Sun.
Seventh Element. 364. Precept. With the Moon’s Anomaly enter
Table XV, and thereby take out her true hourly
Motion: then with the Sun’s Anomaly take out his true hourly Motion from
the same Table: which done, subtract the Sun’s hourly Motion from the
Moon’s, and the remainder will be the Moon’s true hourly Motion from the
Sun; which, for the above time § 359, is 27ʹ 50ʺ.
To find the Semi-diameters of the Sun and Moon as seen
from the Earth at the above-mentioned time.
Eighth and Ninth 365. Precept. Enter the XVth Table with the
Elements. Sun’s Anomaly, and thereby take out his Semi-
diameter; and in the same manner take out the Moon’s Semi-diameter by
her Anomaly. The former of which for the above time will be found to be
16ʹ 6ʺ; the latter 14ʹ 58ʺ.
 To find the Semi-diameter of the Penumbra.
Tenth Element. 366. Precept. Add the Sun’s semi-diameter to
the Moon’s, and their Sum will be the Semi-
diameter of the Penumbra; namely, at the above time 31ʹ 4ʺ.
Pl. XII. 366. Having found the proper Elements or
Requisites for the Sun’s Eclipse April 1, 1764, and
intending to project this Eclipse Geometrically, we shall now collect them
under the eye, that they may be the more readily found as they are
wanted in order for the Projection.
The proper D H M
Elements collected.
367. I. The true time of Conj. or
New Moon April 1 10 25
° ʹ ʺ
II. The Earth’s Semi-Disc, which
is equal to the Moon’s Horizontal
Parallax 55ʹ 7ʺ diminished by the
Sun’s Horizontal Parallax which is
always 10ʺ 0 54 57

III. The Sun’s distance from the

nearest Solstice, viz. ♋ 77 51 0

IV. The Sun’s Declination, North 4 48 54

V. The Angle of the Moon’s vis.

path with the Eclipt. 5 38 0

VI. The Moon’s true Latitude,

North Ascending 40 9

VII. The Moon’s true Horary

Motion from the Sun 27 50
VIII. The Sun’s Semi-diameter 16 6

IX. The Moon’s Semi-diameter 14 58

X. The Semi-diameter of the Penumbra

31 4
368. Having collected these Elements or Requisites, the following part of
the work may be very much facilitated by means of a good Sector, with
the use of which the reader should be so well acquainted, as to know how
to open it to any given Radius, as far as it will go; and to take off the
Chord or Sine of any Arc of that Radius. This is done by first taking the
extent of the given Radius in your Compasses, and then opening the
Sector so as the distance cross-wise between the ends of the lines of
Sines or Chords at S or C, from Leg to Leg of the Sector, may be equal to
that extent; then, without altering the Sector, take the Sine or Chord of
the given Arc with your Compasses extended cross-wise from Leg to Leg
of the Sector in these lines. But if the operator has not a Sector, he must
construct these lines to such different lengths as he wants them in the
projection. And lest this Treatise should fall into the hands of any person
who would wish to project the Figure of a solar or lunar Eclipse, and has
not a Sector to do it by, we shall shew how he may make a line of Sines or
Chords to any Radius.
Fig. II. 369. Draw the right line BCA at pleasure; and
upon C as a Center, with the distance CA or CB as
How to make a line a Radius, describe the Semi-circle BDA; and from
of Chords.
the Center C draw AC perpendicular to BCA. Then
Pl. XII. divide the Quadrants AD and BD each into 90
equal parts or degrees, and join the right line AD
for the Chord of the Quadrant AD. This done, setting one foot of the
Compasses in A, extend the other to the different divisions of the
Quadrant AD; and so transfer them to the right line AD as in the Figure,
and you have a line of Chords AD to the Radius CA. N. B. 60 Degrees on
the Line of Chords is always equal to the Radius of the Circle it is made
from; as is evident by the Figure, where the Arch E, whose Center is A,
drawn from 60 on the Quadrant AD, cuts the Chord line in 60 degrees,
and terminates in the Center C.
And of Sines. Then, from the divisions or degrees of the
Quadrant BD, draw lines parallel to CD, which will
fall perpendicularly on the Radius BC, dividing it into a line of Sines; and it
will be near enough for the present purpose, to have them to every fifth
Degree, as in the Figure. And thus the young Tyro may supply himself
with Chords and Sines, if he has not a Sector. But as the Sector greatly
shortens the work, we shall describe the projection as done by it, so far as
Signs and Chords are required.

Fig. II. 370. Make a Scale of any convenient length

(six inches at least) as AC, and divide it into as
Earth’s Semi-Disc. many equal parts as the semi-diameter of the
Earth’s Disc contains minutes, which in this construction of the Eclipse for
London in April 1764, is 54 minutes and 57 seconds; but as it wants only
3ʺ of 55ʹ the Scale may be divided into 55 equal parts, as in the Figure.
Then, with the whole length of the Scale as a Radius, setting one foot of
your Compasses in C as a center, describe the Semi-circle AMB for the
northern Hemisphere or Semi-disc of the Earth, as seen from the Sun at
that time. Had the Place for which the Construction is made been in South
Latitude, this Semi-circle would have been the Southern Hemisphere of
the Earth’s Disc.
Axis of the Ecliptic. 371. Upon the center C raise the straight line
CH for the Axis of the Ecliptic, perpendicular to
ACB.
North Pole of the 372. Make a line of Chords to the Radius AC,
Earth. and taking from thence the Chord of 231⁄2
Degrees, set it off from H to g and to h, on the periphery of the Semi-disc;
and draw the straight line gNh, in which the North Pole of the Disc is
always found.
373. While the Sun is in Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, and Virgo,
the North Pole of the Disc is illuminated; but while the Sun is in Libra,
Scorpio, Sagittary, Capricorn, and Aquarius, the North Pole is hid in the
obscure part behind the Disc.
374. And, whilst the Sun is in Capricorn, Aquarius, Pisces, Aries, Taurus,
and Gemini, the Earth’s Axis CP lies to the right hand of the Axis of the
Ecliptic CH as seen from the Sun, and to the left hand while the Sun is in
the other six Signs.
Earth’s Axis. 375. Make a line of Sines equal in length to Ng
or Nh, and take off with your Compasses from it
Universal Meridian. the Sine of the Sun’s distance from the nearest
Solstice, which in the present case is 77° 51ʹ § 367, and set that distance
to the right hand, from N to P, on the line gNh, because the Sun being in
Aries § 359, the Earth’s Axis lies to the right hand of the Axis of the
Ecliptic § 374: then draw the straight line CXIIP, for the Earth’s Axis and
the Universal Meridian; of both which P is the North Pole.
Path of a given 376. To draw the parallel of Latitude of any
Place on the Disc as given Place (suppose London) which parallel is
seen from the Sun. the visible Path of the Place On the Disc, as seen
from the Sun, from the time that the Sun rises till it sets; subtract the
Latitude of the Place (London) 511⁄2 degrees from 90 degrees, and there
remains 381⁄2; which take from the Line of Chords in your Compasses,
and set it from h (where the Universal Meridian CP cuts the periphery of
the Semi-disc) to VI and VI; and draw the occult Line VILVI. Then, on the
left hand of the Earth’s Axis, set off the Chord of the Sun’s Declination 4°
48ʹ 5ʺ § 367, from VI to D and to F; set off the same on the right hand
from VI to E and to G; and draw the occult Lines DsE and FXIIG parallel to
VI L VI.
Situation of the 377. Bisect s XII in K, and through the point K
Place on the Disk draw the black Line VIKV1 parallel to the occult
from Sun-rise to or dotted Line VILVI. Then, making AC the
Sun-set.
Radius or length of a Line of Lines, set off the
Sine of 38 ⁄2 degrees, the Co-Latitude of London, from K to VI and VI;
1

and with that extent as a Radius, describe the Semi-Circle VI 7 8 9 &c.

and divide it into 12 equal parts, beginning at VI. From these divisions,
draw the occult Lines 7m, 8l, 9k, &c. all to the Line VIKVI, and parallel to
CXIIP. Then, with KXII as a Radius, describe the Circle abcdef, round the
Center K, and divide the Quadrant aXII into six equal parts, as ab, bc, cd,
de, &c. Then, through these points of division b, c, d, e, and f, draw the
occult Lines VIIbV, VIIIcIIII, IXdIII, &c. intersecting the former Lines 7m,
8l, 9k, 10i, &c. in the points VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, &c. which points mark the
situation of London on the Earth’s Disc as seen from the Sun at these
hours respectively, from six in the morning till six at night: and if the
elliptic Curve VI, VII, VIII, &c. be drawn through these points, it will
represent the parallel of London, or the path it seems to describe as
viewed from the Sun, from Sun-rise to Sun-set. N.B. When the Sun’s
Declination is North, the said Curve is the diurnal Path of London; and the
opposite part VIsVI is it’s nocturnal Path behind the Disc, or in the obscure
part thereof, § 338, 339. But if the Sun’s Declination had been South, the
Curve VIsVI would have been the diurnal path of London; in which case
the Lines 7m, 8l, &c. must have been continued thro’ the right Line VIKVI,
and their lengths beyond that line determined by dividing the Quadrant s
a of the little Circle abcd into six equal parts, and drawing the parallels
VIIb, VIIIc &c. through that division, in the same manner as done on the
side K XII; and the Curve VII, VIII, IX, &c. would have been the nocturnal
Path. It is requisite to divide the hours of the diurnal Path into quarters, as
in the Diagram; and if possible into minutes also.
Axis of the Moon’s 378. From the Line of Chords § 372 take the
Orbit. Angle of the Moon’s visible Path with the Ecliptic,
viz. 5° 38ʹ § 367: and note, that when the Moon’s Latitude is North
Ascending, as in the present case, the Chord of this Angle must be set off
to the left hand of the Axis of the Ecliptic CH, as from H to M, and the
right line CM drawn for the Axis of the Moon’s Orbit: but when the Moon’s
Latitude is North Descending, this Angle and Axis must be set to the right
hand, or from H toward h. When the Moon’s Latitude South Ascending,
the Axis of her Orbit lies the same way as when her Latitude is North
Ascending; and when South Descending, the same way as when North
Descending.
Path of the 379. Take the Moon’s Latitude, 40ʹ 9ʺ § 367,
Penumbra’s center from the Scale CA, and set it from C to T on the
over the Earth. Axis of the Ecliptic; and through T, at right
Angles to the Axis of the Moon’s Orbit CM, draw the straight Line RTS;
which is the Moon’s Path, or Line that the center of her shadow and
Penumbra describes in going over the Earth’s Disc. The Point T in the Axis
of the Ecliptic is the Place where the true Conjunction of the Sun and
Moon falls, according to the Tables; and the Point W, in the Axis of the
Moon’s Orbit, is that where the center of the Penumbra approaches
nearest to the center of the Earth’s Disc, and consequently the middle of
the general Eclipse.
It’s Place on the 380. Take the Moon’s true Horary Motion from
Earth’s Disc shewn the Sun 27ʹ 50ʺ § 367, from the Scale CA with
for every minute of your Compasses (every division of the Scale
it’s Transit.
being a minute of a Degree) and with that extent
make marks in the Line of the Moon’s Path RTS: then divide each of these
equal spaces by dots into 60 equal parts or horary minutes, and set the
hours to every 60th minute, in such a manner that the dot; signifying the
precise minute of New Moon by the Tables, may fall in the Point T where
the Axis of the Ecliptic cuts the Line of the Moon’s Path; which, in this
Eclipse, is the 25th minute past ten in the Forenoon: and then the other
marks will shew the places on the Earth’s Disc where the center of the
Penumbra is, at the hours and minutes denoted by them, during its transit
over the Earth.
Middle of the 381. Apply one side of a Square to the Line of
Eclipse. the Moon’s Path, and move the Square backward
or forward until the other side cuts the same
It’s Phases.
hour and minute both in the Path of the Place
(London, in this Construction) and Path of the Moon; and that minute, cut
at the same time in both Paths, will be the precise minute of visible
Conjunction of the Sun and Moon at London, and therefore the time of
greatest obscuration, or middle of the Eclipse at London; which time, in
this Projection, falls at t, 34 minutes past 10 in the Moon’s Path; and at u,
34 minutes past 10 in the Path of London. Then, upon the Point u as a
center, describe the Circle zYy whose Radius uy is equal to the Sun’s semi-
diameter 16ʹ 6ʺ § 367, taken from the Scale CA: And upon the Point t as a
center, describe the Circle Hy whose Radius is equal to the Moon’s semi-
diameter 14ʹ 58ʺ § 367, taken from the same Scale. The Circle zYy
represents the Disc of the Sun as seen from the Earth, and the Circle Hy
the Disc of the Moon. The portion of the Sun’s Disc cut off by the Moon’s
shews the Quantity of the Eclipse at the time of greatest obscuration: and
if a right Line as yz be drawn across the Sun’s Disc through t and u, the
minute of greatest obscuration in both Paths, and divided into 12 equal
parts, it will shew what number of Digits are then eclipsed. If these two
Circles do not touch one another, the Eclipse will not be visible at the
given Place.
It’s beginning and 382. Lastly, take the Semi-diameter of the
ending. Penumbra 31ʹ 4ʺ § 367, from the Scale CA with
your Compasses; and setting one foot in the Moon’s Path, to the left hand
of the Axis of the Ecliptic, direct the other toward the Path of London; and
carry this extent backwards or forwards until both Points of the
Compasses fall into the same instants of time in both Paths: which will
denote the time of the beginning of the Eclipse: then, do the same on the
right hand of the Axis of the Ecliptic, and where both Points mark the
same instants in both Paths, they will shew at what time the Eclipse ends.
These trials give the Points R in the Moon’s Path and r in the Path of
London, namely 9 minutes past 9 in the Morning for the beginning of the
Eclipse at London, April 1, 1764: t and u for the middle or greatest
obscuration, at 35 minutes past 10; when the Eclipse will be barely
annular on the Sun’s lower-most edge, and only two thirds of a Digit left
free on his upper-most edge: and for the end of the Eclipse, S in the
Moon’s Path and x in the Path of London, at 4 minutes past 12 at Noon.
In this Construction it is supposed that the Equator, Tropics, Parallel of
London, and Meridians through every 15th degree of Longitude are
projected in visible Lines on the Earth’s Disc, as seen from the Sun at
almost an infinite distance; that the Angle under which the Moon’s
diameter is seen, during the time of the Eclipse, continues invariably the
same; that the Moon’s motion is uniform, and her Path rectilineal, for that
time. But all these suppositions do not exactly agree with the truth; and
therefore, supposing the Elements § 367, given by the Tables to be
perfectly accurate, yet the time and phases of the Eclipse deduced from
it’s Construction will not answer exactly to what passeth in the Heavens;
but may be two or three minutes wrong though done with the utmost
care. Moreover, the Paths of all Places of considerable Latitude go nearer
the center of the Disc as seen from the Moon than these Constructions
make them; because the Earth’s Disc is projected as if the Earth were a
perfect sphere, although it is known to be a spheroid. Consequently, the
Moon’s shadow will go farther North in places of northern Latitude, and
farther South in places of southern Latitude than these projections answer
to. Hence we may venture to predict that this Eclipse will be more annular
at London (that is, the annulus will be somewhat broader on the southern
Limb of the Sun) than the Diagram shews it.

383. Having shewn how to compute the times and project the phases of
a Solar Eclipse, we now proceed to those of the Lunar. And it has been
already mentioned § 317, that when the Full Moon is within 12 degrees of
either of her Nodes, she must be eclipsed. We shall now enquire whether
or no the Moon will be eclipsed May 18, 1761, N. S. at 32 minutes past 10
at Night. See page 193.
Table IV. s ° ʹ
Table VI. Sun from Node at Full Moon in March
1761 9 25 27
Add his distance for two Lunations, to
bring it into May 2 1 20
And his distance at Full Moon in that
month is 11 26 47
Subtract this from a Circle, or 12 Signs, and there will remain 3° 13ʹ;
which is all that the Sun wants of coming round to the Ascending Node;
and the Moon being then opposite to the Sun, must be just as near the
Descending Node: consequently, far within the limit of an Eclipse.
384. Knowing then that the Moon will be eclipsed in May 1761, we must
find her true distance from the Node at that time, by applying the proper
Equations as taught § 363, and then find her true Latitude as taught in
that article.

Table IV. s ° ʹ
Sun’s mean distance from the Node at
Table XIII.
F. Moon in May 1761 11 26 47
Table XII. Add the Equation of the Node, for the
Sun’s Anomaly 10s 18° 15ʹ[85] + 6
Sun’s mean distance from the Node
corrected 11 26 53
Add the Equation of the Sun’s mean
Place + 1 15
Sun’s true distance from the Ascending
Node 11 28 8
To which add 6 Signs, See § 363 6
The sum is the Moon’s true distance
from the same Node 5 28 8
Pl. XII. Or the Argument of her Latitude; which in
Table XIV, gives the Moon’s true Latitude, viz. 9ʹ 56ʺ North Descending.
385. Having by the foregoing precepts § 355 found the true time of
Opposition of the Sun and Moon in a lunar Eclipse, with the Moon’s
Anomaly enter Table XV and take out her horizontal Parallax, also her true
horary Motion and Semi-diameter: and likewise those of the Sun by his
Anomaly, as already taught § 364 & seq. Then add the Sun’s horizontal
Parallax, which is always 10 Seconds, to the Moon’s horizontal Parallax,
and from their sum subtract the Sun’s Semi-diameter; the remainder will
be the Semi-diameter of that part of the Earth’s shadow which the Moon
goes through.
386. From the Sum of the Semi-diameters of the Moon and Earth’s
Shadow, subtract the Moon’s Latitude; the remainder is the parts
deficient. Then, as the Semi-diameter of the Moon is to 6 Digits, so are
the parts deficient to the Digits eclipsed.
387. If the parts deficient be more than the Moon’s Diameter, the
Eclipse will be total with continuance; if less, it will not be total; if equal, it
will be total, but without continuance.
388. Now collect the Elements for projecting this Eclipse.

ʹ ʺ
Moon’s horizontal Parallax 55 32
Sun’s horizontal Parallax (always) 10
The Sum of both Parallaxes 55 42
From which subtract the Sun’s Semi-diameter 15 54
Remains the Semi-diameter of the Earth’s Shadow 39 48
Semidiameter of the Moon 15 2
Sum of the two last 54 50
Moon’s Latitude subtract 9 56
Remains the parts deficient 45 0
Moon’s horary motion 30 46
Sun’s horary motion subtract 2 24
Remains the Moon’s horary motion from the Sun 28 22
To project a lunar 389. This done, make a Scale of any
Eclipse.
convenient length as W, whereof each division is
Fig. III. a minute of a degree; and take from it in your
Compasses 54 Minutes 50 Seconds, the Sum of
Semi-diameters of the Moon and Earth’s shadow; and with that extent as
a Radius, describe that Circle OVLG round C as a Center.
From the same Scale take 39 Minutes 48 Seconds, the Semi-diameter of
the Earth’s shadow, and therewith as a Radius, describe the Circle UUUU
for the Earth’s shadow, round C as a Center. Subtract the Moon’s Semi-
diameter from the Semi-diameter of the Shadow, and with the difference
24 Minutes 46 seconds as a Radius, taken from the Scale W, describe the
Circle YZ round the Center C.
Draw the right line AB through the Center C for the Ecliptic, and cross it
at right Angles with the line EG for the Axis of the Ecliptic.
Because the Moon’s Latitude in this Eclipse is North Descending, § 384,
set off the Angle of her visible Path with the Ecliptic 5 Degrees 38 Minutes
(Page 202.) from E to V; and draw VCv for the Axis of the Moon’s Orbit.
Had the Moon’s Latitude been North Ascending, this Angle must have
been set off from E to f. N. B. When the Moon’s Latitude is South
Ascending, the Axis of her Orbit lies the same way as when she has North
Ascending Latitude; and when her Latitude is North Descending, the Axis
of her Orbit lies the same way as when her Latitude is South Descending.
Take the Moon’s true Latitude 9ʹ 56ʺ in your Compasses from the Scale
W, and set it off from C to F on the Axis of the Ecliptic because the Moon
is north of the Ecliptic; (had she been to the South of it, her Latitude must
have been set off the contrary way, as from C towards v:) and through F,
at right Angles to the Axis of the Moon’s Orbit VCv, draw the right line
LMHNO for the Moon’s Orbit, or her Path through the Earth’s shadow. N.
B. When the Moon’s Latitude is North Ascending, or North Descending,
she is above the Ecliptic: but when her Latitude is South Ascending, or
South Descending, she is below it.
Take the Moon’s true horary motion from the Sun, viz. 28 Minutes 22
Seconds, from the Scale W in your Compasses; and with that extent make
marks in the line of the Moon’s Path LMHNO: then divide each of these
equal spaces into 60 equal parts or minutes of time: and set the hours to
them as in the Figure, in such a manner that the precise time of Full
Moon, as shewn by the Tables, may fall in the Axis of the Ecliptic at F,
where the line of the Moon Path cuts it.
Lastly, Take the Moon’s Semi-diameter 15 Minutes 2 Seconds from the
Scale W in your Compasses, and therewith as a Radius describe the
Circles P, Q, R, S, and T on the Centers L, M, H, N, and O; the Circles P
and T just touching the Earth’s Shadow UU, but no part of them within it;
the Circles Q and S all within it, but touching at its edges; and the Circle R
in the middle of the Moon’s Path through the shadow. So the Circle P shall
be the Moon touching the shadow at the moment the Eclipse begins; the
Circle Q the Moon just immersed into the shadow at the moment she is
totally eclipsed; the Circle R the Moon at the greatest obscuration, in the
middle of the Eclipse; the Circle S the Moon just beginning to be
enlightened on her western limb at the end of total darkness; and the
Circle T the Moon quite clear of the Earth’s shadow at the moment the
Eclipse ends. The moments of time marked at the points L, M, H, N and O
answer to these Phenomena: and according to this small projection are as
follow. The beginning of the Eclipse at 8 Hours 36 Minutes P. M. The total
immersion at 9 Hours 42 Minutes. The middle of the Eclipse at 10 Hours
26 Minutes. The end of total darkness at 11 Hours 12 Minutes. And the
end of the Eclipse at 12 Hours 18 Minutes; but the Figure is too small to
admit of precision.

The examination of 390. By computing the times of New and Full

antient Eclipses. Moons, together with the distance of the Sun and
Moon from the Nodes; and knowing that when the Sun is within 17
Degrees of either Node at New Moon he must be eclipsed; and when the
Moon is within 12 Degrees of either Node at Full she cannot escape an
Eclipse; and that there can be no Eclipses without these limits; ’tis easy to
examine whether the accounts of antient Eclipses recorded in history be
true. I shall take the liberty to examine two of those mentioned in the
foregoing catalogue, namely, that of the Moon at Babylon on the 19th of
March in the 721st year before Christ; and that of the Sun at Athens, on
the 20th of March, in the 424th year before Christ.
The time of Full Moon for the former of these Eclipses is already
calculated, Page 198, and the time of New Moon for the latter, Page 196,
both to the Old Style; so that we have nothing now to do but find the
Sun’s distance from the Nodes the same way as we did the Anomalies;
and if the Full Moon in March 721 years before Christ was within 12
degrees of either Node, she was then eclipsed; and if the Sun, at the time
of New Moon in March 424 years before Christ was within 17 degrees of
either Node, he must have been eclipsed at that time.
 EXAMPLE I.

To find the distance of the Sun and Moon from the

Nodes, at the time of Full Moon in March, the year before
Christ 721, O. S.
The years 720 added to 1780 make 2500, or 25 Centuries.
Sun from
Node
s ° ʹ
To the mean time of Full Moon in March 1780, Table III. 10 3 1
Add the distance for 1 Lunation [See N. B. Page 195, and
Example III, Page 198] 1 0 40
Sum 11 3 41
From which subtract the Sun’s distance from the Node for
2500 years, Table V 5 4 11
Remains the Sun’s distance from the Node, March 19, 721
years before Christ 5 29 30
To which add 6 Signs for the Moon’s distance, because she
was then in opposition to the Sun 6 0 0
The Sum is the Moon’s dist. from the Ascend. Node 11 29 30
That is, she was within half a degree of coming round to it again; and
therefore, being so near, she must have been totally, and almost centrally
eclipsed.
 EXAMPLE II

To find the Suns distance from the Node at the Time of

New Moon in March, the year before Christ 424, O. S.
The years 423 added to 1777 make 2200, or 22 Centuries.
Sun from
Node
s ° ʹ
At the mean time of New Moon in March 1777, Tab. I. 8 23 33
From which subtract the Sun’s distance from the Node for
2200 years, Table V 3 6 0
Remains the Sun’s distance from the Ascending Node,
March 21, 424 years before Christ 5 17 33
Which, taken from 6 Signs, the distance of the Nodes from
each other 6 0 0
Leaves the Sun’s distance at that time from the
Descending Node, Descending viz. 0 12 27
Which being less than 17 degrees, shews that the Sun was then
eclipsed. And as from these short Calculations we find those two antient
Eclipses taken at a venture, to be truly recorded; it is natural to imagine
that so are all the rest in the catalogue.
Here follow Astronomical Tables, for calculating the Times of New and Full
Moons and Eclipses.
Table I. The mean time of New Moon in March, the mean
Anomaly of the Sun and Moon, the Sun’s mean Distance
from the Ascending Node; with the mean Longitude of
the Sun and Node from the beginning of the Sign Aries,
at the times of all the New Moons in March for 100 years,
Old Style.
Mean
The The
time of The The Sun’s
The Sun’s Sun’s Node’s
Years New Moon’s Longitude
mean distance Longitude
of Moon mean from
Anomaly. from the from
Christ. in Anomaly. Aries.
Node. Aries.
March.
D. H. M. s ° ʹ s ° ʹ s ° ʹ s ° ʹ s ° ʹ
1701 27 13 45 9 8 23 0 28 5 7 23 15 0 16 3 4 22 48
1702 16 22 34 8 27 39 11 7 53 8 1 17 0 5 20 4 4 3
1703 6 7 23 8 16 55 9 17 41 8 9 20 11 24 37 3 15 17
1704 24 4 55 9 4 30 8 23 18 9 18 3 0 13 0 2 24 57
1705 13 13 44 8 23 54 7 3 6 9 26 6 0 2 17 2 6 11
1706 2 22 32 8 13 48 5 12 54 10 4 9 11 21 34 1 17 25
1707 21 20 5 9 2 17 4 18 31 11 12 52 0 9 57 0 27 5
1708 10 4 54 8 21 10 2 28 19 11 20 55 11 29 14 0 8 19
1709 29 2 26 9 9 48 2 3 56 0 29 38 0 17 37 11 17 59
1710 18 11 16 8 28 32 0 13 44 1 7 40 0 6 54 10 29 14
1711 7 20 5 8 17 27 10 23 33 1 15 43 11 26 11 10 10 28
1712 25 17 36 9 5 8 9 29 10 2 24 26 0 14 34 9 20 8
1713 15 2 25 8 25 48 8 8 58 3 2 29 0 3 50 9 1 21
1714 4 11 14 8 14 52 6 16 46 3 10 32 11 23 7 8 12 35
1715 23 8 46 9 3 37 5 24 22 4 19 15 0 11 30 7 22 15
1716 11 17 35 8 21 26 4 4 11 4 27 18 0 0 47 7 3 29
1717 1 2 23 8 11 58 2 13 59 5 5 20 11 20 4 6 14 44
1718 19 23 56 9 0 31 1 19 36 6 14 3 0 8 27 5 24 24
1719 9 8 45 8 19 47 11 29 24 6 22 6 11 27 43 5 5 37
1720 27 6 17 9 8 9 11 5 1 8 0 49 0 16 6 4 15 17
1721 16 15 6 8 27 25 9 14 49 8 8 52 0 5 23 3 26 31
1722 5 23 55 8 16 41 7 24 38 8 16 55 11 24 40 3 7 45
1723 24 21 27 9 5 3 7 0 15 9 25 38 0 13 4 2 17 26
1724 13 6 16 8 24 19 5 10 3 10 3 41 0 2 22 1 28 41
1725 2 15 4 8 13 45 3 19 51 10 11 43 11 21 39 1 9 56
1726 21 12 37 9 1 57 2 25 28 11 20 26 0 10 3 0 19 37
1727 10 21 26 8 21 13 1 5 16 11 28 29 11 29 20 0 0 51
1728 28 18 58 9 9 35 0 10 53 1 7 13 0 17 43 11 10 30
1729 18 3 47 8 28 51 10 20 41 1 15 15 0 7 0 10 21 45
1730 7 12 36 8 18 7 9 0 29 1 23 18 11 26 17 10 2 59
1731 26 10 8 9 6 29 8 6 6 3 2 1 0 14 40 9 12 39
1732 14 18 57 8 25 45 6 15 54 3 10 3 0 3 57 8 23 54
1733 4 3 45 8 14 49 4 25 43 3 18 6 11 23 14 8 5 7
1734 23 1 18 9 3 25 4 1 20 4 26 49 0 11 37 7 14 48
1735 12 10 7 8 22 39 2 11 8 5 4 52 0 0 54 6 26 1
1736 30 7 39 0 11 1 1 16 45 6 13 35 0 19 17 6 5 42
1737 19 16 28 9 0 1 11 26 33 6 21 38 0 8 34 5 16 56
1738 9 1 17 8 19 33 10 6 21 6 29 42 11 27 51 4 28 9
1739 27 22 49 9 7 55 9 11 58 8 8 24 0 16 14 4 7 50
1740 16 7 38 8 27 11 7 21 46 8 16 27 0 5 30 3 19 3
1741 5 16 26 8 16 27 6 1 34 8 24 30 11 24 47 3 0 16
1742 24 13 59 9 4 49 5 7 11 10 3 12 0 13 10 2 9 58
1743 13 22 48 8 24 5 3 16 59 10 11 15 0 2 27 1 21 12
1744 2 7 36 8 13 21 1 26 48 10 19 18 11 21 44 1 2 25
1745 21 5 9 9 1 43 1 2 25 11 28 0 0 10 7 0 12 7
1746 10 13 58 8 20 59 11 12 13 0 6 3 11 29 44 11 23 20
1747 29 11 30 9 9 21 10 17 50 1 14 45 0 17 47 11 3 2
1748 17 20 19 8 28 37 8 27 38 1 22 49 0 7 4 10 14 15
1749 7 5 8 8 17 53 7 7 26 2 0 53 11 26 21 9 25 28
1750 26 2 40 9 6 15 6 13 3 3 9 35 0 14 44 9 5 9
1751 15 11 29 8 25 32 4 22 51 3 17 38 0 4 1 8 16 23
1752 3 20 17 8 14 47 3 2 39 3 25 41 11 23 18 7 27 37
1753 22 17 50 9 3 10 2 8 16 5 4 24 0 11 41 7 7 17
1754 12 2 39 8 22 26 0 18 4 5 12 27 0 0 59 6 18 32
1755 1 11 27 8 11 41 10 27 52 5 20 30 11 20 16 5 29 45
1756 19 9 0 9 0 4 10 3 30 6 29 13 0 8 39 5 9 27
1757 8 17 49 8 19 20 8 13 18 7 10 15 11 27 56 4 20 41
1758 27 15 21 9 7 42 7 18 55 8 15 58 0 16 19 4 0 21
1759 17 0 10 8 26 58 5 28 43 8 24 1 0 5 36 3 11 36
1760 5 8 58 8 16 13 4 8 31 9 2 4 11 24 53 2 22 49
1761 24 6 31 9 4 35 3 14 8 10 10 47 0 13 16 2 2 29
1762 13 15 19 8 23 52 1 23 56 10 18 51 0 2 33 1 13 44
1763 3 0 8 8 13 7 0 3 44 10 26 53 11 21 50 0 24 57
1764 20 21 41 9 1 29 11 9 21 0 5 36 0 10 13 0 4 37
1765 10 6 30 8 20 46 9 19 9 0 13 38 11 29 30 11 15 52
1766 29 4 2 9 9 8 8 24 46 1 22 21 0 17 53 10 25 32
1767 18 12 51 8 28 24 7 4 35 2 0 24 0 7 10 10 6 47
1768 6 21 39 8 17 39 5 14 23 2 8 27 11 26 27 9 18 1
1769 25 19 12 9 6 2 4 20 0 3 17 0 0 14 50 8 27 41
1770 15 4 1 8 25 17 2 29 48 3 25 12 0 4 7 8 8 56
1771 4 12 49 8 14 33 1 9 36 4 3 16 11 23 24 7 20 8
1772 22 10 22 9 2 56 0 15 13 5 11 49 0 11 47 6 29 48
1773 11 19 10 8 22 11 10 25 1 5 20 1 0 1 4 6 11 3
1774 1 3 59 8 11 27 9 4 49 5 28 4 11 20 21 5 22 17
1775 20 1 32 8 29 50 8 10 26 7 6 4 0 8 44 5 1 57
1776 8 10 20 8 19 5 6 20 14 7 14 50 11 28 1 4 13 12
1777 27 7 53 9 7 27 5 25 51 8 23 23 0 16 24 3 22 52
1778 16 16 42 8 26 43 4 5 40 9 1 36 0 5 41 3 4 6
1779 6 1 30 8 15 59 2 15 28 9 9 39 11 24 58 2 15 19
1780 23 23 3 9 4 21 1 21 5 10 18 22 0 13 21 1 24 59
1781 13 7 52 8 23 37 0 0 53 10 26 24 0 2 38 1 6 14
1782 2 16 40 8 12 53 10 10 41 11 4 27 11 21 54 0 17 27
1783 21 14 13 9 1 15 9 16 18 0 13 10 0 10 17 11 27 7
1784 9 23 2 8 20 32 7 26 6 0 21 13 11 29 34 11 8 22
1785 28 20 35 9 8 54 7 1 43 1 29 56 0 17 57 10 18 2
1786 18 5 23 8 28 9 5 11 31 2 7 59 0 7 14 9 29 16
1787 7 14 11 8 17 25 3 21 19 2 16 2 11 26 31 9 10 29
1788 25 11 44 9 5 47 2 26 56 3 24 45 0 14 54 8 20 9
1789 14 20 33 8 25 3 1 6 45 4 2 47 0 4 11 8 1 25
1790 4 5 21 8 14 19 11 16 33 4 10 50 11 23 28 7 12 38
1791 23 2 54 9 2 41 10 22 10 5 19 33 0 11 51 6 22 18
1792 11 11 43 8 21 57 9 1 58 5 27 56 0 1 7 6 3 32
1793 0 20 31 8 11 12 7 11 45 6 5 39 11 20 24 5 14 45
1794 19 18 4 8 29 35 6 17 23 7 14 22 0 8 48 4 24 27
1795 9 2 52 8 18 51 4 27 11 7 22 25 11 28 6 4 5 41
1796 27 0 25 9 7 13 4 2 48 9 1 8 0 16 29 3 15 21
1797 16 9 14 8 26 29 2 12 36 9 9 10 0 5 46 2 26 36
1798 5 18 2 8 15 44 0 22 24 9 17 13 11 25 3 2 7 50
1799 24 15 35 9 4 6 11 28 1 10 25 56 0 13 26 1 17 30
1800 13 0 24 8 23 23 10 7 49 11 3 59 0 2 43 0 28 44
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