9th Grade

Development of the Modern

Periodic Table
Module 5: Lesson 1
 Table of contents

01 02 03
Electronic Classification of Elements
Introduction
Importance and historical
Arrangement Alkali metal, Alkaline earth metal,
metalloids, transition metals,
development of the periodic table. Electronic configuration
Halogens, Noble gases, Lanthanides,
actinides

04 05 06
Locating elements in Metals & Periodic Trends
the periodic table Nonmetals Atomic radii, ionic radii,
Group, period, column. electronegativity and
ionization energy
 New Vocabulary

periodic law transition metal

group inner transition metal
period lanthanide series
representative elements actinide series
transition elements nonmetals
metals halogen
alkali metals noble gas
alkaline earth metals metalloid
01

Introduction
Importance and historical development of the
periodic table
 Development of the Periodic Table

In the late 1700’s, Antoine Lavoisier

compiled a list of the 33 elements known at
the time.
 Development of the Periodic Table

• Many new elements were

discovered during the 1800s.
Scientists needed a better way
to organize knowledge about the
elements.
• John Newlands proposed
arranging elements by atomic
mass. He noticed that properties
repeated after every 8 elements.
 Development of the Periodic Table
• Dmitri Mendeleev made a table arranging the
elements in order of atomic mass into columns
with similar properties.
• Empty spaces in the table enabled him to
predict the existence of undiscovered elements.
 Development of the Periodic Table

• Henry Moseley refined Mendeleev’s table

by arranging in order of increasing atomic
number instead of atomic mass. This
resulted in a clear periodic pattern.
• The statement that there is a periodic
repetition of chemical and physical
properties of the elements when they are
arranged by increasing atomic number is
called the periodic law.
 The Modern Periodic Table

• The modern periodic table contains boxes

with each element's name, symbol,
atomic number, and atomic mass.
The Modern Periodic Table
 The Modern Periodic Table

• Columns of elements are called groups

or families.
• Rows of elements are called periods.
• Elements in groups 1, 2, and 13–18 are
called the representative elements.
They possess a wide variety of chemical
and physical properties.
• Elements in groups 3–12 are known as
the transition metals.
 The Modern Periodic Table

• Elements are classified as metals,

nonmetals, and metalloids.
• Metals are elements that are generally
shiny when smooth and clean, solid at
room temperature, and good conductors
of heat and electricity.
• Alkali metals are all the elements in
group 1, except hydrogen. They are very
reactive.
• Alkaline earth metals are in group 2.
They are also highly reactive.
 The Modern Periodic Table

• The transition elements are divided into

transition metals and inner transition
metals.
• The two sets of inner transition metals,
known as the lanthanide series and the
actinide series, are located along the
bottom of the periodic table.
 The Modern Periodic Table

• Nonmetals are elements that are

generally gases or brittle, dull-looking
solids. Nonmetals are poor conductors of
heat and electricity.
• Group 17 is composed of highly reactive
elements called halogens.
• Group 18 gases are extremely unreactive.
They are commonly called noble gases.
• Metalloids, such as silicon and
germanium, have physical and chemical
properties of both metals and nonmetals.
 Quiz

1 Who first recognized that arranging elements

. according to atomic number results in a clear
periodic pattern?

A Antoine Lavoisier C Dmitri Mendeleev

B John Newlands D Henry Moseley

CORREC
T
 Quiz

2 Which term refers to rows on the periodic

. table?

A elements

B groups

C periods CORRECT

D series
 Quiz

3 Which term refers to columns on the

. periodic table?

A elements

B groups CORREC
T
C periods

D series
 Quiz

4 Where are the representative elements

. found on the periodic table?

A in the top 2 rows

B in the bottom 2 rows

C in groups 1, 2, and CORRECT

1318
D in groups 312
 Quiz

5 Silicon and germanium are examples of

. ______.
A alkali metals

B metalloids
CORREC
T
C nonmetals

D halogens
02
Electronic
Arrangement
Electronic configuration
Electron Cloud
➔Electrons move very fast around the
nucleus of an atom in an unpredictable
manner. So scientists guess where the
electrons are likely to be at any given
time.

➔Electron behavior is best described by

the electron cloud.
Electron Cloud
➔ Electron cloud is a region in space
around the nucleus where electrons are
most likely to be found.

➔The chances of finding an electron

decreases as you get farther away from
the nucleus.
How are electrons distributed in the
electronic cloud?
● Electrons are distributed in 7 energy levels or shells around the nucleus. Each shell is
represented as a sphere.
● Each shell has its specific energy that Corresponds to its distance from the nucleus.

2 8 18 32 32 32 32
Shells/Energy Levels
➔The electronic cloud is organized into ➔The closer the energy level to the
shells that are at a specific distance nucleus the less energy it has.
from the nucleus.
➔The first shell K, designated by n=1,
➔A shell or energy level is a region
nearest to the nucleus hold 2 electrons.
where electrons of almost same energy
level rotate. ➔The second shell L, n=2, holds up to 8

➔Electrons in one shell move in all electrons.

directions as long as they stay in their
shell.
Shells or Energy Level:
● It is a space around the nucleus where electrons of the same energy level rotate
● These energy levels are assigned numbers from n = 1 to n= 7.
● They are also designated by capital letters from K to Q.

Characteristics of Shells
•Each shell is at different distance from the nucleus.
•Each shell holds a definite number of electrons.
•Shells are represented by concentric spheres around the nucleus
 ● Electrons, with the lowest energy are found
in the energy level closest to the nucleus
which is shell K.
Remarks ● Electrons with higher energy are found in
energy levels away from the nucleus, which
is shell Q.
● As n (number of shells) increases = distance
from the nucleus increases = attraction of
electrons to the nucleus decreases = energy
of electrons increases.
 The energy of electrons increases as the

Remark distance from the nucleus increase because

the force of attraction between protons and
electrons becomes weaker.
What are Subshells and Orbitals?

➔Watch the video (till 8:56) using the link

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kXfaQEkWXFM

➔Then answer the questions that follow.

 ➔A shell is divided into subshells.
➔A subshell is a region in space where

Subshells electrons of exactly same energy are

found.

➔There are 4 types of subshells: s, p, d and

f.
 ➔Subshells are organized into orbitals.

➔An orbital can hold up to 2 electrons

and it is represented by a box.

Orbitals ➔Subshell s contains one s orbital.

➔Subshell p contains three p orbitals.

➔Subshell d contains five d orbitals.

➔ Subshell f contains seven f orbitals.

Subshells and Orbitals

Shell n Orbital(s # of
) electrons
Orbital Max. # of
K 1 s 2 electrons
L 2 s, p 8 s 2
M 3 s, p, d 18
p 6
N 4 s, p, d, f 32 d 10
O 5 s, p, d, f 32
f 14
P 6 s, p, d, f 32
Q 7 s, p 8
 Electronic Configuration
● Is the arrangement or distribution of electrons in different energy levels or shells.
● How many Electrons Does Each Shell Have?
● The maximum number of electrons each shell can hold is known according to Stoner’s Rule.

Stoner’s Rule
● The maximum number of electrons that a shell can hold
● Z = 2(n)2 (n ≤ 4)
● For shell K = Z= 2 (1) = 2electrons shell K can hold maximum 2 electrons.
● For shell L = Z= 2 (2)2 = 8 electrons shell L can hold maximum 8 electrons.
● For shell M = Z= 2 (3)2 = 18 electrons shell M can hold maximum 18 electrons.
● For shell N = Z= 2 (4)2 = 32 electrons shell N can hold maximum 32 electrons.
Electronic Configuration
➔Is the distribution of electrons among atomic orbitals.

➔Electronic Configuration is written using the Diagonal Rule

Diagonal Rule
➔In chemistry, the Diagonal Rule is a guideline explaining the order in which electrons fill the orbital
levels.

➔The diagonal rule provides a rule stating the in which these orbitals are filled.

➔The orbitals are filled according to their energy.

Diagonal Rule
➔The black arrows indicate the filling of orbital levels.
Starting at the top, the first arrow crosses the 1s
orbital.

➔If you follow these arrows down the list, you can
easily determine the order that electrons fill the orbital
levels.
03 Classification
of Elements
Alkali metal, Alkaline earth metal, metalloids,
transition metals, Halogens, Noble gases,
Lanthanides, actinides
Properties of The Periodic Table