Unit-1 Computer Systems

Student Learning Outcomes (SLOs)

After completing this lesson, you will be able to:
1. System Fundamentals:
o Define and differentiate between artificial and natural systems.
o Describe the fundamental components of computer hardware, including the CPU,
microprocessors, and other essential elements of computer architecture.
2. Software and Programming:
o Identify and explain the roles of system software and application software.
o Distinguish between low-level and high-level programming languages, understanding their
unique characteristics and applications.
3. Data Communication and Networking:
o Analyze the principles of data communication and computer networks.
o Identify and understand the functions of various networking devices.
o Explain the basics of networking systems, including data transmission methods, protocols,
and transmission speeds.
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Q1. What is the function and significance of the Abacus in early computing?
Answer: The Abacus, a wooden frame with rods and beads, was invented in China 4,000 years ago as the earliest
form of a computer. It served as a manual calculator for simple arithmetic operations, using specific rules for
manipulating beads. The Abacus' significance lies in its historical role as a precursor to modern computing and its
continued use in some regions.

Significance:
By following specific rules, people using the abacus could perform math calculations by moving these
beads. Even today, countries like China, Russia, and Japan continue to use the abacus for calculations.
Below is an image of this tool.

Q2. Mention the function and significance of the Pascaline in early computing.
Answer: The Pascaline, invented by Blaise Pascal in the 1640s, was the first mechanical calculator capable
of performing addition and subtraction. Its significance lies in its pioneering use of gears and wheels for
automatic calculations, setting a foundation for future calculating machines.

Q3. What is the function and significance of the Stepped Reckoner or Leibniz Wheel in early computing?
Answer: The Stepped Reckoner, developed by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in 1673, was an improvement over
the Pascaline. It used fluted drums instead of gears and could perform multiplication and division. Its
significance lies in its contribution to the development of mechanical calculators and the concept of
automated calculations.

Q4. Mention the function and significance of tabulating machines in early computing.
Answer: Herman Hollerith's mechanical tabulator, invented in the late 19th century, used punch cards to
tabulate, record, and sort data. It played a crucial role in the 1890 U.S. Census and led to the
establishment of IBM, highlighting the significance of automating data processing tasks.
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. It was notably utilized In the 1890 U S. Census. Hollerith established the Hollerith's Tabulating
Machine Company, which eventually became International Business Machines (IBM) in 1924

Q5. Mention the function and significance of the Differential Analyzer in early computing.

Answer: The Differential Analyzer, introduced in 1930, was the first electronic computer, albeit an
analog one. It utilized vacuum tubes to switch electrical signals for complex calculations,
showcasing the potential of electronics in computing.

Q6. Mention the function and significance of the Mark I in early computing.
Answer: The Mark I, developed in 1944 through a collaboration between IBM and Harvard, was the first
programmable digital computer. It marked a significant milestone in computing history by enabling
automated execution of complex calculations with large numbers.

Q7. Write the names of devices that are considered both input and output devices.
Answer: Devices that function as both input and output devices include:
 Modems: They receive data (input) from the internet and send data (output) to the internet.
 Network Cards: They receive data (input) from the network and transmit data (output) to the
network.
 Touch Screens: They receive touch input and display visual output.
 Headsets: The microphone acts as an input device, capturing audio, while the speaker acts as an
output device, producing audio.
 Facsimile (FAX): The scanner inputs documents, and the printer outputs documents.
 Audio Cards/Sound Cards: They receive audio input from microphones and instruments and
output audio to speakers and headphones.
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Q8. Identify from the following list the input and output devices.
Keyboard, mouse, Monitors, printers, Joystick, Microphone, Headphones, Scanner Light pen, speakers,
projectors, touch screens, Portable keyboards, wireless mice, iPhones, and Optical mark readers.
Answer:
Input Devices:
 Keyboard
 Mouse
 Joystick
 Microphone
 Scanner
 Light pen
 Touch screen
 Portable keyboard
 Wireless mouse
 iPhone
 Optical mark reader
Output Devices:
 Monitors
 Printers
 Speakers
 Projectors
 Headphones
Q9. Write different parts and the importance of the CPU
Ans: The CPU, also known as the "Central Processing Unit," is often referred to as the "Brain" of the
computer system. It plays a critical role in the operation of a computer, being responsible for executing
instructions and processing data. The CPU is mounted on a special socket on the motherboard and is
typically equipped with a heat sink to prevent overheating. The main parts of the CPU are as follows:
1. Memory Unit:
o The memory unit stores instructions and data needed for processing. It consists of primary
and secondary memory. The performance of the computer can be influenced by the type of
memory used, such as SRAM (Static RAM) or DRAM (Dynamic RAM). The memory unit also
stores the results after the CPU processes instructions and sends them to the output devices.
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2. Control Unit:
o The control unit orchestrates the operations within the CPU. It manages the flow of data
and instructions between the CPU and other parts of the system. It interprets instructions
from memory and directs other components to execute them, acting as a mediator between
input and output devices.
3. Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU):
o The ALU performs mathematical operations (arithmetic unit) like addition, subtraction,
multiplication, and division, as well as logical operations (logic unit) such as comparison,
selection, matching, and merging of data. It consists of digital circuits called registers that
aid in these operations.
4. Input/Output Unit:
o The input unit includes devices like keyboards, mice, and touchpads, which allow users to
enter data and instructions into the computer. Each input device has a hardware controller
linked to the CPU. The output unit comprises devices such as monitors, printers, and
speakers, which display or produce the results of the computer's processing. The CPU
converts binary code (0s and 1s) into the appropriate format for these output devices.

Importance of CPU: The CPU is vital for the efficient functioning of a computer. It processes instructions
from the hardware and software, performs necessary computations, and controls other components of the
system. The CPU's role is indispensable, as it ensures the smooth operation and execution of tasks within
the computer.
Q10. Describe the working and structure of the motherboard.
Ans: The motherboard is the main circuit board inside the system unit. It houses the microprocessor, main
memory, expansion cards, various integrated circuit (IC) chips, connectors, and other electronic
components. The motherboard also contains buses, which are electrical pathways used to transmit
information between the different components of the computer. All input/output devices are connected to
the motherboard, facilitating communication between these devices and the CPU.
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A motherboard is the main circuit board in a computer, serving as the central hub that connects all
components and peripherals. It's crucial because it facilitates communication between the various parts of
a computer, ensuring they work together effectively. Motherboards are found in almost all computers,
including desktops and laptops.
Key components and connections on a motherboard include:
 Chipsets: These manage data flow between the processor, memory, and other peripherals.
 CPU (Central Processing Unit): Often referred to as the "brain" of the computer, the CPU is installed
on the motherboard and processes instructions and data.
 Memory: RAM (Random Access Memory) modules are connected to the motherboard, providing
temporary storage for data being processed.
 Expansion Slots: These allow additional components like graphics cards, sound cards, and other
peripherals to be added.
 Connectivity: Motherboards provide connections for Wi-Fi, Ethernet, and other network interfaces,
as well as USB and audio ports.
Companies like Acer, ASRock, Asus, Gigabyte Technology, Intel, and Micro-Star International manufacture
motherboards, designing them to support and integrate all the necessary components of a computer.
These boards are essential for enabling communication between different parts of the system, ensuring
smooth and efficient operation.
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Q11. Describe the working and structure of the Power Supply Unit
Ans: The Power Supply Unit (PSU) is an essential component of a computer that provides electrical power
to all other parts of the system. It converts the alternating current (AC) from your home's electrical outlet
into a lower voltage direct current (DC) that the computer components can safely use. This conversion
process is crucial because most computer components operate on DC power.
Structure and Working of PSU:
1. AC Input: The PSU receives AC power from the electrical outlet through a power cord. This high-
voltage power is not suitable for computer components, so it must be converted.
2. Rectification and Filtering: The PSU converts the incoming AC power to DC power using a rectifier.
It then filters the DC output to reduce noise and smooth out the voltage.
3. Voltage Conversion: The PSU further converts the filtered DC power to the specific voltages
required by different computer components. This is achieved through a series of transformers and
voltage regulators. Common output voltages include 3.3V, 5V, and 12V.
4. Output Connectors: The PSU has various connectors that distribute the converted power to the
motherboard, CPU, drives, and other peripherals. These connectors are designed to fit specific
components, ensuring proper power delivery.
5. Cooling: To prevent overheating, PSUs are equipped with fans that help dissipate heat generated
during operation. This is crucial for maintaining the longevity and efficiency of the PSU.
Example: An example of a PSU is the Antec True 330, which delivers 330 watts of power. The wattage rating
indicates the maximum amount of power the PSU can supply to the computer components. Higher-
wattage PSUs are capable of supporting more powerful components and additional peripherals.

Q12. Why are the keys on a keyboard not arranged in alphabetical order?
Ans: The keys on a keyboard are not arranged in alphabetical order primarily due to the historical design of
typewriters. The 'QWERTY' layout, which is the most common keyboard layout, was designed in the 19th
century for typewriters. The arrangement was specifically created to prevent the mechanical hammers that
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struck the keys from jamming. By spreading frequently used letters apart, the likelihood of the typewriter's
mechanical arms clashing and sticking together was reduced.
This layout has persisted even in modern keyboards due to its familiarity and widespread use. Despite
technological advancements that have eliminated the mechanical issues of typewriters, the 'QWERTY'
layout remains standard because users have become accustomed to it, and retraining on a new layout
would be impractical for most people.

Q13. Describe the division of a keyboard and its functions

Ans: The keyboard is the main input device used to communicate with a computer, allowing users
to enter letters, numbers, and special symbols. The keyboard is divided into several sections, each serving
different functions:
Division of a Keyboard:
1. Alphanumeric Keypad:
o This section includes the main area of the keyboard, containing letters, numbers,
punctuation marks, and special symbols. It functions similarly to a typewriter and is used for
general typing and data entry.
2. Numeric Keypad:
o Located typically on the right side of the keyboard, this section consists of numbers and
arithmetic operators (such as plus, minus, multiplication, and division). It is useful for quickly
entering numerical data and performing calculations.
3. Function Keys:
o These are located at the top of the keyboard and are labeled F1 through F12. Function keys
perform specific tasks depending on the software being used. For example, F1 often opens a
help screen, while other keys may be used for shortcuts in various applications.
4. Screen Navigation & Editing Keys:
o This section includes keys such as the arrow keys, Home, End, Page Up, Page Down, Insert,
Delete, and others. These keys are used for navigating through text or web pages, moving
the cursor, and editing text. They help users manage and modify content on the screen more
efficiently.
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Each of these sections plays a crucial role in the overall functionality of the keyboard, providing a
wide range of input options for different tasks and applications.

Q14. Why are the keys on a keyboard not arranged in alphabetical order?

Ans: The QWERTY keyboard layout was developed to optimize typing speed and prevent
mechanical jams in early typewriters. Here are two explanations:
1. Avoiding Jams in Typewriters: The QWERTY layout was designed to minimize the likelihood of
mechanical jams by ensuring that frequently used letters were spread across the keyboard. This
arrangement allowed for successive keystrokes to be typed with alternating hands, reducing the
chances of adjacent typebars clashing and getting stuck. While some believe that the layout was
also intended to slow down typists, the primary goal was to enhance typing efficiency without
causing jams.
2. First Designs and Evolution: Initial typewriter designs with alphabetical key arrangements couldn't
handle the rapid typing speeds of skilled typists. The QWERTY layout was introduced to manage this
issue by spacing out commonly used letter pairs, thus accommodating faster typing without
mechanical failures.
Overall, the QWERTY layout became a standard not only because it prevented jams in mechanical
typewriters but also because it facilitated a typing rhythm that alternates between hands, contributing to
faster and more efficient typing.
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Q15. What are pointing devices and commonly used pointing devices?
Ans: Pointing devices are hardware components that allow users to interact with a computer by controlling
the movement of a pointer (cursor) on the screen. They enable the selection and manipulation of items,
opening of programs, and interaction with various user interfaces.
Commonly Used Pointing Devices:
1. Mouse:
o A hand-held device that detects multi-dimensional motion relative to a surface. Originally,
mice used a rolling ball to detect motion, but modern mice typically use optical sensors. A
mouse allows for smooth control of the pointer on the display screen and often includes
buttons for functions like selection, scrolling, and dragging. It is an essential component for
navigating graphical user interfaces like those in Windows and other software.
2. Trackball:
o Similar to a mouse, but with a stationary base and a movable ball on top that the user rolls
with their fingers. The trackball controls the cursor on the screen and often includes buttons
for clicking and other actions. It is a good alternative to a mouse, especially in limited spaces.
3. Joystick:
o A device commonly used for gaming. It consists of a stick that can be tilted in various
directions. The movement of the stick translates into movement on the screen, making it
ideal for controlling characters or vehicles in games. Joysticks often have additional buttons
for actions like firing or jumping.
4. Touch Screen:
o A display that responds to touch input, allowing users to interact directly with the screen by
touching icons or text. Touch screens are both input and output devices and are commonly
used in smartphones, tablets, and some computer monitors. They are sensitive to pressure
and can detect multiple touch points simultaneously.
5. Light Pen:
o A pen-like device with a photocell at its tip, used to interact with the computer screen. It
offers greater precision than a touch screen and is often used in design and engineering
applications. The light pen can be used to draw or select objects on the screen.
6. Touch Pad:
o Commonly found on laptops, a touch pad is a flat surface that senses the movement and
position of a user's finger. It acts as a substitute for a mouse, allowing users to control the
cursor. Touch pads typically include buttons similar to those on a mouse for clicking and
other actions. They are convenient for portable devices where using a mouse may not be
practical.
Q16. What is the purpose of a microphone and how does it work?
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Ans: A microphone is a device that allows users to input audio into a computer. It converts sound waves
(audio signals) into electrical signals, which are then converted into digital form by the computer's sound
card for processing. This digital audio can be used for various applications such as voice recording, video
conferencing, and voice recognition.
Q17. What is the purpose of a scanner and how does it work?
Ans: A scanner is a device used to capture images from physical sources like photographs, magazines, and
books, and convert them into digital form. These digital images can then be edited, displayed on a screen,
or inserted into documents. A common type of scanner is the flatbed scanner, where the item to be
scanned is placed on a glass surface for scanning.
Q18. Mention the purpose of a barcode reader and how does it work?
Ans: A barcode reader is a device that scans and reads barcodes printed on products. Barcodes represent
information such as product codes, descriptions, and prices. The barcode reader uses this information to
allow computers to process transactions, such as printing a bill for a customer. It works by emitting a laser
that scans the barcode and interprets the pattern of bars and spaces into digital data.
Q19. What is a digital camera?
Ans: A digital camera is an input/output device used to capture photographs and store them in digital form.
These digital images can then be downloaded to a computer for editing, viewing, or inserting into
documents. Digital cameras differ from traditional film cameras in that they store images digitally, allowing
for easier manipulation and sharing.
Q20. Write the main parts of the system unit
Ans: The system unit is the main component of a computer that houses the motherboard, power supply,
and various drives (such as DVD and hard disk) within the computer casing. All input/output devices are
connected to the system unit through various ports. The main parts of the system unit include:
 Motherboard: The primary circuit board containing the microprocessor, main memory, expansion
cards, IC chips, connectors, and other electronic components. It also includes buses for data
transmission between components.
 Microprocessor: Also known as the Central Processing Unit (CPU), it controls all computer activities.
The microprocessor contains the Control Unit (CU), Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), and registers. The
ALU performs calculations and logical operations, while the CU manages the execution of
instructions.
 Power Supply: Provides the necessary electrical power to the system components.
 Drives: Include devices such as hard drives, DVD drives, and solid-state drives, used for data storage
and retrieval.

Q21. Mention the purpose of different storage devices

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Ans: Storage devices are used to store data and programs that are not currently being used by the
computer. They provide large storage capacities, hence are also known as mass storage devices or
secondary memory. Some common storage devices include:
 Hard Disk: The most common storage device, typically fixed inside the system unit, used for storing
large amounts of data.
 Portable Storage Devices: Include CDs, DVDs, memory cards, and USB flash drives. These devices
have lower storage capacities compared to hard disks but are portable and convenient for
transferring data.

Q22. Describe various features of a Hard Disk

Ans: A hard disk is a magnetic storage device used for the permanent storage of computer data. It offers
substantial storage capacity, often ranging from hundreds of gigabytes (GB) to several terabytes (TB). Hard
disks are typically fixed inside the computer casing, though portable hard disks are also available, which
can be connected via a USB port.
Features of a Hard Disk:
1. Magnetic Storage:
o Hard disks use magnetic materials on their surfaces to store data. The data is written and
read using magnetic heads that move across the disk's surface.
2. Large Storage Capacity:
o Hard disks provide large storage capacities, making them suitable for storing vast amounts
of data, including operating systems, applications, and personal files.
3. Random and Sequential Access:
o Hard disks allow for both random and sequential access to data. Random access enables
quick retrieval of data from any location on the disk, while sequential access involves
reading data in a specific order.
4. Data Persistence:
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o Unlike volatile memory (RAM), data stored on a hard disk is retained even when the
computer is turned off, making it a reliable medium for long-term storage.
5. Internal and External Options:
o Hard disks can be internal (installed within the computer casing) or external (portable
devices connected via USB or other interfaces). External hard disks are useful for additional
storage and data backup.
6. Durability and Reliability:
o While hard disks are generally durable, they are sensitive to physical shocks and can suffer
from mechanical failure due to their moving parts. However, they are considered reliable for
everyday data storage needs.
7. Cost-Effectiveness:
o Hard disks offer a cost-effective solution for high-capacity data storage, making them a
popular choice for both personal and professional use.
Additional Notes on Optical Storage Devices:
 Compact Disk (CD):
o A portable optical storage device with a storage capacity of about 700 megabytes (MB). CDs
are used for storing data, music, and software. They are read and written to using a CD drive.
 Digital Versatile Disk (DVD):
o Similar in appearance to a CD but with a much higher storage capacity, typically ranging
from 4 to 16 gigabytes (GB). DVDs are used for storing high-quality video, software, and
large data files. A DVD writer can read and write data to DVDs and CDs.
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working of Hard Disk
A hard disk, or Winchester disk, consists of one or more rigid platters coated with magnetic material,
encased in a sealed chamber. The key components and their functions are:
Components:
1. Disk Platters: Circular disks that store data on both sides.
2. Read/Write Heads: Positioned above each platter surface, they read and write data by detecting
and altering magnetic fields.
3. Spindle: Rotates the platters at high speeds.
Working Mechanism:
 Data is stored magnetically on the platter surfaces. The read/write heads float above the platters,
accessing data by moving across the surfaces.
 The platters are divided into concentric tracks, and a set of tracks across all platters forms a cylinder.
 All heads move together to the same track on each platter, accessing data efficiently.
The sealed chamber protects the internal components from contaminants, ensuring reliable data storage
and retrieval.

Q23. Why is the capacity of a Hard Disk much larger compared to a floppy disk?
Ans: Hard disk drives (HDDs) are designed with multiple platters, each with a large number of tracks and
sectors, allowing them to store vast amounts of data. Unlike floppy disks, which have a single platter with
limited storage capacity, hard disks can have hundreds or thousands of tracks on each platter surface. The
internal components of a hard disk are more advanced and complex, enabling much larger storage
capacities, typically ranging from hundreds of megabytes to several terabytes.
Q24. What are the uses of a Memory Card?
Ans: A memory card is a small storage device with a capacity ranging from a few gigabytes. It is commonly
used in portable devices such as mobile phones, digital cameras, and laptops for storing pictures, audio,
and video files. Memory cards are available in various sizes and storage capacities, making them versatile
for different applications.
Q25. What are the uses of a USB Flash Drive?
Ans: A USB flash drive is a small, portable storage device connected to a computer via a USB port. Also
known as a USB memory, it offers fast data transfer speeds and is capable of storing data up to 128 GB. USB
flash drives are commonly used for transferring files, backing up data, and storing documents, photos, and
videos.
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Q26. What are output devices?
Ans: Output devices are hardware components used to display or produce the results of computer
processing. They present data in a human-readable form, either as softcopy (on-screen display) or
hardcopy (printed output). Common output devices include monitors, printers, plotters, and speakers.
Monitors display text, graphics, and images, while printers produce physical copies of documents. Plotters
are used for high-quality graphic outputs, and speakers output sound.
Q27. What is a color monitor? Describe some features of different color monitors.
Ans: A monitor is an output device with a screen that displays information visually. Color monitors can
display a wide range of colors, enhancing the user experience. There are two common types of color
monitors:
1. CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) Monitor:
o Similar to older television sets, CRT monitors use electron beams to illuminate phosphors on
the screen. They are bulky, consume more power, and have lower display quality. CRT
monitors are now largely obsolete.
2. LED (Light Emitting Diode) Monitor:
o LED monitors use light-emitting diodes for backlighting, making them thinner, more energy-
efficient, and offering better display quality than CRT monitors. They are widely used today
due to their superior image quality, slim design, and lower power consumption.

(a) CRT Monitor (b) LCD Monitor

Picture Elements or Pixels

Pixels:
 Picture or text displayed on a screen is composed of tiny dots known as picture elements or pixels.
The clarity and detail of the image depend on the number of pixels used to form it.
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Quality or Resolution:
 The resolution of an image is determined by the number of pixels. A higher number of pixels results
in a higher resolution, which improves the image quality by making it clearer and more detailed.
Types of Monitors
Black and White Monitors:
 These monitors display only shades of black, white, and gray.
Colored Monitors:
 These monitors can display a wide range of colors, enhancing the visual experience.
Classification of Monitors by Image Producing Technology:
1. Color Graphic Adapter (CGA):
o Displays up to four colors at a resolution of 320 by 200 pixels.
2. Extended Graphic Adapter (EGA):
o Can display up to 16 different colors at a higher resolution of 640 by 480 pixels.
3. Video Graphic Array (VGA):
o Capable of presenting up to 256 color shades simultaneously with resolutions up to 720 by
400 pixels.
4. S-VGA (Super VGA):
o Supports resolutions from 800 by 600 pixels to 1280 by 1024 pixels, offering even higher
image quality.
5. LCD (Liquid Crystal Display):
o LCD flat-panel colored monitors are popular, especially in laptops, due to their lightweight,
portability, and low power consumption. They provide sharp and vibrant displays.

Q28. What are Printers? Differentiate between impact and non-impact printers
Ans: A printer is an output device that produces a physical copy of digital text and graphics on paper,
known as a hard copy. Printers are categorized into two types: impact and non-impact printers.
Impact Printers:
 Mechanism: Impact printers use an electro-mechanical mechanism to physically strike a character
shape against an inked ribbon, which then transfers the image onto the paper.
 Examples: The most common example is the dot matrix printer.
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 Features: These printers are generally noisy, have low print quality, and offer printing speeds
ranging from 50 to 500 characters per second (cps). However, they are cost-effective and are still
used for specific tasks like printing invoices, bank statements, and utility bills.
Non-Impact Printers:
 While not explicitly described in your text, non-impact printers typically include technologies like
inkjet and laser printers, which do not physically strike the paper. They offer higher quality prints
and quieter operation compared to impact printers.
Non-Impact Printers
Non-Impact Printers:
 Mechanism: Non-impact printers print without physically striking the paper. The two primary types
are inkjet and laser printers.
1. Inkjet Printers:
o Working: These printers use cartridges filled with liquid ink, which is sprayed onto the paper
through fine nozzles on the print head.
o Uses: Inkjet printers are widely used in homes and small businesses due to their
affordability and versatility.
2. Laser Printers:
o Working: Laser printers use a technology similar to photocopy machines. They use a laser
beam to form an image on a drum, which is then transferred to the paper using toner.
o Features: Laser printers are known for their speed, high print quality, and efficiency. They
are more expensive than inkjet printers and are ideal for large-scale business use.

Q29. Difference between Electrostatic Printers and Electrothermal Printers

Electrostatic Printers:
 Mechanism: Electrostatic printers are high-speed, non-impact line printers. They create an image
on paper using an electric field to form a charged image. The paper then passes through an ink fog,
where ink particles adhere to the charged image, creating a visible image. The image is fixed by
passing the paper through heated rollers.
Electrothermal Printers:
 Mechanism: Electrothermal printers, commonly known as thermal printers, produce characters on
special heat-sensitive waxy paper. They are portable and inexpensive but require special paper.
Thermal printers work by selectively heating the paper to form an image.
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Q30. What is a Plotter? How does it work?
Plotter:
 Definition: A plotter is an output device used for printing large-format engineering drawings,
machine parts, building designs, maps, charts, and banners. It is more expensive than standard
printers and provides high-quality output.
Working of Plotter:
 Types:
1. Ink Plotter: Used for printing images.
2. Pen Plotter: Used for drawing engineering designs and detailed line work.
 Mechanism: Plotters use one or more pens to draw on paper.
o Drum Plotter: The paper is rolled over a drum, and the pen moves along the x and y-axes to
create the image. Drum plotters can produce continuous outputs.
o Flatbed or X-Y Plotter: Uses a flat surface for paper and has drawing arms that move the
pen along the x and y-axes. Multiple pens with different colored inks can be used to create
multi-colored graphics and charts.
Q31. What is a Speaker? How does it work?
Speaker:
 Definition: A speaker is an output device that produces audio output. It is commonly used with
computers for multimedia applications, including playing music and videos.
Working:
 Connection: Speakers are typically connected to the computer's sound card, which is attached to
the motherboard. The sound card converts digital audio signals into analog signals, which the
speakers then amplify to produce sound. A pair of speakers is often used to provide stereo sound
for a more immersive audio experience.


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Q32. Mention the purpose and different types of ports
Ans:
Ports:
 Ports are interfaces on a computer system used for connecting various peripheral devices to the
system unit. They provide a means for data and power to flow between the computer and external
devices. Ports are typically located on the motherboard and are accessible from the back or sides of
the system unit.
Types of Ports:
1. USB (Universal Serial Bus):
o A versatile port used to connect a wide range of devices, including keyboards, mice, printers,
external hard drives, and USB flash drives. USB ports are widely used due to their ability to
transfer data and power devices.
2. HDMI (High Definition Multimedia Interface):
o An interface for transmitting high-definition video and audio signals. It is commonly used to
connect monitors, TVs, and projectors to computers or other multimedia devices.
3. DVI (Digital Visual Interface):
o A video interface standard for transmitting digital video signals. It is used to connect
monitors and displays to a computer, providing clear and sharp image quality.
4. Audio Ports:
o Ports for connecting audio devices such as headphones, microphones, and speakers. These
ports are typically color-coded and include separate jacks for audio input and output.
5. LAN (Local Area Network) Port:
o Also known as an Ethernet port, it is used to connect the computer to a network using a
wired connection. This port is essential for accessing the internet and connecting to other
devices on the same network.
These ports enable users to connect and use various peripherals, enhancing the functionality and
capabilities of the computer system. They facilitate data transfer, audio and video output, network
connectivity, and more.
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Q33. Purpose of Expansion Slots and Expansion Cards

Expansion Slots:
 Expansion slots are long, narrow sockets on the motherboard used for installing expansion cards.
These slots allow users to add new hardware capabilities to the computer system.
Expansion Cards:
 Expansion cards are small circuit boards that are inserted into the expansion slots. They add new
functionalities or enhance the existing capabilities of a computer. Common types of expansion
cards include:
o Sound Card: Provides audio input and output capabilities.
o Graphics Card: Enhances video output and is essential for gaming and graphic design.
o Modem Card: Allows the computer to connect to the internet via a telephone line.
o Network Card: Enables wired or wireless networking capabilities.
In modern computers, many of these functions are integrated directly into the motherboard,
reducing the need for separate expansion cards.
Q34. Von Neumann Architecture and Its Significance in Computer Design
Von Neumann Architecture:
 The Von Neumann Architecture is a fundamental computer science concept introduced by John von
Neumann in 1945. It describes a computer design model where the hardware and software work
together to process information. The key components of this architecture include:
1. Central Processing Unit (CPU): The main processing unit of the computer.
2. Control Unit: Directs the operations of the processor.
3. Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU): Performs arithmetic and logical operations.
4. Memory Unit: Stores data and instructions.
 Unit-1 Computer Systems
5. Registers: Small, fast storage locations within the CPU.
6. Buses: Pathways for data and signals between components.
7. Inputs/Outputs Controller: Manages data exchange between the computer and external
devices.
Significance of Von Neumann Architecture:
 The Von Neumann architecture is based on the stored-program concept, where both instruction
data and program data are stored in the same memory. This allows the computer to fetch
instructions and execute them sequentially. This design has been foundational in the development
of modern computers and remains widely used today. It simplifies the computer's structure and
operation, making it more versatile and capable of performing a wide range of tasks. The
architecture's flexibility and efficiency have made it a standard model in computer design,
influencing the development of most computers and computing systems.

Central Processing Unit (CPU) and Its Components

Central Processing Unit (CPU): The CPU is the primary electronic circuit responsible for executing
the instructions of a computer program. It contains the Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU), Control
Unit (CU), and various registers.
Control Unit (CU): The Control Unit manages the operations of the ALU, memory, and input/output
devices. It interprets program instructions from the memory and directs other components on how
to respond. Additionally, the CU provides timing and control signals necessary for coordinating the
activities of the computer's components.
Components of the Control Unit:
 Instruction Register: Holds the current instruction being executed.
 Instruction Decoder: Decodes the instruction to determine the required operation.
 Control Bus: Transmits control signals for managing data flow and operations.
 Timing and Control Logic: Provides timing signals to synchronize operations within the system.
Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU): The ALU performs arithmetic operations (such as addition and
subtraction) and logical operations (such as AND, OR, NOT). It is a critical component for data
processing within the CPU.
Memory Unit: In the Von Neumann architecture, the memory unit includes RAM and cache
memory, collectively referred to as primary or main memory. This memory is fast and directly
accessible by the CPU. RAM is divided into partitions, with each partition consisting of an address
and its contents, both in binary form. The address uniquely identifies each memory location.
 Unit-1 Computer Systems
Registers: Registers are high-speed storage areas within the CPU. They temporarily hold data that is
being processed. Key registers include:
 MAR (Memory Address Register): Stores the memory location of data that needs to be accessed.
 MDR (Memory Data Register): Holds data being transferred to or from memory.
 AC (Accumulator): Stores intermediate results of arithmetic and logic operations.
 PC (Program Counter): Contains the memory address of the next instruction to be executed.
 CIR (Current Instruction Register): Holds the current instruction being processed.
Buses: Buses are pathways that transmit data and signals between different components of the
computer. They include:
 Address Bus: Carries addresses of data locations, not the actual data.
 Data Bus: Carries data between the CPU, memory, and input/output devices.
 Control Bus: Carries control signals or commands from the CPU to coordinate activities within the
computer.
Input/Output (I/O) Controller: The I/O controller manages the flow of data between the CPU and
external devices such as hard drives, USB devices, and network interfaces. It ensures proper
communication and data exchange between the computer and these peripherals.

Q35. How is data transmitted within a computer system? Highlight the different components involved in
this process.
Ans: Data transmission within a computer system involves the movement of data and information between
various components, such as the CPU, memory, storage devices, and input/output devices. This process is
crucial for the computer's operation and its ability to execute tasks efficiently. The main components
involved in data transmission are:
1. Bus Architecture:
o Definition: A bus is a communication pathway that facilitates the transfer of data and
control signals between the various components of a computer. It acts like a highway system
for data within the computer. The primary types of buses include:
o Data Bus:
 Function: Carries the actual data being transmitted between the CPU, memory, and
peripheral devices.
o Address Bus:
 Unit-1 Computer Systems
 Function: Specifies the location in memory or I/O devices where data should be read
from or written to. It carries memory addresses from the CPU to other components.
o Control Bus:
 Function: Transmits control signals from the CPU to other components to manage
the data transfer process, such as read/write operations and synchronization of
device activities. These signals ensure that the correct operations are carried out at
the right time.
These components work together to enable efficient communication and coordination within the
computer system, ensuring that data is accurately and swiftly transmitted where needed.

Data Paths: Inside the CPU, data paths are specialized circuits that enable the movement of data between
the various functional units, such as the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), registers, cache, and other
components involved in data processing. These paths are crucial for the internal operation of the CPU, as
they provide the necessary routes for data to flow within the processor.
Data paths allow the CPU to perform operations on data efficiently by facilitating the transfer of
information between the components. They are responsible for carrying data from one part of the CPU to
another, ensuring that instructions can be executed and results can be stored or forwarded as needed.
While bus architecture manages data transfer between the CPU and other components in the computer
system (like memory and I/O devices), data paths focus on the internal data movement within the CPU
itself. This distinction highlights that data paths are integral to the CPU's internal processing capabilities,
ensuring that data can be accessed, manipulated, and stored effectively within the processor.
 Unit-1 Computer Systems
Microprocessor Bus Architecture with Associated Registers
Registers: Registers are small, high-speed storage units within the CPU. They temporarily hold data
frequently used during processing, allowing for quick access and manipulation. Data is efficiently
transferred between these registers and the main memory through the bus system, facilitating swift
communication and operation within the computer system.

Memory Hierarchy and Data Processing in Modern Computers

Memory Hierarchy: Modern computers utilize a memory hierarchy to enhance data transmission efficiency.
This hierarchy consists of different levels of memory, each varying in speed and size:
1. Cache Memory: High-speed but small in size, cache memory provides the fastest access times and
is used for storing frequently accessed data.
2. RAM (Random Access Memory): Larger than cache memory but slower, RAM serves as the main
memory where active programs and data are stored temporarily.
3. Secondary Storage: Includes hard drives and SSDs, which offer large storage capacities but slower
access speeds compared to RAM. Data from these storage devices is accessed as needed but is
slower than accessing data from RAM or cache.
The CPU fetches data from the highest levels of the hierarchy first, due to their faster access times,
ensuring efficient processing.
Instruction Cycle: When a program is executed, it undergoes a series of steps known as the instruction
cycle, also called the fetch-decode-execute cycle:
1. Fetch: The next instruction is retrieved from memory.
2. Decode: The instruction is interpreted to determine the required operation.
3. Execute: The operation is performed, using operands fetched from memory or registers.
4. Store: The results are stored back in memory or registers.
Pipeline Processing: Modern CPUs often employ pipelining to enhance efficiency. In a pipeline, multiple
instructions are processed simultaneously, with each instruction at a different stage of execution. This
approach maximizes the utilization of the CPU's resources and speeds up instruction processing.
Interrupts and I/O: Input/output devices (e.g., keyboards, mice, displays, network interfaces) communicate
with the CPU using interrupts. An interrupt is a signal that temporarily halts the current program's
execution to address an important event, such as receiving input or outputting data. This mechanism
ensures efficient data transmission between the CPU and peripheral devices.
Parallelism: Some computer architectures use parallelism to increase data transmission speed and
processing power. This can involve multiple cores within a single CPU or even distributed systems with
multiple interconnected computers working together. Parallelism allows for simultaneous data processing
and can significantly enhance computational performance.
 Unit-1 Computer Systems

Q36. Show the block diagram of memory.

Ans:

Q37. Explain the various types of memory terminologies used in a computer system
Ans: Memory terminology refers to the various units and concepts used to describe and measure
computer memory. Key terms include:
1. Bit:
o The smallest unit of memory in a digital computer. A bit, short for binary digit, can hold a
value of either 0 or 1. Computer memory consists of millions of these bits, each stored in a
memory cell. The two states of a bit, ON and OFF, represent binary 1 and binary 0,
respectively.
2. Byte:
o A byte is a fundamental unit of computer memory, consisting of 8 bits. It is the smallest
addressable unit of memory in a computer, used to store a single character of data, such as
a letter, number, or symbol. The size of computer memory is typically expressed in bytes.
Memory Size Units:
 Kilobyte (KB): Equals 1,024 bytes.
 Megabyte (MB): Equals 1,024 KB or 1,048,576 bytes.
 Gigabyte (GB): Equals 1,024 MB or 1,073,741,824 bytes.
 Terabyte (TB): Equals 1,024 GB or 1,099,511,627,776 bytes.
In the future, even larger units like Petabyte (PB, 1,024 TB) and Exabyte (EB, 1,024 PB) will be used as the
need for more memory capacity grows. These units represent increasingly larger amounts of data,
reflecting the expanding capabilities and requirements of modern computer systems.
 Unit-1 Computer Systems
Memory Word: In computing, a memory word is the smallest unit of data that a computer can process. It is
a fixed-size piece of data managed as a single unit by the processor. The number of bits in a word is
referred to as the word size.
Word Size: Word size denotes the number of bits a CPU can process or manipulate in a single instruction or
operation. It is a crucial aspect of a CPU's architecture, impacting its performance and capabilities. Modern
computers typically have word sizes ranging from 16 to 64 bits, depending on the system's design.
A computer with a larger word size can transfer more bits into the microprocessor simultaneously,
enhancing processing speed. For example, a CPU with a 32-bit word size can handle data in 32-bit chunks,
while a CPU with a 64-bit word size can process 64-bit chunks. A larger word size allows for more efficient
processing of larger integers, more complex arithmetic operations, and the ability to address larger
memory spaces.

Q38. Explain the various types of memory in a computer system, including chip, magnetic, and optical
memory.
Ans:
Computer memory can be categorized based on its construction and data retention characteristics into
three primary types: Chip memory, Magnetic memory, and Optical memory. Additionally, these memories
are classified as either volatile or non-volatile based on their ability to retain data.
1. Chip Memory: Chip memory consists of small pieces of semiconducting material, usually silicon,
embedded with an Integrated Circuit (IC). These chips contain millions of electronic components, such as
transistors.
 Characteristics:
o Chip memories are generally faster than other types due to the lack of mechanical parts,
relying instead on electrical currents for data operations. This makes them capable of rapid
data access and retrieval.
 Examples:
o Main Memory: Includes RAM (Random Access Memory), ROM (Read-Only Memory), and
Cache.
o Flash Memory Drives: Such as USB flash drives.
o Memory Cards: Used in devices like cameras and phones.
o Registers: Small storage locations within the CPU.
o Solid State Drives (SSDs): High-speed storage devices.
 Unit-1 Computer Systems
Many chip memories are now used in application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) for specialized
applications in automobiles, home appliances, telephones, and more.

Magnetic Memory:
Magnetic memory is a widely used type of digital data storage that utilizes a magnetized medium.
Examples of magnetic memory devices include magnetic tapes and disks. These storage devices have a thin
layer of magnetic material on their surface. Data is stored in the form of tiny magnetized and non-
magnetized spots, representing binary information. A magnetized spot indicates a binary 1, while a non-
magnetized spot indicates a binary 0.
A read-write head moves close to the magnetic surface, detecting and modifying the magnetization of the
material as needed. Magnetic storage is popular because it is relatively inexpensive compared to other
storage technologies and offers large storage capacities, making it ideal for storing substantial amounts of
data. However, a significant drawback is that data access times can be relatively slow compared to other
storage methods.

In optical storage technology, a laser beam is used to encode digital data onto an optical disk by creating
tiny pits and lands arranged in concentric tracks on the disk's surface. A low-power laser scanner reads the
data by detecting these pits and lands and then converts it into digital form.
 Unit-1 Computer Systems
Optical storage offers a cost-effective solution with a larger memory capacity compared to magnetic
storage. For instance, an entire set of encyclopedias can be stored on a standard 12-centimeter (4.72-inch)
optical disk. Common types of optical disks include CDs, DVDs, and Blu-ray disks (BDs).

Q39. State three differences between primary and secondary memory.

Primary Memory Secondary Memory

1. Communicates directly with the CPU and 1. Provides backup storage and is known as secondary
is called main memory. memory or mass storage devices.

2. Data is directly accessed by the 2. Data must first be transferred to main memory before
processing unit. being accessed by the processing unit.

3. Uses semiconductor chips to store 3. Uses magnetic disks, optical disks, or other media to
information. store information.

4. Information is temporary and can be lost 4. Information is permanent unless deliberately deleted.
during a power outage.

5. Data access is faster. 5. Data access is slower.

6. Typically internal memory. 6. Typically external memory.

7. Generally volatile. 7. Generally non-volatile.

Examples of Primary Memory Examples of Secondary Memory

RAM, ROM, Cache memory, PROM, Magnetic tapes, Optical discs, Floppy disks, Flash memory (USB
EPROM, Registers, etc. drives), Paper tape, Punched cards, etc.

Q40. Explore the concept of system software, including operating systems, device drivers, utilities,
compiler and assemblers, linkers andloadersr, and firmware.
Ans:
Computer Software:
Computer software, or simply "software," consists of programs, data, and instructions that guide a
computer in performing specific tasks or functions. It is crucial for processing data, running applications,
and enabling user interactions with the system. Software is generally classified into two main types: system
software and application software.
System Software:
System software manages and controls the hardware components of a computer system and provides a
 Unit-1 Computer Systems
platform for running application software. It acts as an intermediary between the user, application
software, and hardware, ensuring smooth interaction and operation.
Types of System Software:
1. Operating System (OS):
An operating system is essential system software that manages hardware resources and provides
services for running computer programs. It handles tasks like process scheduling, memory
management, file system organization, and hardware communication. Examples include Microsoft
Windows, macOS, Linux, and Android.
Functions of an OS:
o Provides a user-friendly interface for interaction.
o Manages input/output operations.
o Allocates processor tasks.
o Manages memory allocation and deallocation for programs.
o Organizes files and directories, facilitating storage and retrieval.
o Manages peripheral devices and provides necessary device drivers.
o Ensures security and access control through user authentication methods such as user IDs,
passwords, and PINs.
2. Device Drivers:
Device drivers are software components that enable communication between the operating system
and hardware devices, such as printers, graphics cards, and network adapters. They ensure that the
OS can correctly interact with these devices.
3. Utilities:
System utilities are tools designed to manage and maintain the computer system. They perform
tasks like disk cleanup, data backup, system monitoring, and virus scanning. Examples include disk
defragmenters, antivirus software, and diagnostic tools.
4. Compiler and Assembler:
These tools convert high-level programming languages (e.g., C++, Java, Python) into machine code
that the processor can understand. Compilers translate source code into executable programs,
while assemblers convert assembly language code into machine code.
5. Linkers and Loaders:
Linkers and loaders assist in program execution. Linkers combine multiple object files (compiled
code) into a single executable file, while loaders load these executable files into memory for
execution.
6. Firmware:
Firmware is software permanently stored on hardware devices, providing low-level control over
their operations. Examples include the BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) in a computer's
 Unit-1 Computer Systems
motherboard or the firmware in a digital washing machine. Firmware is essential for the basic
functioning of these devices and is often embedded directly into the hardware.
Q41. Differentiate between system software and application software.
Ans:

System Software Application Software

1. System software is a collection of programs 1. Application software is a set of programs designed to

that control and coordinate the activities of a perform specific tasks, such as payroll processing or
computer system. creating documents.

2. System software starts running when the 2. Application software runs when the user requests it
system is turned on and continues until the and is not always active.
system is shut down.

3. A computer system cannot function without 3. Application software is not essential for the basic
system software. functioning of the system; it is user-specific.

4. System software is general-purpose, providing 4. Application software is specific-purpose, designed to

a platform for running application software. perform particular tasks.

5. System software is typically written in low- 5. Application software is usually written in high-level
level languages like assembly language. languages such as Java, C++, .NET, VB, etc.

Examples:
 System Software: Operating systems like Windows, macOS, and Linux.
 Application Software: Programs like Microsoft Office, Adobe Photoshop, animation software, etc.

Q42. Please provide examples of application software and briefly describe their functions.
Ans: Application Software:
Application software, commonly known as "apps" or "software applications," is designed to perform
specific tasks or functions for users. Unlike system software, which manages hardware and provides a
platform for running applications, application software addresses specific user needs and requirements.
Examples of Application Software:
1. Productivity Software: Productivity software helps users efficiently perform tasks, organize
information, and create content like documents, presentations, spreadsheets, and databases. It is
commonly used in office work, document management, and collaboration.
Examples:
o Microsoft Office Suite: Includes applications like Microsoft Word (word processing), Excel
(spreadsheets), and PowerPoint (presentations).
 Unit-1 Computer Systems
o Google Workspace: Offers tools like Google Docs, Sheets, and Slides for online collaboration
and document creation.
o LibreOffice: A free and open-source office suite with applications similar to Microsoft Office.
2. Business Software: Business software is designed to meet the needs of businesses and
organizations, aiming to streamline and enhance various business operations, improving efficiency,
productivity, and decision-making.
Examples:
o QuickBooks: Accounting software for managing financial transactions and generating
reports.
o Salesforce: Customer Relationship Management (CRM) software for sales and marketing.
o Trello: A project management tool that helps teams organize tasks and collaborate on
projects.
3. Entertainment Software: Entertainment software is designed for leisure and enjoyment, including
video games, multimedia players, and streaming services.
Examples:
o Minecraft: A popular game that allows players to build and explore virtual worlds.
o Spotify: A music streaming application offering a vast library of songs and playlists.
o Netflix: An online streaming service for movies, TV shows, and documentaries.
4. Educational Software: Educational software supports learning and skill development, offering a
variety of applications and tools for educational activities, from interactive learning games to digital
resources for teaching and assessment.
Examples:
o Learning Management Systems (LMS): Platforms like U Learn, Virtual Academy, and FBISE
LMS provide centralized educational content, resources, assessments, and communication
between educators and students.
o Kahoot: An online platform that allows educators to create interactive quizzes and games
for students.
o Duolingo: A language learning app that gamifies the process of learning new languages.
o Scratch: A visual programming language for teaching coding concepts to children.
Q43. Briefly explain low-level and high-level programming languages.
Ans:
Programming Languages and Their Types:
Programming languages are categorized into two main types: low-level and high-level languages.
 Unit-1 Computer Systems
1. Low-Level Languages:
Low-level programming languages are closer to the computer's hardware and primarily consist of binary
instructions (0s and 1s). These languages communicate directly with the computer's hardware, making
them efficient but difficult to use for humans. They include:
 Machine Language:
o Machine language, or machine code, consists of binary instructions that the computer's CPU
can directly execute. It is the most basic language and operates at the hardware level, using
only 0s and 1s. Writing programs in machine language is challenging and error-prone, as it
requires detailed knowledge of the hardware.
 Assembly Language:
o Assembly language is a step above machine language and is considered a second-generation
language. It uses symbolic names (mnemonics) instead of binary codes, making it easier to
understand and use. For example, instead of writing binary instructions, programmers use
symbols like LOAD, ADD, and STORE. However, assembly language is still hardware-specific
and requires an assembler to convert it into machine code.
Advantages of Assembly Language:
 Easier to understand and use compared to machine language.
 Easier to find and fix errors.
 Simplifies making changes to instructions.
Disadvantages of Assembly Language:
 Tied to specific hardware, limiting portability.
 Requires extensive knowledge of hardware.
 Writing programs can be time-consuming and challenging.
2. High-Level Languages:
High-level languages are more abstract and closer to human languages, making them easier to learn and
use. They use syntax that resembles human languages and are not tied to specific hardware. High-level
programs need to be translated into machine code using a compiler or interpreter. Examples include
Python, C, C++, and Java.
Types of High-Level Languages:
 Procedural Languages:
o Procedural languages organize programs into procedures or functions, which are sets of
instructions executed in a specific order. These languages focus on how to perform tasks.
Examples include FORTRAN, BASIC, Pascal, Ada, and C.
 Non-Procedural Languages:
 Unit-1 Computer Systems
o Also known as fourth-generation languages (4GLs), non-procedural languages focus on what
needs to be done rather than how to do it. They are user-friendly and simplify program
development. A notable example is SQL (Structured Query Language), used for database
management.
 Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) Languages:
o OOP languages use objects, which are instances of classes that contain data and methods to
manipulate that data. This approach facilitates code reuse and modular programming.
Popular OOP languages include C++ and Java.

Q44. Describe the advantages and disadvantages of using high-level languages compared to low-level
languages.

 Answer: Advantages and Disadvantages of Using High-Level Languages Compared to

Low-Level Languages

Advantages of High-Level Languages Disadvantages of High-Level Languages

Easier to learn due to English-like instructions Programs might not be as efficient as low-level ones
Programs are easy for other programmers to Limitations in controlling CPU, memory, and
understand registers
Quick to write new programs
Simple error finding and fixing
Built-in functions save time
Portability across different types of computers

Q45. Mention important uses of low-level programming languages.

Answer: Uses of Low-Level Languages:

Use Explanation

Operating System Writing the core software that manages hardware resources.
Development

Device Drivers Creating software to enable communication with hardware devices.

Embedded Systems Programming microcontrollers and IoT devices for specialized functions.

Firmware Development Developing software that resides on hardware components.

Real-Time Systems Ensuring precise timing and responsiveness in industrial control, robotics, and
 Unit-1 Computer Systems
aerospace systems.

Security Tools Building intrusion detection, firewalls, and encryption software for robust
security.

Game Development Optimizing game engines, physics simulations, and graphics rendering for
performance.

Q46. Mention important uses of high-level programming languages.

Answer: Uses of High-Level Languages:

Use Explanation

Applications (Apps) Creating desktop, mobile, and web applications for various platforms.
Development

Web Development High-level languages are used to build websites, making them
interactive and functional.

Data Analysis and Science Analyzing large datasets and conducting scientific research.

Machine Learning and AI Developing machine learning models and AI algorithms.

Automation and Scripting Automating tasks and processes, including system administration and
data manipulation.

Game Development Developing game play logic, AI, and user interfaces for games.

Database Management Creating, querying, and managing databases.

Scientific and Engineering Simulating complex systems and conducting simulations.

Simulations

Business Software Developing enterprise-level software for various industries.

Educational Tools Creating e-learning platforms and educational software.

Q47. How is data communicated in networks?

 Unit-1 Computer Systems
Answer: Data Communication
Data communication is the process of exchanging data or information between two or more devices or
systems through a computer network. This network utilizes transmission mediums such as cables, optical
fibers, or wireless signals. The data transferred can include various types like text, numbers, images, audio,
and video. Data communication is a fundamental component of modern information technology and
telecommunications.

O
simple communication network with wired and wireless connections

Key Components of Data Communication:

 Sender: The device or system that initiates the transmission of data.
 Receiver: The device or system that receives the transmitted data.
 Transmission Medium: The physical path through which data travels (e.g., cables, fibers, airwaves).
 Protocol: A set of rules or standards that govern how data is formatted, transmitted, and received.
 Data: The information being exchanged, which can be in various formats.
Types of Data Communication:
 Wired Communication: Data is transmitted through physical cables (e.g., Ethernet, fiber optic).
 Wireless Communication: Data is transmitted through electromagnetic waves (e.g., Wi-Fi,
Bluetooth).
Importance of Data Communication:
Data communication is essential for various applications, including:
 Internet: The global network of interconnected computers relies on data communication.
 Local Area Networks (LANs): Data communication enables devices within a limited area to connect
and share resources.
 Wide Area Networks (WANs): Data communication allows for the connection of devices across
larger geographical areas.
 Cloud Computing: Data communication facilitates the access and storage of data on remote servers.
 Telecommunications: Data communication is the backbone of voice and video calls, messaging, and
other communication services.
 Unit-1 Computer Systems
Overall, data communication plays a crucial role in modern society, enabling the exchange of information,
collaboration, and access to various services and resources.

Q48. Explain the basic components of network communication.

Answer: The basic components of network communication are:
1. Sender (Transmitter): The device or system that originates the data to be transmitted. This could be
a computer, smartphone, server, or any other network-connected device.
2. Receiver: The device or system that is intended to receive the transmitted data. It could be the
same types of devices as the sender.
3. Message (Data): The information that is being communicated. This can be in various forms, such as
text, numbers, images, audio, video, or any combination of these.
4. Transmission Medium (Channel): The physical path through which the data travels from the sender
to the receiver. This can be wired (e.g., copper cables, fiber optic cables) or wireless (e.g., radio
waves, microwaves).
5. Protocol: A set of rules or standards that govern how data is formatted, transmitted, and received.
Protocols ensure that different devices can communicate with each other effectively. Common
examples include TCP/IP, HTTP, FTP, and SMTP.
6. Network Interface Card (NIC): A hardware component that connects a device to the transmission
medium. It prepares the data for transmission and receives incoming data.
7. Interconnecting Devices: These devices facilitate the flow of data within a network. They include:
o Hub: A simple device that broadcasts incoming data to all connected devices.
o Switch: A more intelligent device that forwards data only to the intended recipient,
improving network efficiency.
o Router: A device that connects multiple networks and directs data packets between them.
o Modem: A device that modulates digital signals into analog signals for transmission over
telephone lines or cable networks, and demodulates them back into digital signals at the
receiving end.
These components work together to enable the seamless transmission of data across networks, allowing us
to access information, communicate with others, and utilize various online services.

Q50. How is data transmitted in simplex mode?

 Unit-1 Computer Systems
Answer: Simplex Mode:
In simplex mode, data transmission is unidirectional, meaning it flows in only one direction. One device
acts as the transmitter, sending data, while the other acts as the receiver, receiving data. The entire
channel capacity is dedicated to this single direction of data flow.
Example:
A classic example of simplex mode is a keyboard and a traditional monitor setup. The keyboard can only
send input to the computer, while the monitor can only display output from the computer.
Simplex Mode diagram, with arrow pointing from sender to receiver

Advantages of Simplex Mode:

 Simple Implementation: Simplex mode is easy to implement due to its one-way communication
nature.
 Full Channel Utilization: The entire channel bandwidth is available for data transmission in one
direction, potentially leading to higher data rates.
Disadvantages of Simplex Mode:
 Limited Functionality: Simplex mode is not suitable for applications that require two-way
communication.
 Error Detection and Correction: Simplex mode lacks mechanisms for error detection and correction,
as there is no feedback from the receiver to the sender.
Table: Simplex Mode Advantages and Disadvantages

Feature Advantage Disadvantage

Direction of Unidirectional Not suitable for two-way

Communication communication

Channel Utilization Full channel bandwidth available for one- No bandwidth for feedback from
way transmission receiver to sender

Implementation Simple Limited functionality

Error Handling No error detection and correction

 Unit-1 Computer Systems
Q51. Write the advantages and disadvantages of a wireless network.
Answer: Advantages and Disadvantages of Wireless Networks:

Advantages of Wireless Networks Disadvantages of Wireless Networks

Easiest and most reliable mode of communication. Only one-way communication is possible.

Most cost-effective, requiring only one No way to verify if transmitted data has been
communication channel. received correctly.

No need for coordination between transmitting and Not suitable for applications requiring
receiving devices. bidirectional communication.

Particularly useful in situations where feedback

response is not required.

Q52. How is data transmitted in half-duplex mode?

Answer: Half-Duplex Mode:
In half-duplex mode, each station (device) can both transmit and receive data, but not simultaneously.
When one device is sending, the other can only receive, and vice versa. This mode is suitable for
applications where communication in both directions is needed, but not at the same time.
Example:
A classic example of half-duplex communication is a walkie-talkie. Users take turns speaking and listening,
with only one person able to transmit at a time.

Advantages of Half-Duplex Mode:

 Bidirectional Communication: Allows for communication in both directions, unlike simplex mode.
 Full Channel Utilization: When transmitting, the entire channel capacity is available for that
direction.
Disadvantages of Half-Duplex Mode:
 Not Simultaneous: Communication cannot occur in both directions at the same time.
 Unit-1 Computer Systems
 Turnaround Time: There is a slight delay (turnaround time) when switching between sending and
receiving modes.
Channel Capacity:
The capacity of a half-duplex channel can be calculated as:
Channel Capacity = Bandwidth * Propagation Delay
Where:
 Bandwidth: The range of frequencies available for transmission.
 Propagation Delay: The time it takes for a signal to travel from the sender to the receiver.

Q53. Briefly discuss the different types of networks.

Answer: Types of Networks:
Networks can be classified into different types based on their size and the geographical area they cover:
I. Local Area Network (LAN):
 A LAN is a network that covers a relatively small geographical area, typically confined to a single
building or a group of nearby buildings.
 LANs are used to share resources such as printers, applications, files, and internet access among
devices within the network.
 Examples of LAN technologies include Ethernet and Wi-Fi.
 LANs are commonly found in homes, offices, schools, and other small-scale environments.

II. Wide Area Network (WAN):

 A WAN is a network that covers a large geographical area, often spanning multiple cities, countries,
or even continents.
 Unit-1 Computer Systems
 WANs connect multiple LANs together, allowing for communication and data sharing between
devices located far apart.
 The internet is the largest and most well-known example of a WAN.
 WANs typically use technologies like leased lines, satellite links, and fiber optic cables for
connectivity.

III. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN):

 A MAN is a network that covers a geographical area larger than a LAN but smaller than a WAN.
 MANs typically span a city or a metropolitan area.
 They are often used to connect multiple LANs within a city, providing services like internet access
and data sharing between organizations or government agencies.

IV. Virtual Private Network (VPN):

 A VPN is a secure, private network that operates over a public network, such as the internet.
 VPNs use encryption and other security protocols to create a secure tunnel for transmitting data
between devices, ensuring confidentiality and privacy.
 Unit-1 Computer Systems
 VPNs are commonly used to access company resources remotely, bypass internet censorship, and
protect online privacy.

Q54. Define Internet.

Answer: Internet:
The Internet is a vast, decentralized global network of interconnected computer networks that facilitates
the exchange of data, information, and communication between users and devices worldwide. It
encompasses billions of computers, servers, and other devices, spanning continents and revolutionizing
how people access and share information.
Q58. Write about the evolution of the Internet.
Answer: Evolution of the Internet:
 1960s: The Internet's origins trace back to ARPANET, a U.S. Department of Defense project
connecting research institutions and military installations.
 1970s: The development of TCP/IP protocols laid the foundation for the modern Internet, enabling
different networks to communicate seamlessly.
 1990s: The World Wide Web and web browsers emerged, transforming how people access and
share information online.
 2000s: Broadband Internet and social media platforms gained widespread popularity.
 2010s: Mobile internet and the Internet of Things (IoT) revolutionized connectivity and data
exchange.
 2020s: The Internet continues to evolve with advancements in cloud computing, artificial
intelligence, and 5G technology, impacting virtually every aspect of modern life.
Q55. Explain the workings of Internet technology.
Answer: Working of the Internet:
1. Decentralized Architecture: The Internet operates on a decentralized architecture, meaning it lacks
a central control point. This design ensures resilience and prevents single points of failure.
2. Packet Switching: Data is divided into small units called packets, each containing a portion of the
original message. These packets are routed independently through the network via interconnected
routers and switches.
 Unit-1 Computer Systems
3. TCP/IP Protocols: The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP) are
fundamental protocols that govern how data is packaged, addressed, and transmitted reliably
across the Internet.
4. Domain Name System (DNS): DNS translates human-readable domain names (e.g., [invalid URL
removed]) into numerical IP addresses that computers use to identify each other.
5. Servers and Data Transmission: Content is hosted on servers worldwide. When you access a
website or online resource, your device sends requests to these servers, which respond by sending
the requested data in the form of packets.
6. OSI Model and Encapsulation: As data travels through the network, it is encapsulated with headers
at each layer of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. These headers contain information
about the data's origin, destination, and type.
7. De-encapsulation: Upon reaching its destination, the headers are removed from the data packets in
a process called de-encapsulation.
8. Security Measures: Encryption plays a crucial role in safeguarding data during transmission,
protecting it from unauthorized access.
9. Interoperability: The Internet's interoperable design allows devices and networks using different
technologies to communicate effectively, making it a truly global platform for information and
communication.

Q56. Differentiate between LAN and WAN.

Answer: Difference between LAN and WAN:

Feature LAN WAN

Acronym Local Area Network Wide Area Network

Coverage Area Small geographic area (e.g., homes, Large geographic area (e.g., cities, states,
offices, schools) countries)

Data Transfer High Lower due to congestion

Rate

Technologies Ethernet, Wi-Fi MPLS, ATM, Frame Relay, X.25

Used

Bandwidth High Low

Reliability Very reliable, rare communication errors Occasional communication errors

Number of Limited Connects computers through public

Computers networks, leased lines, or satellites
 Unit-1 Computer Systems
Additional Used for sharing resources like printers, Often connects multiple LANs together
Information files, and internet access

Q57. Highlight the advantages and disadvantages of the internet.

Answer: Advantages and Disadvantages of the Internet:
Advantages:
 Connectivity: Enables global communication and access to information.
 Vast Information: Provides a wealth of information resources and knowledge.
 Communication: Facilitates real-time communication and collaboration.
 E-commerce: Allows online shopping and digital transactions.
 Online Learning: Supports online education and research.
 Business: Enhances productivity and global reach.
 Entertainment: Offers streaming, gaming, and social media.
 Innovation: Promotes technological advancements and research.
Disadvantages:
 Privacy Concerns: Threats to personal data and online privacy.
 Cybersecurity Risks: Vulnerability to hacking and cyberattacks.
 Information Overload: Overwhelming amount of data and misinformation.
 Digital Addiction: Excessive screen time and online dependency.
 Digital Divide: Unequal access to the internet worldwide.
 Online Harassment: Cyberbullying and harassment issues.
 Health Concerns: Physical and mental health impacts due to prolonged screen time and sedentary
behaviours.

Short Questions From Exercise

Qi. What is the function and significance of Napier's Bones in early computing?
Napier's Bones were an early calculating tool invented by John Napier for performing arithmetic operations,
 Unit-1 Computer Systems
specifically multiplication and division. The tool consisted of rods inscribed with numbers, which users
could manipulate to simplify complex calculations. It was significant because it represented one of the
earliest mechanical aids for calculation, paving the way for future developments in computational devices.
Qii. How did Charles Babbage's Difference Engine differ from the Analytical Engine?
Charles Babbage's Difference Engine was an automatic mechanical calculator designed to compute
polynomial functions using a method called finite differences. It was limited to solving specific
mathematical problems. In contrast, the Analytical Engine was a more advanced design that could be
programmed to perform a variety of calculations. It featured a control flow through conditional branching
and loops, an integrated memory unit, and an arithmetic logic unit, making it the first concept of a general-
purpose computer.
Qiii. What is the primary goal of fifth-generation computers?
The primary goal of fifth-generation computers is to develop machines that leverage artificial intelligence
(AI) to perform complex tasks and natural language processing for more intuitive human-computer
interaction. These computers aim to solve problems that require cognitive processing, learn from
experience, and understand human language, thereby making technology more accessible and intelligent.
Qiv. Name the three types of memory mentioned on the motherboard in the Von Neumann architecture?
The three types of memory in the Von Neumann architecture are:
1. RAM (Random Access Memory): Temporary storage for data and instructions that the CPU needs
while executing programs.
2. ROM (Read-Only Memory): Non-volatile memory containing essential instructions for booting the
computer.
3. Cache: A smaller, faster type of volatile memory that stores copies of frequently accessed data from
main memory to speed up processing.
Qv. Differentiate between volatile and non-volatile memory.
Volatile memory, such as RAM, requires power to maintain stored data and loses all information when the
system is powered off. Non-volatile memory, like ROM or SSDs, retains data even when the power is turned
off, making it suitable for long-term data storage.
Qvi. Show memory hierarchy with the help of a diagram.
(Description of memory hierarchy:) The memory hierarchy in a computer system includes the following
levels, from fastest and most expensive to slowest and least expensive:
1. Registers: Small, fast storage locations within the CPU.
2. Cache: Fast, small-sized memory close to the CPU.
3. RAM: Main memory for currently running applications and data.
4. Secondary Storage: Includes SSDs, HDDs, and other mass storage devices for long-term data
storage.
Qvii. Why is the word size of a processor important, and how does it affect the computer's performance?
The word size of a processor indicates the number of bits it can process at one time. A larger word size
 Unit-1 Computer Systems
allows the processor to handle larger chunks of data, increasing the efficiency of data processing and
enabling more complex calculations. For instance, a 64-bit processor can process data twice as fast as a 32-
bit processor in certain applications, access larger memory spaces, and improve overall system
performance.
Qviii. What is pipelining, and how does it improve the efficiency of a CPU?
Pipelining is a technique used in CPU design where multiple instruction phases are overlapped. Instead of
executing one instruction at a time, the CPU processes several instructions simultaneously at different
stages of completion. This method maximizes the use of the CPU's resources, reduces idle times, and
increases the throughput of instructions, resulting in faster and more efficient processing.
Qix. Imagine you are building a custom computer for a friend. Give three considerations you would take
into account when choosing the type and size of memory for this computer.
1. Usage Requirements: Consider the types of applications and tasks the computer will handle. For
heavy tasks like video editing or gaming, more RAM is beneficial.
2. Budget: Determine the cost-effectiveness of choosing between different types of storage (e.g., SSD
vs. HDD) based on the user's budget and storage needs.
3. Future Upgradability: Plan for potential future upgrades, ensuring the motherboard and power
supply can support additional or faster memory components.
Qx. You are a computer technician tasked with upgrading an older computer with a slow CPU. How
might you improve its performance without replacing the entire CPU?
To improve the computer's performance without replacing the CPU, you could:
1. Upgrade the RAM: Adding more or faster RAM can help improve multitasking and overall system
responsiveness.
2. Install an SSD: Replacing a traditional HDD with an SSD can significantly reduce boot times and load
times for applications.
3. Optimize Software: Update the operating system and drivers, remove unnecessary startup
programs, and run maintenance tasks like disk cleanup and defragmentation.
Qxi. Your school is planning to purchase new printers for the computer lab. Give three advantages and
disadvantages of impact and non-impact printers to help them make a decision.
Impact Printers:

 Advantages:
1. Cost-effective for bulk printing.
2. Durable, suitable for printing multi-part forms.
3. Low operating costs with inexpensive consumables.
 Disadvantages:
 Unit-1 Computer Systems
1. Noisy during operation.
2. Generally slower printing speeds.
3. Lower print quality, especially for graphics.
Non-Impact Printers:
 Advantages:
1. Quiet operation.
2. High-quality output, suitable for text and images.
3. Faster printing speeds.
 Disadvantages:
1. Higher initial and maintenance costs.
2. Consumables (ink or toner) can be expensive.
3. Less durable for multi-part forms compared to impact printers.
Qxii. Define "protocol" in the context of data communication.
In data communication, a protocol is a set of rules and conventions that define how data is transmitted and
received over a network. Protocols ensure that devices can communicate with each other correctly and
reliably, regardless of their underlying hardware or software differences.
Qxiii. Define simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex modes of communication with one example each.
 Simplex: Communication is unidirectional, meaning data flows in only one direction. Example: A
television broadcast.
 Half-Duplex: Communication can occur in both directions, but not simultaneously. Example: A
walkie-talkie.
 Full-Duplex: Communication can occur in both directions simultaneously. Example: A telephone
conversation.
Qxiv. What are start and stop bits, and where are they used in data transmission?
Start and stop bits are used in asynchronous serial communication to indicate the beginning and end of a
data packet. The start bit signals the receiver to prepare for incoming data, while the stop bit indicates the
end of the data packet. They help ensure data synchronization between the sender and receiver.
Qxv. How does a switch differ from a hub in a network?
A switch operates at the data link layer (Layer 2) and can intelligently forward data to specific devices on a
network based on MAC addresses, reducing network congestion. A hub operates at the physical layer
(Layer 1) and broadcasts data to all devices in the network, regardless of the intended recipient, leading to
potential inefficiencies.
Qxvi. How does asynchronous transmission differ from synchronous transmission, and in what situations
are they typically used?
 Unit-1 Computer Systems
 Asynchronous Transmission: Data is sent one byte at a time with start and stop bits, allowing data
to be sent at irregular intervals. Commonly used in situations where data is sent sporadically, such
as keyboard inputs.
 Synchronous Transmission: Data is sent in a continuous stream with synchronized timing signals,
allowing for faster data transfer rates. Typically used in situations requiring high-speed
communication, such as network data transfer.
Qxvii. Explain the concept of a peer-to-peer network and its limitations compared to a client/server
network.
In a peer-to-peer network, all devices have equal status and can share resources directly with each other.
This setup is easy to implement and cost-effective. However, it has limitations such as lack of centralized
control, reduced security, and scalability issues compared to a client/server network, where a central
server manages resources and security.
Qxviii. Compare and contrast the star and ring network topologies.
 Star Topology: All devices are connected to a central hub or switch. It offers easy management and
troubleshooting, as a single device failure doesn't affect the network. However, if the central hub
fails, the entire network is disrupted.
 Ring Topology: Devices are connected in a circular manner, with each device having two neighbors.
Data travels in one direction (or both in a dual-ring). It's more challenging to troubleshoot and
maintain, but offers efficient data transfer. A single device failure can disrupt the entire network
unless a redundant ring is in place.
Qxix. Why is mesh topology considered the most reliable but also the most expensive to implement?
Mesh topology provides each device with multiple connections to other devices, ensuring that if one
connection fails, data can still be routed through other paths. This redundancy makes it highly reliable.
However, the extensive cabling and hardware required for multiple connections make it the most
expensive topology to implement.
Qxx. What is the role of the Application Layer in the OSI model?
The Application Layer is the topmost layer of the OSI model and serves as the interface between the end-
user and the network. It provides services for network applications, enabling processes to communicate
over the network. Examples include protocols like HTTP, FTP,

SOL Based Short Questions

Modern Computing and System Components

QI. Who is considered the father of modern computing?
Ans: Alan Turing.
 Unit-1 Computer Systems
Q2. What was the first mechanical computer?
Ans: The Analytical Engine, designed by Charles Babbage.
Q3. Which device was used for calculations before the invention of computers?
Ans: Abacus.
Q4. When was the first electronic digital computer invented?
Ans: In the 1940s during World War II.
Q5. What was the name of the first electronic digital computer?
Ans: ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer).
Q6. What was the primary purpose of the ENIAC?
Ans: To calculate artillery firing tables for the United States Army.
Q7. What was the main drawback of first-generation computers?
Ans: They were large, cumbersome, and used vacuum tubes, making them inefficient and unreliable.
Q8. What replaced vacuum tubes in second-generation computers?
Ans: Transistors.
Q9. What was the impact of transistors on computers?
Ans: They made computers smaller, faster, more reliable, and more energy-efficient.
Q10. What was the primary storage medium in early computers?
Ans: Magnetic drums and tapes.
Q11. When were integrated circuits (ICs) invented?
Ans: In the late 1950s and early 1960s.
Q12. What were the main components of third-generation computers?
Ans: Integrated circuits (ICs), which combined multiple transistors onto a single chip.
Q13. What was the main advantage of third-generation computers?
Ans: They were smaller, faster, more reliable, and cheaper to produce than previous generations.
Q14. When were microprocessors invented?
Ans: In the early 1970s.
Q15. Who invented the microprocessor?
Ans: Ted Hoff, Federico Faggin, and Stanley Mazor at Intel Corporation.
Q16. What was the significance of microprocessors?
Ans: They allowed entire CPU functionalities to be integrated onto a single chip, leading to the
development of fourth-generation computers.
Q17. What were the main characteristics of fourth-generation computers?
Ans: They featured microprocessors, were smaller in size, lower in cost, and had increased processing
power.
Q18. When did the era of personal computers begin?
Ans: In the late 1970s and early 1980s.
 Unit-1 Computer Systems
Q19. What was the first commercially successful personal computer?
Ans: The Altair 8800.
Q20. Who founded Apple Inc.?
Ans: Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, and Ronald Wayne.
Q21. What was the first microcomputer to feature a graphical user interface (GUI)?
Ans: The Xerox Alto.
Q22. When was the first IBM PC released?
Ans: In 1981.
Q23. What was the operating system of the first IBM PC?
Ans: MS-DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System).
Q24. When was the World Wide Web invented?
Ans: In 1989 by Tim Berners-Lee.
Q25. What was the first web browser called?
Ans: WorldWideWeb (later renamed Nexus).
Q26. When did the internet become widely accessible to the public?
Ans: In the early 1990s.
Q27. What is the main characteristic of fifth-generation computers?
Ans: Artificial intelligence (AI) and natural language processing capabilities.
Q28. What are examples of fifth-generation technologies?
Ans: Expert systems, neural networks, and genetic algorithms.
Q29. When did the term "fifth-generation computer" come into use?
Ans: In the early 1980s.
Q30. What is the current trend in computer development?
Ans: Advancements in artificial intelligence, quantum computing, and Internet of Things (IoT) technologies.

System and Its Components

Q1. What is a system?
Ans: A system is a collection of components that work together to achieve a common goal or purpose.
Q2. What are the main components of a system?
Ans: Inputs, processes, outputs, and feedback.
Q3. What is the purpose of inputs in a system?
Ans: Inputs provide the system with the necessary resources or information to operate.
Q4. What do processes do in a system?
Ans: Processes transform inputs into outputs.
Q5. What are outputs in a system?
Ans: Outputs are the results or outcomes produced by the system's processes.
 Unit-1 Computer Systems
Q6. Why is feedback important in a system?
Ans: Feedback allows the system to monitor and adjust its performance based on the results achieved.
Q7. What is a closed system?
Ans: A closed system does not interact with its environment and operates solely based on its internal
components.
Q8. Give an example of a closed system.
Ans: A watch is a closed system because it operates independently of its environment.
Q9. What is an open system?
Ans: An open system interacts with its environment, exchanging resources, information, or energy with it.
Q10. Provide an example of an open system.
Ans: A living organism, such as a human being, is an open system because it exchanges energy and
nutrients with its environment.
Q11. What is the difference between a physical and an abstract system?
Ans: A physical system consists of tangible components, while an abstract system involves conceptual
elements or ideas.
Q12. Give an example of a physical system.
Ans: A car is a physical system because it comprises tangible components like wheels, an engine, and a
chassis.
Q13. Provide an example of an abstract system.
Ans: The management structure of a company is an abstract system because it involves organizational
hierarchies and processes.
Q14. What is a deterministic system?
Ans: A deterministic system produces the same output for a given set of inputs under identical conditions.
Q15. Give an example of a deterministic system.
Ans: A simple calculator always produces the same result for a specific mathematical operation.
Q16. What is a stochastic system?
Ans: A stochastic system produces unpredictable outputs due to random or probabilistic factors.
Q17. Provide an example of a stochastic system.
Ans: Weather forecasting is a stochastic system because it involves numerous unpredictable variables like
wind speed, temperature, and humidity.
Q18. What is a static system?
Ans: A static system remains unchanged over time.
Q19. Give an example of a static system.
Ans: A photograph is a static system because it captures a moment in time and does not change unless
physically altered.
Q20. What is a dynamic system?
Ans: A dynamic system evolves or changes over time.
 Unit-1 Computer Systems
Q21. Provide an example of a dynamic system.
Ans: The population of a city is a dynamic system because it grows or declines over time due to various
factors like birth rate, migration, and mortality.
Q22. What is the purpose of a hierarchical system?
Ans: A hierarchical system organizes components into levels or layers based on their importance or
function.
Q23. Give an example of a hierarchical system.
Ans: The file system of a computer organizes files into directories and subdirectories in a hierarchical
manner.
Q24. What is the advantage of a decentralized system?
Ans: A decentralized system distributes decision-making authority across multiple components, reducing
the risk of single points of failure.
Q25. Provide an example of a decentralized system.
Ans: A peer-to-peer (P2P) network is a decentralized system where each node can act as both a client and
a server.
Q26. What is the purpose of a distributed system?
Ans: A distributed system spreads its processing workload across multiple interconnected computers or
nodes.
Q27. Give an example of a distributed system.
Ans: The internet is a distributed system because it connects millions of computers worldwide, allowing
them to share resources and information.
Q28. What is the primary characteristic of a real-time system?
Ans: A real-time system must process and respond to inputs within a specified timeframe, often with
stringent timing requirements.
Q29. Provide an example of a real-time system.
Ans: Air traffic control systems must continuously monitor and respond to aircraft movements in real-time
to ensure safety.
Q30. What is the purpose of an adaptive system?
Ans: An adaptive system can modify its behavior or structure based on changes in its environment or
internal conditions.
Q31. Give an example of an adaptive system.
Ans: An adaptive learning algorithm used in artificial intelligence can improve performance over time by
adjusting its parameters based on feedback data.

Components of a Computer System

Q1. What are the four main components of a computer system?
Ans: CPU (Central Processing Unit), Memory (RAM), Storage (Hard Drive or SSD), and Input/Output Devices.
 Unit-1 Computer Systems
Q2. What is the CPU responsible for?
Ans: The CPU is the brain of the computer, responsible for executing instructions, performing calculations,
and managing data flow.
Q3. What does RAM stand for, and what is its role?
Ans: RAM stands for Random Access Memory, and it temporarily stores data and instructions that the CPU
needs to access quickly.
Q4. What is the purpose of storage in a computer system?
Ans: Storage devices hold data and programs even when the computer is turned off, providing long-term
storage for files and applications.
Q5. Name two examples of storage devices.
Ans: Hard Disk Drive (HDD) and Solid State Drive (SSD).
Q6. What are input devices, and why are they essential?
Ans: Input devices allow users to interact with the computer by providing data or commands. They are
essential for entering information into the system.
Q7. Give three examples of input devices.
Ans: Keyboard, mouse, and microphone.
Q8. What role do output devices play in a computer system?
Ans: Output devices display or provide processed data to the user in a usable form.
Q9. Provide three examples of output devices.
Ans: Monitor (or display), printer, and speakers.
Q10. What is the function of the motherboard in a computer system?
Ans: The motherboard is the main circuit board that connects all the components of the computer,
allowing them to communicate with each other.
Q11. What are expansion slots on a motherboard used for?
Ans: Expansion slots allow users to add additional components or peripherals to the computer, such as
graphics cards or network cards.
Q12. What is BIOS, and what is its role in a computer system?
Ans: BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) is firmware that initializes hardware components during the boot
process and provides basic system functions.
Q13. What is the role of a graphics card in a computer system?
Ans: A graphics card (GPU) processes and renders images, videos, and 3D graphics, enhancing the
computer's visual capabilities.
Q14. What is a sound card, and what is its function?
Ans: A sound card processes audio signals, enabling the computer to produce sound output through
speakers or headphones.
 Unit-1 Computer Systems
Q15. What is the purpose of a power supply unit (PSU)?
Ans: The power supply unit converts electrical power from an outlet into usable voltages to power the
components of the computer system.
Q16. What is a network interface card (NIC), and what does it do?
Ans: A network interface card allows a computer to connect to a network, enabling communication with
other devices and access to the internet.
Q17. What is a CPU cooler, and why is it necessary?
Ans: A CPU cooler dissipates heat generated by the CPU during operation, preventing overheating and
ensuring stable performance.
Q18. What is the role of the operating system (OS) in a computer system?
Ans: The operating system manages hardware resources, provides a user interface, and facilitates the
execution of software applications.
Q19. Give three examples of operating systems.
Ans: Microsoft Windows, macOS, and Linux.
Q20. What is the purpose of device drivers in a computer system?
Ans: Device drivers allow the operating system to communicate with and control hardware devices,
ensuring compatibility and proper functionality.
Q21. What is the function of a keyboard controller?
Ans: The keyboard controller processes input from the keyboard, translating key presses into electrical
signals that the computer can understand.
Q22. What is a CMOS battery, and why is it important?
Ans: A CMOS battery powers the CMOS memory chip, which stores BIOS settings and system configuration
information, ensuring they are retained even when the computer is powered off.
Q23. What is a heat sink, and what does it do?
Ans: A heat sink absorbs and dissipates heat away from hot components such as the CPU or GPU, helping
to maintain optimal operating temperatures.
Q24. What is the role of a fan in a computer system?
Ans: Fans circulate air inside the computer case, cooling components and preventing overheating.
Q25. What is a USB port, and what is its purpose?
Ans: A USB port allows users to connect external devices such as flash drives, printers, and keyboards to
the computer for data transfer or device interaction.
Q26. What is an optical drive, and what does it do?
Ans: An optical drive reads and writes data to optical discs such as CDs, DVDs, and Blu-ray discs.
Q27. What is a modem, and what is its function?
Ans: A modem modulates and demodulates digital signals, enabling communication between a computer
and the internet or other network devices over a telephone or cable line.
 Unit-1 Computer Systems
Q28. What is a webcam, and what is it used for?
Ans: A webcam captures video and audio, allowing users to engage in video conferencing, streaming, or
recording.
Q29. What is a touchpad, and where is it commonly found?
Ans: A touchpad is a pointing device commonly found on laptops, allowing users to control the cursor by
moving their fingers across a sensitive surface.
Q30. What is a battery backup, and why is it useful?
Ans: A battery backup, also known as an uninterruptible power supply (UPS), provides temporary power
during outages, allowing users to safely shut down their computer and prevent data loss.

Von Neumann Architecture

Q1. What is Von Neumann Architecture?
Ans: Von Neumann Architecture is a computer architecture design that uses a single data bus to transfer
instructions and data between the CPU, memory, and input/output devices.
Q2. Who developed the Von Neumann Architecture?
Ans: It was proposed by mathematician and physicist John von Neumann in the 1940s.
Q3. What are the key components of Von Neumann Architecture?
Ans: The key components are the CPU (Central Processing Unit), Memory Unit, Control Unit, and
Input/Output devices.
Q4. What is the role of the CPU in Von Neumann Architecture?
Ans: The CPU executes instructions, performs calculations, and controls the operation of the computer
system.
Q5. What is the function of the Memory Unit in Von Neumann Architecture?
Ans: The Memory Unit stores data and instructions that the CPU needs to access during program execution.
Q6. What is the Control Unit responsible for in Von Neumann Architecture?
Ans: The Control Unit directs the flow of data and instructions within the CPU and coordinates
communication between the CPU and other components.
Q7. What are Input/Output devices in Von Neumann Architecture?
Ans: Input/Output devices allow users to interact with the computer system by providing input (e.g.,
keyboard, mouse) and receiving output (e.g., monitor, printer).
Q8. What is the significance of the single data bus in Von Neumann Architecture?
Ans: The single data bus allows instructions and data to be transferred between the CPU, memory, and I/O
devices, simplifying communication and control.
Q9. How does the CPU fetch instructions in Von Neumann Architecture?
Ans: The CPU fetches instructions from memory by sending memory addresses over the data bus.
Q10. What happens during the instruction execution phase in Von Neumann Architecture?
Ans: During this phase, the CPU decodes and executes the fetched instruction, performing the specified
operation.
 Unit-1 Computer Systems
Q11. What is meant by the term "stored program concept" in Von Neumann Architecture?
Ans: The stored program concept refers to the idea that both instructions and data are stored in memory,
allowing programs to be easily modified and executed.
Q12. What are the advantages of Von Neumann Architecture?
Ans: Advantages include simplicity, flexibility, and the ability to store and execute programs.
Q13. What are the limitations of Von Neumann Architecture?
Ans: Limitations include potential bottlenecks in data transfer and the inability to perform simultaneous
data fetch and execute operations.
Q14. What is meant by "Harvard Architecture," and how does it differ from Von Neumann Architecture?
Ans: Harvard Architecture uses separate memory units for instructions and data, whereas Von Neumann
Architecture uses a single memory unit for both.
Q15. Give an example of a Von Neumann Architecture-based computer.
Ans: Most modern computers, including desktops, laptops, and servers, are based on Von Neumann
Architecture.
Q16. What is the role of the Program Counter (PC) in Von Neumann Architecture?
Ans: The Program Counter holds the memory address of the next instruction to be fetched and executed
by the CPU.
Q17. What is the purpose of the Instruction Register (IR) in Von Neumann Architecture?
Ans: The Instruction Register temporarily holds the currently fetched instruction until it is decoded and
executed by the CPU.
Q18. How does Von Neumann Architecture handle conditional branching in programs?
Ans: Conditional branching is achieved using control instructions that modify the Program Counter based
on specified conditions.
Q19. What is meant by the term "fetch-execute cycle" in Von Neumann Architecture?
Ans: The fetch-execute cycle refers to the process by which the CPU fetches, decodes, and executes
instructions sequentially from memory.
Q20. Explain the role of the Accumulator in Von Neumann Architecture.
Ans: The Accumulator is a special-purpose register that holds the result of arithmetic and logic operations
performed by the CPU.
Q21. What is meant by "word size" in Von Neumann Architecture?
Ans: Word size refers to the number of bits that can be processed or transferred as a single unit by the CPU,
typically 32 or 64 bits in modern systems.
Q22. How does Von Neumann Architecture handle data storage and retrieval?
Ans: Data is stored in memory addresses, and the CPU accesses specific memory locations to retrieve or
store data as needed.
Q23. What is the purpose of the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) in Von Neumann Architecture?
Ans: The ALU performs arithmetic and logic operations, such as addition, subtraction, multiplication,
division, and comparison, on data fetched from memory.
 Unit-1 Computer Systems
Q24. Explain the role of the Memory Address Register (MAR) in Von Neumann Architecture.
Ans: The Memory Address Register holds the memory address of the data or instruction currently being
accessed or modified by the CPU.
Q25. What is the significance of the Memory Data Register (MDR) in Von Neumann Architecture?
Ans: The Memory Data Register temporarily holds the data or instruction fetched from or written to
memory by the CPU.
Q26. How does Von Neumann Architecture handle input and output operations?
Ans: Input/output operations involve transferring data between the CPU and external devices via the
input/output bus and controller.
Q27. What is meant by "pipelining" in Von Neumann Architecture?
Ans: Pipelining is a technique that allows the CPU to overlap the execution of multiple instructions,
improving overall performance by reducing idle time.
Q28. Explain the concept of "fetch, decode, execute" in Von Neumann Architecture.
Ans: This refers to the sequential steps performed by the CPU for each instruction: fetching the instruction
from memory, decoding its opcode and operands, and executing the specified operation.
Q29. How does Von Neumann Architecture handle interrupts?
Ans: Interrupts are signals that temporarily halt the CPU's current execution to handle urgent tasks or
respond to external events, such as user input or hardware errors.
Q30. What advancements in computer architecture have emerged from Von Neumann Architecture?
Ans: Advancements include pipelining, caching, parallel processing, and multicore architectures, which
enhance performance and efficiency while retaining the basic principles of Von Neumann Architecture.

Data Transmission Within a Computer System

Q1. What is data transmission within a computer system?
Ans: Data transmission is the process of sending digital information from one component to another within
a computer system.
Q2. What is the primary medium for data transmission within a computer system?
Ans: Electrical signals traveling along conductive pathways, such as wires or traces on a printed circuit
board.
Q3. Why is data transmission important in computer systems?
Ans: Data transmission enables communication and exchange of information between different
components, facilitating computer operations.
 Unit-1 Computer Systems
Q4. What is the significance of data transmission speed?
Ans: Faster data transmission speeds lead to quicker processing and response times, improving overall
system performance.
Q5. What factors influence data transmission speed?
Ans: Quality of the transmission medium, distance traveled by the data, and capabilities of the transmitting
and receiving components.
Q6. What is latency in data transmission?
Ans: Latency refers to the delay between initiating data transmission and its reception, influenced by
factors like signal propagation time and processing delays.
Q7. What are the two main methods of data transmission within a computer system?
Ans: Parallel transmission and serial transmission.
Q8. Describe parallel transmission.
Ans: Parallel transmission sends multiple bits of data simultaneously over separate channels, often using
multiple wires.
Q9. What are the advantages of parallel transmission?
Ans: Parallel transmission can achieve faster data transfer rates over short distances due to the
simultaneous transmission of multiple bits.
Q10. What are the disadvantages of parallel transmission?
Ans: It is susceptible to timing issues and signal degradation over longer distances and requires more
complex hardware.
Q11. Explain serial transmission.
Ans: Serial transmission sends data one bit at a time over a single channel, typically using a single wire.
Q12. What are the advantages of serial transmission?
Ans: It is more suitable for long-distance transmission, consumes less power, and requires fewer wires,
making it cost-effective and simpler to implement.
Q13. What is a data packet in the context of data transmission?
Ans: A data packet is a unit of data transmitted over a network, containing both the payload (actual data)
and control information (e.g., source and destination addresses).
Q14. What is a protocol in data transmission?
Ans: A protocol is a set of rules and conventions that govern how data is formatted, transmitted, received,
and interpreted between devices on a network.
Q15. What is modulation in data transmission?
Ans: Modulation is the process of encoding digital data onto an analog signal for transmission over a
communication medium, such as a cable or radio wave.
Q16. What is demodulation?
Ans: Demodulation is the process of extracting digital data from an analog signal received at the
destination.
 Unit-1 Computer Systems
Q17. What is the role of a modem in data transmission?
Ans: A modem (modulator-demodulator) converts digital data from a computer into analog signals for
transmission over telephone lines or cable networks and vice versa.
Q18. What is full-duplex transmission?
Ans: Full-duplex transmission allows data to be transmitted in both directions simultaneously, enabling bi-
directional communication.
Q19. What is half-duplex transmission?
Ans: Half-duplex transmission allows data to be transmitted in both directions but not simultaneously,
requiring devices to take turns transmitting and receiving.
Q20. What is simplex transmission?
Ans: Simplex transmission allows data to be transmitted in only one direction, typically from a sender to a
receiver, with no feedback or response.
Q21. What is a transmission medium?
Ans: A transmission medium is the physical pathway through which data is transmitted, including wired
(e.g., cables) and wireless (e.g., radio waves) mediums.
Q22. What is bandwidth in data transmission?
Ans: Bandwidth refers to the maximum amount of data that can be transmitted over a communication
channel in a given period, typically measured in bits per second (bps).
Q23. What is throughput in data transmission?
Ans: Throughput is the actual rate of successful data transmission over a communication channel, which
may be lower than the maximum bandwidth due to factors like latency and network congestion.
Q24. What is error detection and correction in data transmission?
Ans: Error detection and correction techniques identify and fix errors during data transmission, ensuring
data integrity and reliability.
Q25. What is multiplexing in data transmission?
Ans: Multiplexing is the technique of combining multiple data streams into a single transmission channel
for more efficient use of available bandwidth.
Q26. What is the role of a network interface card (NIC) in data transmission?
Ans: A network interface card connects a computer to a network, enabling data transmission to and from
other devices on the network.
Q27. What is a router, and how does it facilitate data transmission?
Ans: A router is a networking device that forwards data packets between computer networks, determining
the most efficient path for data transmission.
Q28. What is a switch, and how does it differ from a router?
Ans: A switch is a networking device that connects multiple devices within a local area network (LAN),
directing data packets only to the intended recipient device. In contrast, a router operates at the network
layer and connects multiple networks.
 Unit-1 Computer Systems
Q29. What is a firewall, and what is its role in data transmission?
Ans: A firewall is a security device or software that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network
traffic, protecting against unauthorized access and threats.
Q30. What is encryption, and how does it enhance data transmission security?
Ans: Encryption is the process of encoding data to prevent unauthorized access or interception during
transmission, enhancing the security and privacy of data communication.

Important - MCQS

S.No Question a b c d Answer

1 Who is considered Alan Turing Charles John von Steve Jobs a

the father of Babbage Neumann
modern
computing?

2 What was the first Zuse Z3 Difference Analytical Mark I c

mechanical Engine Engine
computer?

3 Which device was Calculator Abacus Slide rule Napier's b

used for
 Unit-1 Computer Systems
calculations before Bones
the invention of
computers?

4 When was the first 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s b

electronic digital
computer
invented?

5 What was the UNIVAC IBM PC ENIAC Colossus c

name of the first
electronic digital
computer?

6 What was the Weather Financial Artillery firing Chemical c

primary purpose prediction calculations tables analysis
of the ENIAC?

7 What was the Large and Lack of High Poor user a

main drawback of inefficient storage maintenance interface
first-generation
computers?

8 What replaced Transistors Integrated Microprocessors Magnetic a

vacuum tubes in circuits cores
second-generation
computers?

9 What was the Made them Reduced their Increased their Decreased a
impact of smaller and weight price their
transistors on faster reliability
computers?

10 What was the Magnetic drums Punch cards Optical disks SSDs a
primary storage and tapes
medium in early
computers?

11 When were Late 1950s and Early 1940s Late 1970s Early 1990s a
integrated circuits early 1960s
(ICs) invented?

12 What were the Integrated Transistors Vacuum tubes Magnetic a

main components circuits drums
of third-generation
computers?

13 What was the They were Had better Consumed more Were user- a
 Unit-1 Computer Systems
main advantage of smaller and displays power friendly
third-generation faster
computers?

14 When were Late 1960s Early 1970s Early 1980s Late 1990s b
microprocessors
invented?

15 Who invented the Steve Jobs Ted Hoff, Bill Gates Gordon b
microprocessor? Federico Moore
Faggin,
Stanley
Mazor

16 What was the Integrated CPU Enhanced Enabled wireless Improved a

significance of functionalities display communication battery life
microprocessors? onto a single technologies
chip

17 What were the Used Introduced Depended on Had large a

main microprocessors CRT monitors mainframes size
characteristics of
fourth-generation
computers?

18 When did the era Late 1970s and Mid 1960s Early 1950s Late 1990s a
of personal early 1980s
computers begin?

19 What was the first Apple II Altair 8800 IBM PC Commodore b

commercially 64
successful
personal
computer?

20 Who founded Steve Jobs, Steve Bill Gates, Mark Larry Page, a
Apple Inc.? Wozniak, Ronald Paul Allen Zuckerberg, Sergey Brin
Wayne Eduardo Saverin

21 What was the first Xerox Alto Macintosh IBM PC Altair 8800 a
microcomputer to
feature a graphical
user interface
(GUI)?

22 When was the first 1981 1975 1984 1990 a

IBM PC released?
 Unit-1 Computer Systems
23 What was the CP/M MS-DOS UNIX OS/2 b
operating system
of the first IBM
PC?

24 When was the 1983 1989 1993 1995 b

World Wide Web
invented?

25 What was the first WorldWideWeb Mosaic Netscape Internet a

web browser Navigator Explorer
called?

26 When did the 1980s Early 1990s Late 1990s Early 2000s b
internet become
widely accessible
to the public?

27 What is the main Artificial Use of CRT Magnetic Punch card a

characteristic of intelligence monitors storage input
fifth-generation capabilities
computers?

28 What are Expert systems, Vacuum tubes Magnetic drums Cathode ray a
examples of fifth- neural networks tubes
generation
technologies?

29 When did the 1960s 1980s 1990s 2000s b

term "fifth-
generation
computer" come
into use?

30 What is the Development of Focus on Enhancing CRT Emphasizing a

current trend in AI, quantum mainframe technology physical size
computer computing computers reduction
development?

31 What is a system? A computer A collection A software A network b

device of program protocol
components
working
together

32 What are the main Inputs, Hardware, CPU, memory, Operating a

components of a processes, software, data storage system,
outputs, and
 Unit-1 Computer Systems
system? feedback applications

33 What is the Provide Display Store data Transmit a

purpose of inputs resources or output data
in a system? information

34 What do processes Transform inputs Store data Display Delete data a

do in a system? into outputs information

35 What are outputs Results produced Inputs Data stored Errors a

in a system? by processes received detected

36 Why is feedback To delete errors To monitor To add inputs To store b

important in a and adjust outputs
system? performance

37 What is a closed A system with A system with A flexible system A network b

system? input and output no interaction system
with the
environment

38 Give an example A computer A watch A library system An b

of a closed system. network ecosystem

39 What is an open Interacts with Has no Is fully Uses a

system? the environment outputs automated vacuum
tubes

40 Provide an A clock A calendar A living A manual c

example of an organism typewriter
open system.

41 What is the Physical has Physical is Physical is Physical is a

difference tangible large; abstract cheap; abstract digital;
between a components; is small is expensive abstract is
physical and an abstract is analog
abstract system? conceptual

42 Give an example A car A A legal system An ideology a

of a physical management
system. structure

43 Provide an A computer The A bridge A b

example of an management smartphone
abstract system. structure of a
company

44 What is a A system with no A system with A system with A system c

deterministic outputs random predictable that only
 Unit-1 Computer Systems
system? outputs outputs accepts
inputs

45 Give an example A simple Weather Stock market Lottery a

of a deterministic calculator forecasting prediction drawing
system.

46 What is a Produces Produces no Always accurate Is manually a

stochastic system? unpredictable outputs controlled
outputs