❖ Acid:- An acid is defined as a substance whose water solution tastes

sour, turns blue litmus red, and neutralizes bases.

❖ Base:- A substance is called base if its aqueous solution tastes bitter,
turns red litmus blue, or neutralizes acids.
❖ Salt:- Salt is a neutral substance whose aqueous solution does not
affect litmus.

Acids, Bases, and Salts

▪ Litmus solution ❖ Methyl orange –
purple dye (from lichen plant, ▪ Neutral – orange
(Thallophyte) ▪ Acid – red

ACIDS
❖ Indicators:- ▪ Base – yellow
▪ Acid – red ❖ Other natural materials –
▪ Basic – blue ▪ Red cabbage leaves,
❖ Phenolphthalein :- turmeric coloured petals
▪ Neutral – colourless of some flowers,
▪ Acid – colourless hydrangea, petunia,
▪ Basic – pink geranium
Note :- olfactory indicators – Odor changes in acidic or basic. E.g.;- clove oil, vanilla, onion
 ACIDS TYPES OF ACIDS
▪ Acids have sour taste ON THE BASIS OF SOURCE/OCCURRENCE:-
▪ Corrosive in nature
▪ Release H+ ions in aqueous solution 1. Organic/ Natural Acids - These are obtained from natural
▪ e.g. sulphuric acid (H2SO4), Acetic acid sources, such as fruits and animal products. For e.g. lactic, citric,
(CH3COOH), Nitric Acid (HNO3) and tartaric acid etc.
etc…
▪ Acid can corrode metals like 1. Mineral Acids - Mineral acids are acids prepared from minerals.
aluminium and iron due to their Examples are Hydrochloric acid (HCl), Sulphuric Acid (H2SO4),
and nitric acid (HNO3) etc.
corrosive nature. That is why acids are
stored in glass containers and not in
metal containers

ORGANIC ACIDS Mineral Acids

ACIDS SOURCE
ACIDS USES
Lactic Acid Curd, Milk
Hydrochloric acid Used to remove rust from metals
Ascorbic Acid Amla
Sulphuric acid Used in automobile batteries fertilizers, paints
Oxalic Acid Tomatoes plastic and dyes
Citric Acid Oranges And Lemons Nitric acid Used in fertilizers, plastics, photographic films,
Malic Acid Apple explosive and dyes
Tartaric Acid Grapes & Unripe Mango
Acetic acid Used in food supplements as a raw material
Formic Acid Ant’s Sting and used as solvent
Acetic Acid Vinegar
 ❖ Depending upon the amount of water present in PROPERTIES OF ACIDS
acids, they are categorized into concentrated and ➢ Acids react with metal to from
dilute acids. a salt and hydrogen gas:-

➢ Concentrated Acids :- acids that contain only a small ➢ Acid + active metal = salt +
quantity of water are called concentrated acids. hydrogen + heat
➢ 2hcl + Mg = Mgcl2 + H2 ( )
➢ Dilute Acids:- acids that contain more water than the ➢ Hydrochloric acid +
concentrated acid are called dilute acids. They can be magnesium = magnesium
obtained by adding water to a concentrated acid. chloride + hydrogen

❖ Reaction of acids with metal carbonates and Acid and base with each other
bicarbonates
➢ Neutralization reaction
➢ Base + acid = salt + water
▪ Acid + metal carbonate or bicarbonates = salt + water + carbon
dioxide ➢ NaoH + HCl = NaCl + H2O
▪ e.g :-
▪ Na2CO3 + 2HCl = 2NaCl + H2O + CO2
▪ NaHCO3 + HCl = NaCl + H2O + CO2 ❖ Metal oxide + Acid = salt + water
Note :- limestone, chalk & marble are composed
of the compound calcium carbonate (caco3)
 STRONG AND WEAK ACIDS UNDERSTANDING BASES

➢ Strong acid : when all

▪ Bases have a bitter taste.
molecules of a given amount
of an acid dissociate ▪ Soapy/soft to touch.
completely in water to furnish ▪ Release OH- ions in aqueous solution.
their respective ions, H+(aq) ▪ Example :- sodium hydroxide (NaOH)(Caustic soda)
for acid ▪ Potassium hydroxide (KOH) (caustic potash)
➢ Weak acid : when only a few ▪ Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2)
of the molecules of a given
▪ Water soluble bases are known as ALKALIS.
amount of an acid dissociate
in water to furnish their ▪ Note :- All bases do not dissolve in water except Alkalis
respective ions, H+ (aq) for
acid

PROPERTIES OF BASE
❖ The reaction of Non-metal Oxide with bases
▪ Reactions of bases with metals
▪ Alkalis (bases that are soluble in ➢ Non-metal oxides react with bases to produce
water ) react with the metal to salt and water.
produce salt and hydrogen gas ➢ For example the reaction of carbon dioxide
for example reaction of zinc and lime water (calcium hydroxide)
with sodium hydroxide
▪ NaOH (aq) + Zn(S) = Na2ZnO2 ➢ CO2 + Ca(OH)2 = CaCO3 + H2O
+ H2(g)
 UNIVERSAL INDICATORS SALT
▪ A universal indicator has a pH range from 0
➢ The compounds formed by the reaction between an acids and a bases
to 14 that indicates the acidity or alkalinity
are known as a salts.
of a solution
➢ Acid + Base = salt + water
▪ More H+ ions = strong acid
➢ Salts are ionic compounds which contain positively Charged cations
▪ Less H+ ions = weak acid
and negatively charged anions.
▪ Our body = 7.0 – 7.8
➢ During salt formation Cation is coming from base and anion is
▪ Acid rain = rain less than 5.6 pH
coming from acid.
▪ Acid rain – SO2 ( Sulphur dioxide ) + NO2
➢ e.g.- in sodium chloride (NaCl) formation cation sodium is coming
(Nitrogen oxide )
from sodium hydroxide and anion chlorine is coming from
▪ Atmosphere of Venus = thick whit and
hydrochloric acid
(sulphuric acid) yellowish
▪ Tooth decay – mouth pH lower than 5.5

Salts in everyday life ➢ Sodium hydroxide (NaOH):-

➢ Sodium hydroxide is a strong base.
➢ It is also known as caustic soda.
❖ Baking soda :-
➢ It is obtained by the electrolytic decomposition of
solution of sodium chloride (brine).
➢ Chemical name:- sodium hydrogen carbonate ➢ In the process of electrolytic decomposition of
➢ Molecular formula:- NaHCO3 brine (aqueous solution of sodium chloride),
brine decomposes to form sodium hydroxide.
➢ Sodium hydrogen carbonate is commonly called as baking soda ➢ It this process, chlorine is obtained at Anode and
➢ Sodium hydrogen carbonate is used in the baking industry hydrogen gas is obtained at cathode as by
➢ It is used in preparation of soda acid. products.
➢ It is also used in foam type fire extinguishers ➢ This whole process is known as chlor-alkali
process
Bleaching powder (CaOCl2):- BAKING SODA (NaHco3)

▪ Quick lime – cao ▪ Nacl + NH3 + H2O + CO2 = NaHco3

▪ Slaked lime – ca(oH)2 + NH4cl
▪ Ca(Oh)2 + co2 = caco3 ▪ NaHco3 = baking soda (sodium hydro
▪ Ca(oH)2 + cl2 = caocl2 + H2o carbonate)
(bleaching powder ) ▪ NH4Cl = Ammonium chloride
▪ Use :- ▪ Use :-
▪ In bleaching ▪ Use as antacid
▪ In textile industry ▪ soda acid fire extinguisher
▪ As a oxidising agent ▪ Baking powder
▪ disinfected water ▪ Baking soda + edible acid = baking
▪ Cotton and river bleaching
powder

Washing soda – Na2CO3 Copper sulphate crystals :-

NaHCO3 – (heat)- Na2CO3 ▪ Cuso4.5H2O – wet (water of crystallization)

Na2CO3 + 10H2O – Na2Co3.10H2O (It is an ▪ Gypsum – Caso4.2H2O
inorganic hydrate of sodium carbonate.) ▪ Caso4.2H2O – Heat- Caso4 1/2H2O
USES :- ▪ Plaster of Paris (POP)
▪ It is used as a laboratory reagent. ▪ Calcium sulphate hemihydrate
▪ It is used in removing stains.
▪ It is used in removing the permanent hardness of
the water.
▪ It is used in the manufacturing of soap, paper as
well as glass.
▪ It is also used in textiles and petroleum refining