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Basics of Computer1-2024

The document provides an overview of computers, including their definition, history, generations, types, and fundamental components. It discusses the evolution from early computing devices like the abacus to modern supercomputers, highlighting key milestones and figures in computer science. Additionally, it covers hardware, software, input/output devices, and memory types, emphasizing the role of computers in various applications.

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5 views

Basics of Computer1-2024

The document provides an overview of computers, including their definition, history, generations, types, and fundamental components. It discusses the evolution from early computing devices like the abacus to modern supercomputers, highlighting key milestones and figures in computer science. Additionally, it covers hardware, software, input/output devices, and memory types, emphasizing the role of computers in various applications.

Uploaded by

www.akshaysd
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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RAILWAYS RRB NTPC 2024

General Awareness
Basics of Computer & Computer Application
Part-1
What is a Computer ?
• A Computer is an electronic device that performs calculations and
operations based on instruction provided by a software or hardware
programme.

• एक कंप्यूटर एक इले क्ट्रॉनिक उपकरण है जो नकसी सॉफ़्टवेयर या हार्ड वेयर


प्रोग्राम द्वारा निए गए नििे श के आधार पर गणिा और संचालि करता है ।
History of Computer
• Computer- Latin W.ord ‘Compute’ i.e to calculate.

• Abacus is the first computing device and Abacus word is derived from ‘ABAX’
that means “calculating table”

• Pascaline – First Calculating device to perform addition and subtraction of


whole numbers ( developed by Blaise Pascal)

• Father of Computer - CHARLES BABBAGE (He designed Difference Engine and


modified it to Analytic Engine )- Used to calculate algebraic expression and
mathematics.

• Father of Modern Computer Science - ALAN TURING


History of Computer
History of Computer
• First Non-Programmable Digital Computer - ATANASOFF BERRY COMPUTER
(ABC) (developed by Antanasoff and Berry)-(Linear Algebric equations)

• First Electronic Digital Computer – ENIAC , used for general purpose such as
solving Numerical Problems.

• ENIAC stands for - ELECTRONIC NUMERIC INTEGRATOR AND CALCULATOR.

• UNIVAC- First Commercially available computer. ( Eckert-Mauchly Computer


company)

• UNIVAC- Universal Automatic Computer.


History of Computer
• First Microprocessor- INTEL 4004 (In 1969 Intel corporation designed
the first general purpose programmable processor INTEL 4004)

• Supercomputer PARAM 8000 (made by the Centre for Development


of Advanced Computing (C-DAC)) was launched on July 1, 1991 is
considered India's first supercomputer.

• As of January 2018, Pratyush is the fastest supercomputer in India.


(Pratyush is a Cray XC40 system.)
Generations of Computer
• First Generation Computers (1946-1959)

• Electronic Component- Vacuum Tubes

• Machine Languages used

• Occupied very larges space.

• Magnetic Drums used for Storage

• Example-UNIVAC, IBM-701,IBM-650,ENIAC
Generations of Computer
• Second Generation Computers (1959-1965)

• Electronic Component- Vacuum Tubes + Transistors

• Assembly Languages used (which allowed programmers to specify instructions


in words)

• High Level languages were also being used (Early version of FORTAN & COBOL)

• Magnetic Tapes and Magnetic Cores used as storage

• Example-IBM-620,IBM-6094,CDC-1604 etc.
Generations of Computer
• Third Generation Computers (1965-1971)

• Electronic Component- Integrated Circuits (ICs)

• High Level Languages (FORTAN II-IV,COBOL,PASCAL,ALGO-68,BASIC)

• Timesharing, Multi Programming Operating System Used

• An integrated circuit (IC) is a small electronic device made out of a


semiconductor material.

• Example-IBM-360, Honeywell-6000 series,IBM 370/168


Generations of Computer
• Fourth Generation Computers (1971-1980)

• Electronic Component- Very Large Sacle Integrated Circuits (VSLIs)

• High level languages(FORTAN 77 , PASCAL , COBOL)

• Semiconductor Devices- Primary Memory

• Magnetic Disks- Secondary Memory

• Ex- Apple Series I & II, IBM-4341, STAR 1000


Generations of Computer
• Fifth Generation Computers (1980- Present)

• Electronic Component- Ultra Large Scale Integrated Circuits (USLIs)-


Contain millions of components on single chip.

• Based on Artificial Intelligence

• Ex- Robots and Supercomputers


Types of Computer
• Personal Computer
• At home, the most popular use for personal computers is playing games
and surfing the Internet.

• Designed for Individual User


Types of Computer
• Mini Computer
• It is a midsize multi-processing system capable of supporting up to
250 users simultaneously

• EX- K-202, Texas Instrument TI-990 ,SDS-92 ,IBM Midrange


computers.
Types of Computer
• Mainframes
• Mainframe is very large in size and is an expensive computer capable
of supporting hundreds or even thousands of users simultaneously.

• Ex- Fujitsu‘s ICL VME , Hitachi‘s Z800


Types of Computer
• Supercomputer
• Supercomputers are one of the fastest computers currently available.

• Supercomputers are very expensive and are employed for specialized


applications that require immense amount of mathematical
calculations

• For example, weather forecasting, scientific simulations, (animated)


graphics, fluid dynamic calculations, nuclear energy research,
electronic design, and analysis of geological data
Types of Computer
• Microcomputers
• Desktop computers, laptops, personal digital assistant (PDA), tablets
& smart phones are all types of microcomputers.

• The micro-computers are widely used & the fastest growing


computers.

• The Micro-computers are specially designed for general usage like


entertainment, education and work purposes

• Well known manufacturers of Micro-computer are Dell, Apple,


Samsung, Sony &Toshiba.
Supercomputer
• First Supercomputer of the World-Cray CDC 6600

• Fastest Supercomputer of the World- Oak Ridge National Lab's


Summit supercomputer

• First Supercomputer of the India-PARAM 8000 (made by the Centre


for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC))

• Fastest Supercomputer of the India-PRATYUSH


Fundamentals of Computers
• Hardware- Physical components of computer which can be
touched.(Keyboard , Mouse, Monitor etc.)

• Software- It is a set of electronic instructions called programme on which


computer perform tasks.

• Data- It is a set of Information which computer reads and stores in form of


binary numbers.

• Users- They are people who make use of computer for their purpose.

• Mother Board- Main circuit board = CPU + ROM + RAM + Basic input output
system
Input Devices of Computer
• Link between User and Computer.

• It allows user to feed data and instructions to the computer.

• Key Board, Mouse, Joystick, Track ball, Scanner, Bar Code Reader, Touch
Screen , Light Pen, Microphone, Web Camera , MICR, OCR,OMR, Digitizer.

• MICR- Magnetic Ink Character Recognition

• OCR- Optical Character Recognition

• OMR- Optical Mark Recognition


MICR-Input Device
OCR- Input Device
OMR- Input Device
Output Devices of Computer
• Output devices used to send data from computer to another devices.
• Examples- Monitor, Projector, Speaker, Plotters & printer
Difference between LED and LCD Monitors
Difference between LED and LCD Monitors
Printers- Output Device
• It prints information in form of text or Images.

• Two Types of Printers

• Impact Printers- Prints the character by striking them on the ribbon


which pass through the paper.

• Non- Impact Printers- Prints the character without using Ribbon. It


prints a complete page at a time and hence called as Page Printer.
Impact Printers
Impact Printers
Unit is
important
Non- Impact Printers
Laser Printer (dots per inch)
• A printer linked to a computer producing good-quality printed
material by using a laser to form a pattern of electrostatically charged
dots on a light-sensitive drum, which attract toner (or dry ink
powder). The toner is transferred to a piece of paper and fixed by a
heating process.
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
• CPU- It is the brain of computer

• It is constructed on single Integrated Circuit (IC) called as


Microprocessor.

• CPU= Control Unit + Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) + Memory Unit


Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Central Processing Unit (CPU)

It acts as Central nervous It performs all


system of CPU. It manages Arithmetic and logical
and coordinates all activities Operations
inside CPU
Memory Unit
• Computer Main Memory = Primary Memory & Secondary Memory
Cache memory, also called CPU memory, is high-speed static random access memory
(SRAM) that a computer microprocessor can access more quickly than it can access
regular random access memory (RAM).
The purpose of cache memory is to store program instructions and data that are used
repeatedly in the operation of programs or information that the CPU is likely to need
next.
FOR LONG TIME SAVING OF DATA
Important
Types Examples

Semi Conductor Memory RAM, ROM

Optical Memory (Store data in digital form) CD-ROM, ,DVD, CD-R

Magnetic Memory (Magnetic storage) Hard Disk Drive , Floppy Disk Drive

Flash Memory Pen Drive , Memory Card


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