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The document provides an overview of matrices, including definitions, types, and properties. It covers matrix operations such as addition, scalar multiplication, and multiplication of matrices, along with their respective properties. Additionally, it discusses special types of matrices like square, diagonal, and unit matrices, as well as concepts like the trace and determinants.

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25 views32 pages

Adobe Scan Apr 05, 2025

The document provides an overview of matrices, including definitions, types, and properties. It covers matrix operations such as addition, scalar multiplication, and multiplication of matrices, along with their respective properties. Additionally, it discusses special types of matrices like square, diagonal, and unit matrices, as well as concepts like the trace and determinants.

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rajeshd2745
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Matrices andl Qaterniinants Matices? — A rectangular an emerit OF number (real Gr complod t ds Called a ‘matrice. JP a malrix hag ™M low and W column hen +he order of mabix ws said te be m by n (densted bg mn) Bea [UL Gea -~-- Oy fat doa Gen i ! | am, amg fl Om compart orm mabidi ta represented by A= (OH) cy NOTE? me i. The numbers Qt, W%or%g-- - - - We nein a% Clement of mabsibx 5 = 2. She element Gig b to i" sea and [” column amd 8 called (1, g)*" anon of mabix. A =[aaj] 3. Number ef © mont dn a mabux oF Sed mxn o& mn. Question - Construct a mabix A=[aij] ax Suh that *. agg= xg a-| he C2 A137 12 | [a a ~ 246 2X3 a QL a2 ~23 2x3 heel : ily. ay = ai-} as [alu Oo i _fLo-k ta % 2 Aa3tnx2 L3 2 1 Jaxg S- Construt a matrix A-lay}.., Such at arp- 2-244] al Q12, Aig as | y= £[-3 41/3 ayxz 24 3X4 93, 922 Ag, a 12 ‘aU Qi2= 4|- 3(0)+2[= XIE 3) a3, a3 Qay C2e=4[-3@) +2] = 2 mg 123 =4]-3@)43] 2.2, 2 map ly - 242 Lpo@)tul = . — Qt = £|-xa)+L | 2 r Oa, tf-aey+] = 4 A324]. +| 3(1)+3[ = 1g = 4|-2@)+44 n u My &[R I ele se coun Mobaix — A matrix having ene column. ee 5. Square Matstix. — A maistic din which no» of revs equal te numbex of column 1% called square matic. at Quiz Arg A= }02; G32 Qe3 3X3 31 032 Q33 Qa = 4[_ : 2, 2, [-aaye2) = =z 1 Yo 0 die : * Shaaynye S A-/3 2 3p d : G34 G Th 3 92 é - / S|2@+3|-3 . “ypes of Mab of Mair, _s 1. Horizontal Matix 2-4 mai Sn witch number oF column 12 : More ham number of row 1s called horizontal matur. : e L123 as [i S Elaxe ‘ = Vesetical Matoelx. SHA mattulx am which muunber of row ‘8 e ™Ore +han number of column. : “Teg : 9D S27 3K2 : 3. Row Matix — 2 mabix having one row - | 2.9. _ t A= Bess ; ( t ( NOTE. (i) ASS square malsiin A= [lan the elemente Oy, 1 Gan Qg3 ----. we called dicgarok element. aid ay amd Ue are called Conus ate alemert Cui). Grace oF Mateiéix “t A=[Qii nen be square enabsdis| shen swm oF all eter eles clonent OF A u&® called trance oF A and clonated by. TRAD. j.e., TRA) = Say, a E49. If a= =[s 2] thon TA) = 1+u=5 Upper dit ular Madu — A square mate A=[a) ayn? 9g. a-f[it 23 @ 18 3 Slane Lower Tongular Maks — ‘A square male As [2] axn uF aij =O where i BFC (altipucotton ) ™M Malu? by a scalar (Scalar wp ultiplfoation of a F a ar (St os ae be a malulx of order MX” ony ee how KA= [a5 yn a=f[1 20 —— S452 J2xa = ls§-8) > [28%] Fropeutios- OF Scalor multilication St ax A= [2 Joey and @=[by K,l are ay ciy K(A+8) = Eee aid (K+WA eatin CD. (KRUYA = (Lae = CARD Our SF A=-[2 3-S ae bs Z an 27 i AtB= [20 3+5 14(-<) “5 ” 1402) 207 ays | =] op A-B= [2-0 g-s ~s5-1 ~f2 -2 -6 1420 2-7 4-2 [: “-S -q A: Ouse FF diag (4 -12) and 8 =diog Ce 3-19 = L 00 ; coe 3 i] ef ee] ° Oo Oo Tre, be ude malsuces and +5 Jaman ° aL oO = 3200 nt 6 BA+ UB [33 3 | e bee 606 C >/ue 9 0 o ga oo 2 > WS 38/3! K ~ 0 - How matrices. cam be-Rormed using element } 1 , 5 mom )1:2,3 we Lf each olamord Ps wed once? ( t ~ Sal™— (ux) 2x2) <3 . = (ux, (4ya) (2x2) = 3 KYL 272 ~~ © 10,19 ° Muutiplioation, of Mabices op 2 matuix A awk B such +h te ner ef rain B hey A= far 48 =[bij] her equai [ay mxp (Jopxn Pe = [Cyn OWE Cli = Ei yrch ts dat qpreduet of A" a na oF column in A oe = rea ef A and * — mg Column of B. me NOTE! Tho greduct oF AB ix darine 16 only ~ Frew in 8- Column oF A equol # 7° e 1 8. _ ‘ “ipuc est muttiplter. Fe coed ps main cu 81 ae P pu mabuces Such Hat AB exsist tan, af ne oF me if A and Bae +00 me 2) may Sr not exist - Se) a ‘ my ° oO omer me Proposes of Mobtix mulliplicaT ore — mMabax multiplication cid Assedalie + Matix muldiplication Se assocsalrve AB) = A(Bd) , where beth side 4 not commutceltve {in gees: are defined . in Pom 29 dustribubiy cuty Oiskibatte lap? Mature mubtiplication °s distributive Ve matdic addition. A(B+6) = AB+ AC Existence OF sdentity > JF A %e a square mab of order ™ then AI=-IA=-A, ex _ A=l53 r-f[10 (33)... [32] AL ae 3] ra} . 2x * She goroduet OF +00 madsuices- cow be HO nwt mobdx while Metthe, OF them Us the null mater FF A+6 and 8#0 thn AB=0 (may be) eq. om Peed #158] 2x2 Xe Ag= | ° | (ee. | * 46 A+ and 0 d& a nul mabdx then A0<0 | Positive Sategral Power ef 2 _sqpare me atx | For 0. square matsux A, 2 amin < Am An Av = A.A , A® = an (amy. ain AY = aza® or AaA SE A and B are 4uve matsdzeos- whose predust AB and BA are def@ then (A+B) # Ar+e>+ 2A8 (A+8) = (A+B) (A#8) = A+ AB + BA+B2 = Maladx, Poy lat FD = Ox" qn * On ye tm be @ polynomial and let A be a square mabdix of arder w them , a otal “aan ~ On gh FOn "GE product of We maieos- U8 nveswsa Of other. Some Bpael type oP MARI L. Nilpglext mabixs- A a a sqpare matuux, u& $ riipstent GP AP =0 (ailpetert mabin oF order p) A®=0 (ailpstent maiteutx of order 2) 2. ddempstet matsibx -— 4G square mater, 7 ddompotent GL ANZA ne2,NEN (AMA 3. Pesdodic Matndx’— A square matsuix which satisty AN * &A Where K te uhe pesiod F maltidrs. f lent matod, w& 4. jdordlity thon One ts aid te be said te be ,6r A®=A) NOTE : Paxtod of ddemp eg. oF Gdempobert mab?x 3 - a= [52] U. dnve let ery. matrix — Envolutory mated dF A%=TI where t NOTE ¢ Por Invelutory max, A+ =A. A square matric 2s sud te be ig identity mabe x. PRR SEER REE EEE EEE EE EEEEETEEETEREELE Sut IF po = | a Prov tat (Ax)"= [cornes Sinnx S ~ Sinn ConA ine Ral Induhion, We wprere this resutt & mathemabical in when n=1, then b dathition of ‘integra power. Cae) = [ carr Sink ] -Sinx Corn fs dy true For n=l hed run resatt ub dure for n=m Shen, 0" = [me Siow mx) —Sin MK COY MK . Mew , we Show +hat given resutt Sg daue For N=M+tL 1e-> Ag ~ (corm sine | = gin (mal) x cos (met) < &y deFiitfon of ince psuoo 2 4 FAG = AIR. Ai! = tee sinme: | [see ead nme cormx} L- sinx CORA = [coy mx Cont Sinmox(- nod) — CONTA Sino +Sinmex card ~Finmx COLK— CO%mK Snr — — nox SINK + CBM Cows | corns tad Sin (OK +me) ( E Sin( moto) — CO4(mo +a) = [ssror x sin (14+ mo sin Cm4 1% CO(m +1)x | Suse 46 8 [ELE] ow prow aa fin n-L grt an for every porive tntagrt ne. gah art ant onahical 6 bres nae ut ae ip oF mara Pree Hie resule wih the hep oF eal oon “Induetion if ney thon & by difmition ef in d ght git tit ee oa A=lay ‘| git gk 3 Bee gt tt 11 ls let the “en result Pa true For n=m. mL m2 gmt hen, ym ie an a gmt gmt gmt mt+i-L N=mH fhe, Mm fgmti-L gmtil 3 oA gm-1 gm tant 3mtt 3] g BmeL-L gman ami | iy det Hon, +L am At am = Sn Set an Lii- m m- im wri Ges Gem (To s eas Lig Sgrrtfa a Lii ane tig raid LiL 3" [Let4 para 1+144- feteh a tie LtL41 Ltt. Lt+l+s >a fags 332] 333 > am afr at S a[ttt ta. = mA Pri > 3 [it] Lia a4 > a"(t i] til fa ~ = eo tm Se ee ee . ae et : of A its e a mabux shen +H0uns pos he: _fae het A = [877 Jan be de ° UD nee ° ncleR by AT or ar and define a A'=( 257 | rem he. dranspace "ef A fa ebtomd by changing que ree “into COlumr and Columns Gute noo “t n-[h 22) iL 293 3%3 Th MPs e 2] se69 3X2 Prepeuior, ©F Sranpese Mabiicor (ar =A a, QB 2. (A+8)7 = AteT 3) WAT = K CAT U. dF A and B are dwo mabiices Her (AB)T = et at such that A® iz define HUH aa 9 Mabuces Symmetric ond Skew synmabic i Sa Caled Symmetric Malsiices° - fl square matrix A =[at Taety Ve., AT=A asymmetric matudx. AP aij =a). qa[2 S| ot a =[2 33] cae symmdiric Meitsix. - A. square motrte A = [ayy] ee Colled skego smmdiric Mate UF aip=-Gt wd, | 2-0 \.Q.5 Nore 7 biagorah em OF skuo Symetric mabux is = oe _fo 42 . ar(e os | ate [3 > a] -(2 2 [230 2 73 iL o-3 | (aT= 0) sence, Ais gkuo Symmaric Sheorems -Let A be a sqpore matuae en shoo tok, chy, AFATS fs alo symmebr te Moir: ci). AAT wr alo gkewo symmatric mabuix . City, aAT and ATA ane aboot symmalric, mabicer. Preet_ci) het P= ALAT where A i amy § sqpare matrix > pts (At An’ Merce p(a+ A”) oe alidays- : pt= at +(e) x a symmetric mactneor > pT = AT+A pt =P Preakcitd Freel! ait. lek aie AAT on le R= AAT . Cot are @.a) Sate A ns (aD! at a!) et = A.at pr 8 (=e | Hence @( A- a 13 Qlidays Monce Sked syinm atric. always Sym Oust — Whrch of He Peueiing cow be both a symmetric avd skeo symmobic mabricese? © unit mathie @ fag onat maleic Ou mabutx, (0) fow malsx, “ @oege FF OEPO SSE oS )-4P Q 3 of came order Han and. @ are sqpare mate en") re (gar -@O8 AeT-eaT fe a (Ae Q. symm mare PR Meo Symmerte sera e a 5 7) J. Null Mabie @. unit mabite CABTBP mt a Q-4F A and B are doo sqpare mabe of order 7 Such that A2-g= (@-8) CAB) Rem which of He Fotading Ve alway, oorred- O.A-8 (@ne-eA ® pzo or BO Orsess "Gita AG= BA @ - Assadion’ A= diog {ase a soolor m eF 3x3 edb x Reason z- 42 a diagonal mopar hoy ah nem ure element euch Gt bs Kngion at SCO Wns -Assotion oa fake reaxoy 93 true, ler mmcwtier X Shesrems Every sqpore matiix wom be uniquely exprened ae sum oF symmebsde and skuo symmobsic mobrices . ies A= 7 (ater) +4(a-A7) where P= asa’) Symmeto and é= 4 (Af) eke syrmetrc yenmetst © prove - Let A boo. Sqpore Matuur , a> £¢atA") +E(A-n1)* p+6 (say) Woh ps 4 ie Q-1 7 ee acne) and. E(A-A ) ow, pt= ot ayer 7 n P fe (ased§ = £ (nse)! ~ 2 egt Fp > Alt «pis Symmablt _ wae yee =p 7 ™ are $A @T=@ © fs ska SYymmels"o (ence A=P+® where £(a-a)"- £[at-n} =-4( a-at] = -8 prs symmdbiic amd. Q2a gkoe Symnahiic Uni AD 3 , Uniqueness, FF powtble A-R+S yohere Ris symmdeec and e New, AT. R+39" = R™M+ST = R-S Soliing 9” O FO at: @s—@ A+AT=2R A -AT=28 - = = AT \= R 2 (ata) =P € £(maTe® Hence, A Car be expressed wri ard skeo symmeare amabrtx . Siz Skeao S gemobi ee Le <. heron dlisgonol Clement of skuo symm atric modsiix i alonys @ shin. Creat: - hot A= (ay be a skuo eyenuinie ee Qijs Vii For agent elomentts di Qij = ~aj; PP PPP PPP Re RE : Slhocrem - let A and Bare Symmetric matrices +fon shard +hat AB uy sy mmobiic dee only ee AB =BA 7.0, AB comms one and B are symmaric, Sol? Since, A ATA ,81=8 (aBt =8TAT = BA (ae =pe CY AB- BA) AR ix a Sy mmebse. mattet %. nopic on Skee Symmobsc 7 2 r.. 2 ms Shoo that 6 oa & “4 s mn LC: — ding 28 A ia symmauec or &kRwW SY . cot at a case. oF Ais ska Cosel. WF A 18 Symenebsue Symm BNC aa AT=A at=-A 482, (BT AB)" = at(tay™ (orA8)'= av. (e7A" =eTale = et, ave (etaey = BAB = eat CAB = - (87AB) @e¢edg eG GTP CCC CeCe Se te \¢e * eta t ets “ eTag 88 symm : : F ; 2 B7AB Uy Skee symmabi'c “theorem % suhe 4 io ~o" Ihoorom? Shaw that AU mposiveve Slegral power a me Syrmebsse. mobsulic ' Symmetsdo. "> Yccrom Shed hat te Og ‘nbagral paww OF O& she : ~ Syrmdbic massix are shee Symmasec awd ae i pawer of a Skea simmetsic mab 8 symmanc =e (NOTE? dF A,6,Care three mabe contirndle For He a cpro duct (Ab)c and A(BC) thon, b dao oF (A ec) = cTB'at tht ay called revere Banspsse :) eevee Proof L 3 dP A Ie Symmeltoa'e matdx AT=A. CA%"= (A.A AL. _mtimes) © rn law = (aT AT AT. __ _ ntimes) [by Peal (ary = (AAA, rn fenes) (ant at] Grestizis - de A 8 skao symmetsdc then AT=-Q 7009, 46 n Fa evn, (Anst= (ATY" (by reversal Lae oF trompsse) = cam "Y= AN vm fgeuen i dF n 3 ) "9 odd , ca”) T- (avy $f APs Skao symmetfe matOx = EA” pt af AN symmetste, iF n-¢ A" iy Skevo Symmetdc 3 if neodd Sub Matix , 5 let A be a given matex, the mabeax oblatined ‘4 wet Some rows or Colum of A cabled Sub mabux. . pb monde aA ee aa cel efhen ube Su i oe e rel “Tygp. [oC] oO ~ Detorminants ; ; me Every square matic can be amosated to am expremon OF q 4 ninant- °, Known ar ts detesum “hon, estos me 0 nufrbort which o. of order a dp a= {aij} be 2 equore male MO Cf Ain dined by det(A? OF (al. = bess Git Qin ---- - Gan G21 Azz --~ ~~ Gen : for. aes me Ji oy i \Ont On, '- - | ma ~ Onin nxn ~ Expansion of, datarminont, - LE erdereg, of ddlerntinant =L “= A= |Oy{ = Aa me 2.46 order of determinant =2 == Ao [ogee - 4 => Qn(7 Are eq. a=(-3| =7S - Q poo Che “ee ~3) = 1x2 -4xG@ 2s su 3.SP order of dotormnamt =3 ais Are ais i |g A= - Orr as arg | O34 F a eh 032, agg “xpontig Qlorg Ry ~ Uila,, a 22, Qa i 22) _ Q,,/ Qe G23 + Ape fae; G22 32 Age Az, Age Agi Age =a 11 (42202, ~aogag)) - Are(deiag3 ~ Aas gi) + 1g ( 22021) a es $a-(3 23 i2 $s 31 2 %1}4o— Ag ~Oy2.} 1 Gea] 4 Oya] der Cee 232 O29 Gat Og 43; O32 1e4 -s) 2 (8 ~15)-# (446) > -Gti4-20 ="25 O- Ae 7-25 | -2 3-5/ 1-2 3] 3 -s -2 -5 s{-2 8 | (2, a[ te 1 | * Pr -2 (9-830) +2(-¢45) + s(4-3) 2 SRT TCL) 42(-L) +5 = -T-e tS = 4 3 %j4g2- PITTPILTITLULELRLULVLARDY ¥xpandin along Ro = Aa [Ost Fe ars = ¥ = (a2 G22 28) = a = O31 As, 33 S_ Mf Or2 8] 4 a, [UL Aen es Qa “Expanding along Cy —> +4] %2 Ass} _ “| Me Ag Gar age Qo Aga, GQ. 4p order of determinant = =4 + ae [ou Oe ar Ay Qo Aee Ag Aeu ed Age Oz, Agu | uz Ouyg Ayu | mt slog Ry s]O2z O22 Oey 4 az, 3 eu 7 Qo, A222 - Qzp Azz A3y | 47/931 zs A34] ° 43]ag, Age 434 44 'duz Qyg Quy | ay, Aay Quy Gy, yz uu 3 Og2 Gs }931 32 933 1Qu; Qua ye Sak oh Fos NOTE (1), beterminant alucay’y erat vay Sqptare nn (2). act erdor dalerminant coatauy m2 elment amd (wore. 6 4h odor datesminont sign of eve element Com! ® dogoral mals » et abi ¢ (aoe gl matsiic ja * product oF te Aiagenok expamdlig along Rp —S + = + ne |[%1 G2 U8 = + =) (@or ze 923} aes + + = Q31 Og. 3 CIC ECERGE °- a {O12 Us] 4 a. |S! as | _ a3 [@us Le Aen Mee Az1 Ags }Qz, 382 © expand Cy —s » +,,] 422 Ap Qin a a O18 me PU] M22 Fea] — ay, 13| 4 a4, | %2 > 32 ags G35 Aga anaes ~ ° GQ. 46 @rder of determinant =4 ~~ = +} ~ pz [% Ge “Gs %y ad M2 Gee Meg Aeu | ° M3, O32 Agq Agu | 2 Qu Fur Gy Agu ° o yorling oleng Ry o Oy| O22 O23 Ay as, 3 Aou | Op; O22 Aeu | -a 7 _ we [22 Osa day | Ias, Mes O04 | *rlas, ags 2st | O44 °° Qu2 Qua Quu | dy, A, Au ay yz ayu | eo o 2, Az22 Oa J 43, Asp O39 ° Guy ya yg ‘ © WoTe UL) betaminant alba’, etiat un $s Losers : 2 clement and lm towne, 9 order Aatetumi nant contam 1 0(3).dn% n* ordor dates.ntnontt sign & ovey elem © calculated by cys ° C4). The daaterminant of dit onal malice Upper ‘argulor © nabix 4 (Oe, “Hlorgulor t matsio Js qo + predict oF jhe dfagerat ent canbe S).She dateleminant oF icantly moduix, 18 abe (6) belorm nant of skew symmaric mated x alioauys Oo “4She detarmmant of sku symmetric LVM Order Fg aloarys, a perfect Square. Miner, and Ge-fadlor, Minar 2 — ft A= [oi j] be a square maluix then miner of Clement AF us. doneted by. Mir and define as the determrant oe oF aus matin, obtdined: 6 deleting ith rea ord j* column of A. qd £4: alle ;| Meg =o, MC, My p= 5 Map CO Sexe Co-facter, 3 09 Fasten of element ayy fs donated b and diFine ax Cy = cyt MiP, Ci *d, Cy= -c, crema ce “[ER) tae "] al, mee] -|acC i _.° O- Cind daterminomt menar re nantes. Mie =| ze zs eC d d Moss fl Ms, = of od selir ts be ee Mg 2] &C mabux of a 4 “ee a ae “theorem 4 dF A= [ai] be @ square mabix. then the determinant value oF A's copal £8 Sum of praduct OF elements oF iO noo. (er Column) wh, Ber 4 Co-factar : cor pa foals ‘ \ hes [als Zar ci or : Al= LZ auce peril & lal Boxe; Ag, a Q 22 Oe oR Eg. d [ox Ore a] IAl= ys Cyy+ Qr2Cre, +1313 03) O22 ae @3(Cq, + Ayo%o2 + Gas 3 Ro lot A=[ay] be & Sqpore matsiic hen he aterm Stun Of bre duct OF elements of row (Or calumn) with comesponding. Co- fortor oF amy thera WO MEre EA yop PPP Rea eonnwnnans. Ll (column) wy aon Zar? Lat Cie 20 2 aypcg =o eeu Cire ) jen . + Oy gCoz = OCR) a,, 2 13°23 . onc + Ay, A%2 e4. Ay O12 U3 = eg F 0 . e Aoe O23 a, Ca + M2 Sa yg Cgg7O ck Ag, Age 33 es CIITA EIEERLE Ok QarCiat O21 Ca2t 054032 =O (Cr) Singular Mavic alan if thai Oster nant 5% gat fo be singular le ore matatie 18 Saw ( / ° =O P my Value 19 0. HE “\ singular Mote ~ Othausise A 18 called OP" 4 ~~ cnont — me - (ind the dabermnm one COB = Qo ° A= sinB a ~ane 0, | ° o (| ~smpB OC a—sinm | od ; vgn ene] — oP | comm SF | - o sing ink su —o ol Seas 0 cox 0 ~ | aa) ~ - -cinn( 0~ Stab. Cove) ~ © conf( si cit : ox sinB MO Sine SINB CO coup eee eel ca 4 | = ). - = O ls, 6” = . > 2-20 = 2x0 -H ~) prea =O => 46 = x* a5 ss = 3 = 0 — x = ENS ~ ( ”" we (Popedies, of Baler Letarrinant._, ae ed &F ie 5. yhe value of a daterminont rena a a ~ row and Column are inter changed. te, AL =|A7| ~ ‘eq. [ou ue As Qu, Oat O34 , Gy fas “Gas = }aL2 Gee 32 ~ [Qs dae O33 Qyg Aes 99? 6 w20dF any tw00 revo (column) OF daterminort Ore inbarchang « © Ron, valine of determinant chamge by ~ (minus) sq” ong: © ea, i 34 234 . lit Ry <> Ra ae andi we t ait ~ ~ st Ong Rt = 2 along Rt 3(2-)+ - = * e + 1 gxo ~3(12) #4(1-2) ~~ 2) 43-L 2. 4¢ 4w08 rew(Column) of Q Gosernfranct are same ten oe - * is valde ia O. ce 212 5 1, A. As tleo3] =0 (e Cy C3) Ar %2 913 | =O s 1S 3, Az. 0. ° L 32, 33 doberminant 58 mlp ls #0). $F cach clement, OF rewo(column) ofa Kk Himes the value of then value OF ned determinant % ay = arial daeminont. ae be 2 U3 wa =| KM Kaz Kay 05, Any Oa, Qa,, Aap O23 Gy 32 Aga Oo ee aacee of order 3. such that [Al= 5 shen of \3A\ 3a, 342 342 30,, 3422 3023 303, S032. 3agz Quer 4p A ts square mobutx, End she value of datarminant, ml Ae onl i3A| = Goi Guz | Ors Az, A32 Ags = 3x3Xx3XA =o7TKS = (2S of = lates —— IBA, = 3°\al - = 1S A” be NOTE: Abo as are mati of order 2 an ont Stalor then jaa} = A IAl 5. FF each dlement oF a. reuo( column) of a dilerminant Se 0 then determinant value ig also zero. 000 As} Ase Ay A= =0 31 O32 O33 ©. SF each clement oF a rev (Column) of a délerminont Is expressed as a, sum oF +00 or more tyun then ,detomnant scam be expressed ag He Sum GF 400 or moro date-minont. ey Varta bit ® cetyl fa bi C1 x BY d e £ =|d oF a re $ h 4 gh , ¢ hot Te dFeach element of a reo (column) oF a determinant ds multfelfad by same gonttant amd uhen added de che lerrespend? element OF some ether rew(cslumn) he value ef dderminant © seomaim sane. | AtKA, — by +kbp CytKe, al=2 bb Ch - A be Co ay bo a, 1d, bg Os * oo a bs Cy Oug [ur @ 1 & 3679 Cy Cy-80, 29 45 3 i] Day & wy n °o Gays 1 wD we G& = | wr + Ry > Ry + Ro +83 wr | w Zar | Le wt? wewe+, Wo +wth a * 4 : - wr +t ww 4 w Hence expanding througy S, Ry nae L)- 0 (a a) t0( wo Det sation, ef beterminan t, f P O40 duiangle ¢ 4. On 4 4, Area © ih le #2, 42) nd ys) Ose apakicos- of dations - a Yr Arenal} x, Fao 21 xg yg t ake § Biue therefore we + Note? -— Sine area 4 aleouys- pot absolude vole 2. couinasitys df G4? Cad 2s jr colliacan 2) and C%43) are +hree spoitt thon, Area 4=O0 Hr. GI 4 ae Ged He, 43h a 3. Equation Fa Gine posing. a and (%42)5 x Y 4 =— 7 4 Ke qe t =O ough Hos pein (1 qe) o alata tact eatin al Ditfeventiotion OF dadermtromt? — let ATR ROO Fai a, by C, a, bs o. Oda. {Rio FLO ,'Cx) “ as b1 Cy az bo C. @ rf A =[BOO F300) Cx) G200 qed hi (0) ho(o) then, 4300 bd) FLod) F200) FICC 0d £200 gf | 3 00) 100 LOO F (0) Food Fa) Fcx| m1 GOD GaGd gacr | |G? Je Goole (god 90 9 “ 260 936} {ALO he00 “hao 3) hha ; val 3) HOO h4OO hoo) Ques -|e* sine Corr dann > Jinx -CO*% nu dn _ |e cosx esinnx| exeine core) 4 er sinn aed ax ann x5 nw S VecGie 97 an we Sinn —Cos % inn ~—cov” ee con sine 7 : . - rr ronan faa) aon +2x% =Se

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