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 Co
m
pl
im
en
ts
of
Architecting
Distributed
Transactional
Applications
Data-Intensive Distributed
Transactional Applications

Guy Harrison,
Andrew Marshall
& Charles Custer

REPORT
 Architecting Distributed
Transactional Applications
Data-Intensive Distributed
Transactional Applications

Guy Harrison, Andrew Marshall,

and Charles Custer

Beijing Boston Farnham Sebastopol Tokyo

Architecting Distributed Transactional Applications
by Guy Harrison, Andrew Marshall, and Charles Custer
Copyright © 2023 O’Reilly Media, Inc. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America.
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978-1-098-14261-2
[LSI]
 Table of Contents

1. Planning for a Distributed Transactional Application. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Why Distributed Transactional Applications? 2
The Business Drivers for Distributed Systems 3
The Return of Transactional Consistency 4
The Increasingly Attractive Economics
of Distributed Computing 4
Understanding Your Requirements 5
A Modern Distributed and Transactional
Architectural Pattern 6
Summary 8

2. Distributing the Application Layer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Regions and Zones 9
Old-School Load Balancing 10
Microservices 11
Containers 12
Kubernetes, Pods, and Services 13
Multiregion Kubernetes 14
Event Management 15
Serverless Deployments 17
Multiregion Serverless 19
Summary 19

3. Distributing and Scaling the Storage Layer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Transactional Versus Nontransactional
Distributed Databases 22
Hosting Strategies for Distributed Databases 23

iii
 Serverless or Dedicated Deployment? 26
Kubernetes 28
Placement Policies 29
Multiregion Database Deployments 30
Distributed Database Consensus 30
Survival Goals 32
Locality Rules 34
Summary 35

iv | Table of Contents
 CHAPTER 1
Planning for a Distributed
Transactional Application

This report is an architectural guide for software professionals

who are considering implementing a distributed transactional
application.
A distributed application is an application implemented on multiple
networked computers. A transactional application is an application
that can correctly process simultaneous updates from multiple users.
As we’ll see in subsequent sections, distributed applications—
and increasingly transactional distributed applications—are rapidly
becoming the new normal for modern software products. This is
because the combination of transactional and distributed technolo‐
gies allows for greater application resilience, scalability, and correct‐
ness—mandatory attributes for modern applications.
However, distributed applications pose unique challenges, and
implementing transactional behavior in a distributed context is
particularly tricky. The advantages of the distributed transactional
architecture are undeniable—but so are the problems and the risks!
This report is for software developers, architects, and operational
staff who want to understand the benefits and challenges of dis‐
tributed transactional software architecture. We try not to assume
any specific technology background, but some familiarity with data‐
bases, software development frameworks, and cloud services would
be advantageous.

1
After reading this report, we hope you’ll have a good handle on
the business and technology motivations for modern distributed
architectures and will be familiar with the architectural patterns
and software frameworks most widely deployed across the indus‐
try. In particular, you should be well equipped to understand the
role that technologies and patterns such as Docker, Kubernetes,
and distributed transactional databases play in modern distributed
architectures.

Why Distributed Transactional Applications?

As Marc Andreessen famously wrote over a decade ago, “software
is eating the world”. In today’s world, it’s distributed software
that has the greatest appetite. Increasingly, it’s distributed soft‐
ware that is powering the applications that run our society and
mediate our digital lives.
The events of the last few years have certainly emphasized the
importance of distributed software.
For instance, during the pandemic, “touchless” payments skyrock‐
eted, and cash-only businesses became increasingly rare. Payment
systems that can accept global credit card transactions are inherently
distributed, with points of presence across the globe. As a result,
almost all businesses depend on distributed payment solutions. If
these solutions fail, then business cannot proceed.
The pandemic also accelerated the adoption of online shopping—
customers are more likely than ever to purchase from an online
retailer. When you are selling online, your customers can be any‐
where, so your storefront must be available globally. You can only
offer good service in all locations by distributing your application
across the globe.
Finally, the pandemic emphasized the need to be able to react to
sudden changes in demand. Many businesses faced sudden increases
in demand as their online customer base surged during lockdowns.
Distributed applications can scale up or down quickly by adding or
removing services or instances. Those without a distributed solution
often could not react promptly.
Enterprises that have attempted to maintain monolithic solutions
have often not fared well. In one case we are aware of, a large com‐
pany had its entire system running on a single mainframe. A large

2 | Chapter 1: Planning for a Distributed Transactional Application

snowstorm hit the state where the mainframe was located, causing
a power outage. Diesel generators backed up the site, but the storm
also led to road closures, making it impossible to get fuel deliveries.
Faced with the possibility of going entirely offline if they couldn’t
get additional fuel, they decided to instead fail over to a backup
data center, resulting in a major, customer-impacting interruption of
service. Subsequently, they decided that a more robust distributed
transactional solution was required.

The Business Drivers for Distributed Systems

Distributed systems are increasingly prevalent in our modern soft‐
ware ecosystem due to the significant advantages that they provide:
Reliability
Distributed systems are inherently more reliable than mono‐
lithic systems since they have no single point of failure.
Scalability
Monolithic systems have difficulty coping with increases in
resource utilization. In contrast, well-designed distributed sys‐
tems can expand by adding new nodes or service instances.
Elasticity
Elasticity implies that the application can also scale down
by releasing resources when workload demands reduce. A
well-designed distributed application can release computing
resources by shutting down unneeded nodes or services.
Performance
A distributed application can also provide unique performance
benefits when compared to a monolithic application:
• A distributed application may be able to provide increased
throughput or concurrency by parallelizing tasks across
multiple nodes or services.
• A distributed application may be able to offer reduced
latency by processing requests from specific regions with
services located in the same region. A monolithic appli‐
cation, in contrast, will, by necessity, offer low-latency
requests only in the region in which it is physically located.

The Business Drivers for Distributed Systems | 3

The Return of Transactional Consistency
During the early years of the “modern” web 2.0 internet, applica‐
tion architects were forced to choose between availability, global
scalability, and consistency—and it was widely believed that you
had to choose two out of three of these obviously desirable traits.
Consequently, strong consistency was abandoned in favor of “even‐
tual consistency,” and the definition of “eventual” was stretched to
include “maybe never.”
Eventual consistency caused headaches for application developers,
many of which had no satisfactory solution. Luckily, distributed
software technology has largely moved past the need for eventual
consistency. As we’ll see, modern application frameworks allow
for strong consistency together with very high availability and
scalability.

The Increasingly Attractive Economics

of Distributed Computing
The complexity of distributed systems was an almost overwhelming
obstacle in the past. Until recently, the human resources needed to
maintain multiple software components in multiple locations and
to manage the performance and reliability of these multiple compo‐
nents were beyond all but the largest organizations.
The economics of distributed systems has been completely revolu‐
tionized by technological advances over the past 10–15 years:

• The advent of public cloud computing allows enterprises of any

size to deploy on infrastructures made available by the world’s
largest software providers.
• Containerization technologies, most notably Docker, together
with microservice design patterns, can be used to create easily
deployable and replicable units of application functionality.
• Container orchestration solutions, most notably Kubernetes,
allow the containers that combine to form an application to be
deployed and scaled in a relatively simple and reliable fashion.

The upshot of these advances has reduced the total cost of owner‐
ship for a distributed application as well as reduced complexity in
application design, implementation, and maintenance.

4 | Chapter 1: Planning for a Distributed Transactional Application

Understanding Your Requirements
It’s not possible to select an ideal architecture without firmly defined
business requirements. Here are some of the considerations you
should clarify before finalizing your architecture:
Total cost of ownership
The total cost of ownership of a deployment includes the cap‐
ital costs of hardware (for on-premises deployments) or hard‐
ware rental (for cloud deployments) together with the software
licensing costs and staffing costs for administrators. A fully
managed cloud deployment minimizes staffing costs and encap‐
sulates all other costs into a single subscription. An on-premises
deployment might have higher staffing costs and higher initial
hardware costs but lower software subscription costs, especially
if open source software is used. It’s particularly important to
factor in the higher staffing costs involved in an on-premises
solution as well as the cost savings that can be achieved in the
cloud from elastic scaling.
High availability requirements
Almost all modern systems aspire to continual availability with
minimal downtime. Modern software frameworks can provide
very high availability with very attractive economics. Never‐
theless, there are always cost–availability trade-offs to be con‐
sidered. For instance, a three-node software topology might
survive a single-node failure without issue but be unable to
survive multiple concurrent node failures. As the degree of
redundancy increases, the ability to survive failures increases,
but so do the total operational costs.
Throughput and latency requirements
Most applications have performance requirements that combine
both throughput (transactions per second) and latency (average
or percentile time to complete a transaction). The two require‐
ments are correlated, but one can often be increased at the
expense of the other. It’s important, therefore, to be clear on
what is expected of the application in both contexts.
Geographical considerations
A distributed application may have to be configured to opti‐
mize performance for multiple regions. In addition, a global

Understanding Your Requirements | 5

 application might be subject to privacy and data domiciling
regulations that differ across regions.

A Modern Distributed and Transactional

Architectural Pattern
It’s our belief that there is an architectural sweet spot that provides
a particularly compelling combination of economics, elasticity, and
high availability. The essential components of this architecture are as
follows:

• The use of public cloud platforms as the primary substrate for

all application compute elements
• Using a microservices pattern for the top-level application
architecture
• Using Docker containers as packaging for the microservices
• Where possible, using Kubernetes to orchestrate the deploy‐
ment and maintenance of these containers
• Optionally deploying a message brokering layer like Kafka to
communicate between services
• Using a fully managed, cloud-based, distributed, transactionally
consistent database platform for the persistence layer

This architecture is not a one-size-fits-all solution for the entire

universe of modern applications. However, we think it encapsulates
the needs of a larger subset of all applications than any other single
pattern. It delivers scalability, availability, consistency, and elasticity
in an economical and maintainable fashion.
Let’s look briefly at each of the aforementioned elements of modern
distributed architecture:
Public cloud platforms
Highly available distributed applications require servers run‐
ning in multiple locales, each ideally with redundant network
communications and no single source of failure in any location
or between any two locations. Very large organizations may
be in possession of such an infrastructure, but for most of us,
only the large public clouds—such as those offered by Google,
Microsoft, and Amazon—can offer such a global infrastructure.

6 | Chapter 1: Planning for a Distributed Transactional Application

 These public cloud providers also have fully managed versions
of most of the components needed for a modern application.
Microservices
In a microservices architecture, application functionality is
delivered through the interactions between multiple independ‐
ent software units. This contrasts with the monolithic applica‐
tion, in which all software functionality is delivered from a
single large software unit.
Microservices provide software-engineering efficiencies as well
as improving application scalability and resilience.
Docker containers
Containers are lightweight, virtualized environments that are
perfect for the deployment of microservices. The container iso‐
lates the microservice from any variation in operating system
type or configuration and is portable across any platform that
supports the container platform.
Container orchestration and Kubernetes
Container orchestration frameworks—such as Kubernetes—
arrange for the deployment and management of the containers
that comprise an application. Kubernetes creates and maintains
the containers that compose the application and manages the
redundancy, scalability, and resilience of these containers.
Distributed database services
The use of Dockerized microservices coordinated by Kuber‐
netes works well for the applications’ logic. However, the persis‐
tence layer—the database—has a different set of requirements.
In any nontrivial application, there is data that is scoped across
multiple microservices, and that must persist beyond the life‐
time of those services. It’s rarely possible to run a separate
database for each service—there must be a common data store
shared across the entire application.
However, a single monolithic database is undesirable both
from a performance and availability point of view. Even if a
single database could scale to meet all the needs of the entire
application, in a global deployment, some of the application’s
users would experience poor performance because of living on
a different continent from the database. From an availability

A Modern Distributed and Transactional Architectural Pattern | 7

 perspective, the monolithic database represents a single point of
failure.
Therefore, we need a database that can scale as required by the
application and that has redundancy in its architecture to sur‐
vive failures in individual nodes. This database needs to meet
the requirements of the application for low-latency regional
performance as well as global consistency.
Such databases did not exist until relatively recently, but they
are available today. Some of the candidate databases—such
as CockroachDB and YugabyteDB—are available both as on-
premises deployments and as fully managed cloud systems.
Others—such as Google Spanner or Microsoft Azure Cosmos
DB—are available only on a specific cloud platform.

Summary
Modern enterprises require highly available, globally scoped, and
scalable software solutions. These requirements are best met by
distributed transactional application architectures.
Today, there exists a well-proven cloud-based architectural pattern
for distributed transactional applications. This pattern involves the
use of public cloud platforms, microservices, Docker containers,
Kubernetes, and a distributed transactional database.
In Chapter 2, we’ll take a deep dive into the architecture of the
application layer, and in Chapter 3 we will examine the distributed
database layer.

8 | Chapter 1: Planning for a Distributed Transactional Application

 CHAPTER 2
Distributing the Application Layer

Almost all modern distributed applications can be divided into two

major layers:
Application (or compute) layer
Primarily responsible for application logic and end-user
experience
Persistence (or database) layer
Responsible for maintaining long-term application data and
providing a consistent view of the application state to the com‐
pute layer
These two layers have divergent properties that usually result in
different deployment architectures. In this chapter, we’ll discuss the
architecture for the application layer, and in Chapter 3, we’ll look at
the database layer.

Regions and Zones

The major public clouds all provide computing resources organized
around regions and zones. A region is a broad geographical region
that defines the physical location where you can deploy applications.
Regions are often given vague names (for instance, europe-west1).
However, in practice, a region will generally be located within a
specific country and almost always a specific city. For instance, the
Google Cloud region asia-northeast1 is in Tokyo, while the region
asia-northeast2 is in Osaka.

9
Another Random Scribd Document
with Unrelated Content
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HISTORIC FEATURES, INC.
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HITCHCOCK, RAYMOND.
Raymond Hitchcock in An Evening at Home with Hitchy. 1929.
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 *Wedding of Palo. 1935.
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Overland to California. 1930.
Oysters. 1932.
Pacific Coast Salmon. 1930.
Peanuts. 1928.
Peasant Life in Hungary. 1932.
Peru. 1932.
Philippine Islands. 1927.
Planting and Care of Trees. 1928.
Porto Rico. 1931.
Posture. 1931.
Potato Enemies. 1932.
Preventing Blindness and Saving Sight. 1931.
Producing Crude Oil. 1930.
Province of Quebec. 1932.
Pueblo Dwellers. 1931.
Raccoon. 1930.
Railroad Safety. 1931.
Range Sheep. 1930.
Refining Crude Oil. 1930.
Reforestation. 1928.
Refrigeration. 1929.
Reptiles. 1932.
Rio Grande. 1930.
Rocky Mountain Mammals. 1931.
Rubber. 1929.
Ruffed Grouse. 1930.
Sacrifice of the Mass. 1931.
Safety at Sea. 1929.
Sand and Clay. 1928.
Sewage Disposal. 1930.
Shadow Boxing. 1931.
Shark Fishing. 1931.
Silk. 1929.
Silver. 1930.
Simple Machines. 1929.
Skin. 1930.
Soap. 1929.
Some Friendly Birds. 1930.
Some Larger Mammals. 1931.
 Some Seashore Animals. 1930.
Some Water Insects. 1930.
Spanish Dancer. 1931.
Spiders. 1931.
Steam Power. 1930.
Tableware. 1929.
Termites. 1930.
Time and Motion Analysis. 1929.
Tin. 1930.
Transportation on the Great Lakes. 1931.
Tuberculosis and How It May Be Avoided. 1930.
Under-Sea Life. 1932.
Virginia, the Old Dominion. 1932.
Volcanoes. 1931.
Wading Birds. 1931.
Washington—the Capital City. 1930.
Water Power. 1928.
Weather Forecasting. 1931.
Wild Flowers. 1930.
Woolen Goods. 1930.
Yellowstone National Park. 1930.
HOLIEFF, E.
Orderly. © 1921.
HOLLAND, EUGENE EDWARD.
Camille of the Barbary Coast. © 1925.
HOLLAND, GEORGE.
Don't Tell the Wife. 1937.
HOLLAND, JAMES G.
Jes' Call Me Jim. 1920.
HOLLAND, RUPERT SARGENT.
Night Riders of Petersham. 1914.
Winning of Sally Temple. 1917.
HOLLANDER, FELIX.
 Unwritten Law. © 1912.
HOLLISTER, LEN D.
Gold Dust Gertie. 1931.
HOLLY, JAY.
Wild Oats. © 1919, © 1920, 1920.
HOLLYWOOD PRODUCERS AND DISTRIBUTORS.
*How To Undress. 1937.
HOLLYWOOD PRODUCTIONS,
Behind the Counter. 1928.
HOLM, JOHN CECIL.
Three Men on a Horse. 1936.
HOLMES, BURTON.
Across the Grand Canyon. 1921.
Alexandria. 1921.
All Aboard for Brindisi. 1921.
Along the Rio Grande. 1922.
Along the Riviera. 1921.
At the Damascus Gate of Old Jerusalem. 1922.
At the Wailing Wall. 1921.
Bazaars of Cairo. 1921.
Beautiful Bermuda. 1921.
Biskra, the Beautiful. 1921.
Bordeaux to Lourdes. 1920.
Boro-Bodor and the Bromo. 1921.
Busy Barcelona. 1930.
Calling on the Sphinx. 1921.
Catching Up in Canton. 1921.
City of Algiers. 1921.
Country Life in Bohemia. 1921.
Cruise to Vera Cruz. 1921.
Fairy Foreland. 1921.
First Families of America. 1922.
Galata Bridge. 1921.
Garden of the East. 1921.
In Barcelona. 1921.
In Batik Land. 1921.
In Finistere. 1920.
In New Madrid. 1921.
In Old Granada. 1921.
In Shanghai and Macao. 1921.
Jerusalem, the Holy City. 1921.
Kwang-Chow-Fu. 1921.
Lake Maggiore. 1922.
Liberated Jerusalem. 1921.
Little Atlantis. 1921.
Marseilles. 1921.
Marvelous Manhattan. 1921.
Memories of Old Malacca. 1921.
Mexican Oil Fields. 1921.
Modern Jerusalem. 1921.
Monte Carlo. 1921.
Nice and Cannes. 1921.
Palma de Majorca. 1921.
Polynesian Odyssey. 1921.
Present-Day Prague. 1921.
Rice Fields and Rice Fed Wrestlers of Japan. 1921.
Road to the Pyramids. 1921.
Rural Java. 1921.
Santa Fe. 1921.
Seeing San Marino. 1921.
Seville in Fair Time. 1921.
Snow Bound Pyrenees. 1920.
Solomon's Temple. 1921.
Spanish Children. 1921.
Spanish Holidays. 1921.
Stamboul. 1922.
Toledo and Segovia. 1921.
Torrid Tampico. 1921.
Under Cuban Skies. 1921.
 Watching the Wayangs. 1921.
HOLMES (BURTON) FILMS, INC.
*Alluring Bali. 1936. MP6472, MP6473.
*American Legion Parade. 1933.
*Around the Fair with Burton Holmes. 1933. MP4245, MP4341.
*Belgian Village. 1933.
*Darkest Africa. 1933.
*Enchanted Island. 1933.
*Ethiopia. 1936. MP6474, MP6475.
*Events of the World's Fair. 1933.
*Exhibits of the Fair. 1933.
*Fair at Night. 1933.
*Fair from the Air. 1933.
*Historic Rhineland. 1936. MP6639, MP6640.
*Indian Village. 1933.
*Lama Temple. 1933.
1934 the World's Fair. 1934. MP4872, MP4875.
1934 Villages of the World's Fair. 1934. MP4870, MP4874.
1934 World's Fair at Night. 1934.
1934 World's Fair Black Forest. 1934.
1934 World's Fair from the Air. 1934.
1934 World's Fair Wings of a Century. 1934.
*Opening Day Ceremonies. 1933.
*Streets of Paris. 1933. MP4246, MP4342.
*Wings of a Century. 1933.
*World a Million Years Ago. 1933.
HOLMES (BURTON) LECTURES, INC.
*Across the Grand Canyon. 1921.
*Alexandria. 1921.
*All Aboard for Brindisi. 1921.
*Along the Rio Grande. 1922.
*Along the Riviera. 1921.
*At the Damascus Gate of Old Jerusalem. 1922.
*At the Wailing Wall. 1921.
*Bazaars of Cairo. 1921.
*Beautiful Bermuda. 1921.
*Biskra, the Beautiful. 1921.
*Bordeaux to Lourdes. 1920.
*Boro-Bodor and the Bromo. 1921.
*Calling on the Sphinx. 1921.
*Catching Up in Canton. 1921.
*Christian Crusaders in Constantinople. 1921.
*City of Algiers. 1921.
*Country Life in Bohemia. 1921.
*Cruise to Vera Cruz. 1921.
*Fairy Foreland. 1921.
*First Families of America. 1922.
*Galata Bridge. 1921.
*Garden of the East. 1921.
*In Barcelona. 1921.
*In Batik Land. 1921.
*In New Madrid. 1921.
*In Old Granada. 1921.
*In Shanghai and Macao. 1921.
*Jerusalem, the Holy City. 1921.
*Kwang-Chow-Fu. 1921.
*Lake Maggiore. 1922.
*Liberated Jerusalem. 1921.
*Little Atlantis. 1921.
*Marseilles. 1921.
*Marvelous Manhattan. 1921.
*Memories of Old Malacca. 1921.
*Mexican Oil Fields. 1921.
*Modern Aspects of Japan. 1921.
*Modern Jerusalem. 1921.
*Monte Carlo. 1921.
*Nice and Cannes. 1921.
*Palma de Majorca. 1921.
*Polynesian Odyssey. 1921.
*Present-Day Prague. 1921.
*Rice Fields and Rice Fed Wrestlers of Japan. 1921.
 *Road to the Pyramids. 1921.
*Rural Java. 1921.
*Santa Fe. 1921.
*Seeing San Marino. 1921.
*Seville in Fair Time. 1921.
*Solomon's Temple. 1921.
*Spanish Children. 1921.
*Spanish Holidays. 1921.
*Stamboul. 1922.
*Toledo and Segovia. 1921.
*Torrid Tampico. 1921.
*Under Cuban Skies. 1921.
*Watching the Wayangs. 1921.
HOLMES, FREDERICK.
Frederick Holmes' Ward. 1915.
HOLMES, MARY JANE (HAWES).
Lena Rivers. 1925, 1932.
Tempest and Sunshine. 1916.
HOLMES, OLIVER WENDELL.
Aunt Tabitha. © 1922.
HOLMES (SHERLOCK) SERIES, INC.
*Case of Identity. 1922.
*Devil's Foot. 1922.
*Dying Detective. 1922.
*Scandal in Bohemia. 1922.
*Yellow Face. 1922.
HOLMES (TAYLOR) PRODUCTIONS, INC.
*Nothing But Lies. 1920.
*Nothing But the Truth. 1920.
*Very Idea. 1920.
HOLTBY, WINIFRED.
South Riding. 1938.
HOLTZ, LOU.
 Lou Holtz in Idle Chatter. 1930.
HOLUBAR, ALLEN.
Hurricanes Gal. 1922.
Slander the Woman. 1923.
HOLUBAR (ALLEN) PICTURES.
*Hurricanes Gal. 1922.
Slander the Woman. 1923.
HOLY LAND EXHIBITION COMPANY, INC.
*Life in the Holy Land. © 1914.
HOLY LAND FILM COMPANY.
Bethany in Judea. © 1926.
Bethlehem, the Birthplace of the Child Jesus. © 1926.
Garden of Gethsemane. © 1926.
Journey of the Israelites. © 1926.
Land of Samson. 1928.
Mount Carmel. 1929.
Mount Sinai. © 1926.
Nazareth, the Boyhood Home of Jesus. © 1926.
Samaria. 1928.
Sea of Galilee. © 1926.
Via Dolorosa. © 1926.
HOMEART FILM COMPANY.
*Tail of a Shirt. © 1919.
HONKERS, Mrs. WILLIAM L.
Fate. © 1913.
HOOD, H.
Barbarous Mexico. © 1912.
HOOD, ROBIN. SEE Robin Hood.
HOOD, THOMAS.
Dream of Eugene Aram. 1916.
HOOKER, BRIAN.
 Vagabond King. 1930.
HOOKER, FREDERICK J.
Word of Comfort. © 1926.
HOOSIER CUT STONE COMPANY.
*Stone Age. © 1923.
HOOVER, HERBERT CLARK.
Herbert Hoover, Master of Emergencies. © 1932.
HOOVER, JOHN EDGAR.
Persons in Hiding. 1939.
Undercover Doctor. 1939.
HOOVER, PUTNAM.
Just Suppose. © 1920.
HOPE, Sir ANTHONY, pseud. SEE Hawkins, Sir Anthony Hope.
HOPE, EDWARD, pseud. SEE Coffey, Edward Hope.
HOPKINS, ARTHUR MELANCTHON.
Dance of Life. 1929.
Redemption. 1930.
Swing High, Swing Low. 1937.
HOPKINS, MILTON S.
Guiding Light. © 1915.
HOPKINS, NEJE.
Woman There Was. 1919.
HOPLEY-WOOLRICH, CORNELL GEORGE.
Children of the Ritz. 1929.
Manhattan Love Song. 1934.
HOPPER, E. MASON.
*Attic Above. © 1914.
HOPPER, EDNA WALLACE.
*Facial Sidelift. © 1921.
HOPPER, JAMES.
 Memories in Men's Soul. 1914.
Win That Girl. 1928.
HOPWOOD, AVERY.
Bat. 1926.
Bat Whispers. 1930.
Best People. 1925.
Clothes. 1920.
Fair and Warmer. 1919.
Fast and Loose. 1930.
Getting Gertie's Garter. 1927.
Girl in the Limousine. 1924.
Gold Diggers. 1923.
Gold Diggers of 1933. 1933.
Guilty of Love. 1920.
Her Wedding Night. 1930.
Judy Forgot. 1915.
Little Clown. 1921.
Miss Bluebird. 1925.
Night of the Garter. 1934.
Sadie Love. 1919.
Seven Days. 1925.
This Is the Night. 1932.
Why Men Leave Home. 1924.
HORAN, CHARLES.
Atta Boy. © 1926.
Horse Shoes. © 1927.
North Star. © 1925.
Perfect Gentleman. © 1927.
HORAN, EDWARD.
All the King's Horses. 1935.
HORKHEIMER BROTHERS.
Twin Triangle. © 1916.
HORLER, SYDNEY.
 House of Secrets. 1936.
HORLICK, HARRY.
Harry Horlick and His Famous A. & P. Gypsies. 1929.
Harry Horlick and His Gypsies. 1935.
HORN, ERNEST.
Airplane Trip. 1938.
Gray Squirrel. 1938.
Navajo Children. 1938.
Robin Redbreast. 1938.
HORNBLOW, ARTHUR.
Isle of Conquest. 1919.
HORNE, CHARLES F.
Smugglers. © 1916.
HORNE, CLIFFORD.
*Charm of Nasoni. © 1918.
HORNE, NEIL PERKINS.
*Here and There with Famous People. © 1931.
HORNER, HOWARD B.
When the Gods Forgive. 1914.
HORNIMAN, ROY.
Bedtime Story. 1933.
Education of Elizabeth. 1920.
Gentleman of Paris. 1927.
HORNUNG, ERNEST WILLIAM.
Dead Men Tell No Tales. 1920.
Out of the Shadow. 1918.
Raffles. 1930.
Raffles, the Amateur Cracksman. 1917, 1925.
Stingaree. 1934.
HORSLEY, DAVID.
His College Proxy. © 1917.
 Hubby's Holiday. © 1918.
Too Much Elephant. © 1918.
*Wages of Sin. © 1913.
Wedding Bells and Lunatics. © 1918.
HORTON, CHARLES MARCUS.
Gossip. © 1923.
HORTON, EDWARD EVERETT.
Lois Wilson and Edward Everett Horton in Miss Information....
1928.
HORTON, KATE E.
Right to Happiness. © 1915.
HORTON, ROBERT J.
Rip Roarin' Roberts. © 1924.
Walloping Wallace. © 1924.
HORWIN, JERRY.
Sport Parade. 1932.
Two Against the World. 1932.
HOSKEN, ERNEST CHARLES HEATH.
Zoe, a Woman's Last Card. © 1913.
HOSKEN, HEATH. SEE Hosken, Ernest Charles Heath.
HOSKYN, GEORGE H.
Mississippi Valley, Chicago Section. © 1919.
Pittsburgh. © 1919.
Under the Stars and Stripes. © 1919.
HOTALING, ARTHUR D.
Butting in. 1914.
Day on the Force. 1915.
Haunted Hat. 1915.
He's a Bear. 1915.
It Happened on Wash Day. 1915.
Lucky Strike. 1915.
Matilda's Legacy. 1915.
 New Butler. 1915.
Out for a Stroll. 1915.
Percival's Awakening. 1915.
Safe investment. 1915.
Si and Sue Acrobats. 1915.
When Wifie Sleeps. 1915.
Wifie's Ma Comes Back. 1915.
HOTEL WALDORF-ASTORIA CORPORATION.
Front Office Procedure. 1939.
HOUDINI, HARRY.
Man from Beyond. 1921.
*Mistero di Osiris. © 1921.
*Soul of Bronze. © 1921.
HOUDINI PICTURES CORPORATION.
*Man from Beyond. 1921.
HOUGH, EMERSON.
Broken Gate. 1927.
Conquering Horde. 1931.
Covered Wagon. 1923.
Man Next Door. 1923.
North of 36. 1924.
One Hour of Love. 1927.
Sagebrusher. 1920.
Ship of Souls. © 1925.
HOUGH, WILL M.
At Last We Are Alone. 1914.
Coquette's Awakening. 1915.
Five Hundred Dollar Kiss. 1914.
Flower of Faith. 1914.
Idol of Fate. 1915.
Kidnapped Lover. 1915.
Lure of the Ladies. 1914.
Making Good with Her Family. 1914.
 Millionaire Cabby. 1915.
Mysterious Beauty. 1914.
Scarlet Lady. 1915.
Stolen Heart. © 1913.
Time, the Place, and the Girl. 1929.
HOUGHTON, STANLEY.
Nearly Divorced. 1929.
HOUSEHOLD FINANCE CORPORATION.
Happily Ever After. © 1938.
Heap o' Livin'. © 1939.
HOUSMAN, LAURENCE.
Prunella. 1918.
HOUSTON, NORMAN.
Love Bandit. 1923.
Man Bait. 1926.
Midnight Morals. 1932.
Racing Lady. 1937.
HOUSTON, SAMUEL.
Conqueror. 1917.
HOWARD, BRONSON.
Banker's Daughter. 1914.
Young Mrs. Winthrop. 1914, 1920.
HOWARD, CLIFFORD.
Every Girl's Dream. 1917.
False Move. 1914.
Gray Horizon. © 1919.
Greater Profit. © 1920.
Other Side of the Door. 1916.
Purity. 1916.
HOWARD, EUGENE.
Willie and Eugene Howard in ... A Theatrical Manager's Office.
1927.
 Willie and Eugene Howard in My People. 1929.
Willie and Eugene Howard in Pals. 1927.
HOWARD, GEORGE FITZALAN BRONSON.
Borrowed Finery. 1925.
Clash of Steel. 1917.
Crimson Blade. 1917.
Dreaded Tube. 1917.
Enemy to Society. 1915.
International Spy. 1917.
Last Cigarette. 1917.
Man in the Trunk. 1917.
Master Spy. 1917.
Quality of Mercy. 1915.
Signet Ring. 1917.
Spy. 1917.
Stronger Than Steel. 1916.
HOWARD, JOSEPH E.
Joseph E. Howard, America's Popular Composer. 1928.
Should a Wife Forgive? © 1915.
HOWARD, LORRAINE.
Lorraine Howard and Florence Newton in Wedding Belles. 1930.
HOWARD, MELFORD WRIARSON.
Bishop of the Ozarks. 1923.
HOWARD, SIDNEY COE.
Christopher Bean. 1933.
Dodsworth. 1936.
Free Love. 1930.
Her Sweetheart. 1933.
Lady to Love. 1930.
Ned McCobb's Daughter. 1928.
Silver Cord. 1933.
We're All Gamblers. 1927.
HOWARD, WILLIAM G.
 Sultan of Zulon. 1915.
HOWARD, WILLIE.
Willie and Eugene Howard in ... A Theatrical Manager's Office.
1927.
Willie and Eugene Howard in My People. 1929.
Willie and Eugene Howard in Pals. 1927.
HOWARTH, LILLIAN.
*Brand of Judas. © 1919.
*Keali. © 1919.
*Pawn of Fortune. © 1919.
*When the Clock Struck Nine. © 1921.
HOWE, ANN.
Val Harris and Ann Howe in The Wild Westerner. 1928.
Val Harris with Ann Howe in Fair Days. 1928.
HOWE, ELIAS.
Fools Who Made History. (Serial)
HOWE, FRANK. Jr.
Tillie, a Mennonite Maid. 1922.
HOWE, JAY A.
Suds of Love. 1917.
HOWE, LYMAN H.
Lyman H. Howe's Famous Ride on a Runaway Train. 1921.
Our Navy in 1915. © 1915.
HOWE (LYMAN H.) FILMS COMPANY, INC.
*Lyman H. Howe's Famous Ride on a Runaway Train. 1921.
*Lyman H. Howe's Hodge Podge. (Serial)
*Our Navy in 1915. © 1915.
HOWELL, DOROTHY.
Guilty. 1930.
HOWELL, WILLIAM A.
Battle Cry of Freedom. © 1918.
 Our Flag, Columbia. © 1918.
Our Flag, the Star Spangled Banner. © 1918.
HOWELLS, DAVID P.
Moor. 1922.
*Son of Tarzan. (Serial)
HOWELLS SALES COMPANY, INC.
*Intrigue. 1921.
*Vendetta. 1921.
HOWIE, A. L.
Bartered Crown. © 1914.
HOYT, CHARLES HALE.
Bear Facts. 1917.
Black Sheep. 1915.
Brass Monkey. 1917.
Contented Woman. 1917.
Day and a Night. 1917.
Dog in the Manger. 1917.
Hole in the Ground. 1917.
Midnight Bell. © 1913, 1917, 1921.
Milk White Flag. 1916.
Rag Baby. 1917.
Runaway Colt. 1917.
Stranger in New York. 1916.
Temperance Town. 1916.
Texas Steer. 1915, 1927.
Trip to Chinatown. 1917, 1926.
HOYT, HARRY O.
Beloved Blackmailer. © 1918.
By Hook or Crook. © 1918.
Daredevil Jack. (Serial)
Forest Rivals. © 1919.
Hit or Miss. © 1919.
Just Sylvia. © 1918.
 Road to France. © 1918.
Rough Neck. © 1919.
Unjust Suspicion. © 1913.
HOYT, VANCE JOSEPH.
Sequoia. 1935.
HOYT, WAITE.
Waite Hoyt with J. Fred Coots in a Battery of Songs. 1930.
HUBBARD, ELBERT.
Message to Garcia. 1916, 1936.
HUBBARD, HAZEL H.
Mothering Heart. © 1913.
HUBBARD, LUCIEN.
Terror of the Range. (Serial)
HUBBARD, PHILIP E.
Man of Wrath. © 1922.
Thou That Hearest. © 1922.
Which Shall It Be? © 1922.
HUBER, E. J.
Frigidaire Household Refrigeration. © 1928.
HUBSCH (A. E.) AND COMPANY.
Desperado of Panama. © 1914.
Eye for an Eye. © 1914.
Sentenced for life. © 1914.
HUDNUT, RICHARD.
Romance of Perfume. 1930.
HUDNUT SALES COMPANY, INC.
*New Slant on Beauty. © 1937.
HUDSON, VIRGINIA TYLER.
Burglar. © 1917.
HUDSON MOTOR CAR COMPANY.
Engineered Economy. 1937.
 Hudson Gets the Vote. 1937.
Most for Your Money. 1937.
Stick to the Facts. 1937.
HUDSON PRODUCTION.
Draw Your Own Specifications. 1937.
Terraplane Takes the Lead. 1937.
HUEFFER, FORD MADDOX. SEE Ford, Ford Maddox.
HUGHES, ADELAIDE MANOLA (MOULD).
Gloria's Romance. (Serial)
HUGHES, HATCHER.
Hell-Bent for Heaven. 1926.
HUGHES, HOWARD.
Front Page. 1931.
Mating Call. 1928.
Racket. 1928.
Scarface. 1932.
Two Arabian Knights. 1927.
HUGHES, LLEWELLYN.
Sky Hawk. 1929.
HUGHES, RAY.
Ray Hughes and Pam in The Fall Guy. 1929.
HUGHES, RUPERT.
Breach of Promise. 1932.
Bridge. 1915.
Cup of Fury. 1919.
Danger Signal. © 1915.
Ghosts of Yesterday. 1917.
Girl on the Barge. 1928.
Gloria's Romance. (Serial)
His Wife and His Work. 1914.
Hold Your Horses. 1920.
Johanna Enlists. 1918.
 Ladies' Man. 1931.
Man That Might Have Been. 1914.
Money Talks. 1926.
No One Man. 1932.
Old Nest. 1921.
Out of the Ruins. 1915.
Patent Leather Kid. 1927.
President's Mystery. 1936.
*Remembrance. 1922.
*Reno. 1923.
*Scratch My Back. 1920.
She Goes to War. 1929.
*Souls for Sale. 1923.
Tess of the Storm Country. 1932.
Thirteenth Commandment. 1919.
*True As Steel. 1924.
We Can't Have Everything. 1918.
What Will People Say? 1915.
Woman Accused. 1933.
HUGHES, Mrs. RUPERT. SEE Hughes, Adelaide Manola (Mould).
HUGHES, THOMAS.
Tom Brown's Schooldays. © 1916.
HUGO, VICTOR MARIE, comte.
Bishop's Candlesticks. 1929.
Eternal Sin. 1917.
Hunchback of Notre Dame. 1923.
Man Who Laughs. © 1926, 1928.
Miserables. © 1913, 1918, 1925, © 1935, 1935.
Toilers of the Sea. 1923.
HUGO-ENGEL.
Prince and the Dancer. 1929.
HUGON, PAUL DESDEMAINES.
Betty Wales. © 1921.
 Cheap Vacation. 1916.
Through Life's Windows. 1919.
Well-Corseted Is Well-Dressed. © 1919.
HULCUP, JACK.
By the Shortest of Heads. © 1916.
HULL, EDITH MAUDE.
Old Loves and New. 1926.
Sheik. 1921.
Son of the Sheik. 1926.
HULL, HENRY.
East Side—West Side. 1923.
Henry Hull in The Matinee Idle. 1930.
HULL, ROBERT.
Tenth Case. © 1917.
HUME, CYRIL.
Wife of the Centaur. 1924.
HUME, FERGUS.
Mystery of a Hansom Cab. © 1915.
HUMMERT, FRANK.
Manhattan Merry-Go-Round. 1937.
HUMPHREY PICTURES, INC.
Atonement. © 1919.
HUMPHREYS, ELIZA MARGARET J. (GOLLAN).
Branded Soul. 1921.
HUMPHREYS, JOSEPH.
Ragged Earl. © 1914.
HUMPHREYS, RAY.
Trapped. 1931.
HUMPHREYS, RITA.
Mysterious Lodger. 1914.
HUNGERFORD, J. EDWARD.
All on Account of a Jug. © 1914.
Bombarded. 1914.
Broken Vase. © 1913.
Caught in a Tight Pinch. © 1914.
Constable's Daughter. © 1915.
Cupid and a Dress Coat. © 1914.
Dorothy's Adoption. © 1913.
Flurry in Hats. © 1914.
Girl and the Greaser. © 1913.
Granddaddy's Boy. © 1913.
His Faith in Humanity. © 1914.
In the Mansion of Loneliness. © 1915.
In the Open. © 1914.
Italian Love. © 1914.
Jane, the Justice. © 1914.
Joke on Jane. © 1914.
Law and the Outlaw. © 1913.
Lesson. © 1913.
Love and Labor. © 1915.
Love in the Ghetto. © 1913.
Loyalty of Jumbo. 1914.
Mein Lieber Katrina Catches the Convict. © 1914.
Mrs. Cook's Cooking. © 1915.
Nobody's Boy. © 1913.
On the Breast of the Tide. © 1914.
Out of the Darkness. © 1914.
Pietro, the Pianist. © 1914.
Private Bankers. 1916.
Probationer. © 1913.
Renegade's Vengeance. © 1914.
Scales of Justice. © 1913.
Soldier of the C. S. A. © 1914.
Spirit of Adventure. © 1915.
Strength of Donald McKenzie. 1916.
Susanna's New Suit. © 1914.
 Susie's New Shoes. © 1914.
Teaching Father a Lesson. 1914.
Terrible Trunk. 1915.
That Mail Order Suit. © 1913.
Toils of Deception. © 1913.
Tommy's Atonement. © 1913.
Tony and Maloney. © 1914.
When Father Craved a Smoke. © 1913.
When the Circus Came to Town. © 1913.
When the Fire Bell Rang. © 1915.
Wise Old Elephant. © 1913.
Yankee Doodle Dixie. © 1913.
HUNT, GEORGE EDWIN.
Angel Paradise. © 1914.
HUNT, JAY.
Double Fire Deception. 1916.
HUNT-STROMBERG PRODUCTIONS.
Breaking into Society. 1923.
HUNTER, FRANK.
Frank Hunter and Company in Moving Day. 1929.
HUNTER (GEORGE A.) COMPANY.
*Spirit of Saving. 1929.
HUNTER, T. HAYES.
*Border Legion. 1919.
Judy Forgot. 1915.
Love, Luck, and Loot. © 1915.
Mixed Color Scheme. © 1916.
Nearly a Husband. © 1915.
Some Statue. © 1915.
Suit and a Suitor. © 1916.
HUNTING, GARDNER.
If Women Only Knew. 1921.
What Love Forgives. © 1918.
HUNTINGTON, ELLSWORTH T.
Backward Civilization. 1937.
HUNTINGTON, HARRIET E.
*See for Yourself. © 1931.
HUNTLEY, FRED.
Dream of Dan McGuire. © 1913.
HUNYADY, SANDOR.
Girl Downstairs. 1938.
Storm at Daybreak. 1933.
HUPP MOTOR CAR COMPANY.
*What's the Big Idea? © 1934.
HURD (EARL) PRODUCTIONS.
*Hoboken Nightingale. 1924.
HURD PRODUCTIONS, INC.
*Artists' Model. 1924.
*Boneyard Blues. 1924.
*Broadcasting. 1925.
*He Who Gets Socked. 1925.
*Mellow Quartette. 1925.
*Monkey Business. 1925.
*Prop's Dash for Cash. 1925.
*Sawmill Four. 1924.
*Two Cats and a Bird. 1925.
*Two Poor Fish. 1925.
HURLBURT, WILLIAM JAMES.
Heart of a Siren. 1925.
Heart of a Temptress. 1925.
Lilies of the Field. 1924.
Romance and Arabella. 1919.
Strange Woman. 1918.
That French Lady. 1924.
Writing on the Wall. 1916.