A triangle is a three-sided polygon with three edges and three vertices.

It is one of the basic shapes in

geometry. The sum of its interior angles always equals 180 degrees.

Types of Triangles:
Triangles can be classified based on sides or angles:

Based on Sides:

a) Equilateral Triangle – All three sides are equal, and all angles are 60°.
b) Isosceles Triangle – Two sides are equal, and the base angles are equal.
c) Scalene Triangle – All three sides and angles are different.

A A
A

B C B B C
C
Equilateral Triangle Isosceles Triangle Scalene Triangle

AB=BC=AC AB=AC ≠ BC AB ≠ AC ≠ BC
All Sides are equal Two sides are equal Two sides are equal
All angels are 600 Two base angels are equal Two base angels are equal
∠B= ∠C

Based on Angles:

1. Acute Triangle – All three angles are less than 90°.

2. Right Triangle – One angle is exactly 90°.

3. Obtuse Triangle – One angle is more than 90°.

A A A

B C B C B C

Triangle Theorems
Pythagorean Theorem:

In a right triangle, the square of the hypotenuse (side opposite the right angle) is equal to the sum of the
squares of the other two sides.
Formula:

a2+b2=c2

Triangle Sum Theorem:

The sum of the interior angles of a triangle is always 180°.

Formula:

∠A+∠B+∠C = 180

Inequality Theorems:

 The sum of any two sides of a triangle is greater than the third side.
 Difference between the lengths of any two sides of a triangle is always less than the length of
the remaining side.
 The longest side is opposite the largest angle, and the shortest side is opposite the smallest
angle.

Exterior Angle Theorem:

 The measure of an exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of the measures of the two
opposite interior angles (also called remote interior angles).
 The sum of the three exterior angles of a triangle is always 360°. Therefore, the sum of any two
exterior angles of a triangle must be greater than 180°.
 When a side of a triangle is extended, it creates only one exterior angle at that vertex, and we
should consider only one exterior angle per side extension.
 If two sides of a triangle are equal, then the angles opposite to these sides are also equal
similarly If two angles of a triangle are equal, then the sides opposite to these angles are also
equal.

Exterior Angle=∠A+∠B

Others:

 A triangle has exactly three medians, one from each vertex. Each median connects a vertex to
the midpoint of the opposite side.

Explanation:
The three medians of a triangle intersect at a common point called the centroid.

Each median divides the triangle into two smaller triangles with equal area.

These medians are important in triangle geometry, as they are used in various properties and theorems.

 A median of a triangle divides the triangle into two smaller triangles of equal area.

Explanation:

The area of the two smaller triangles formed by a median is always equal.

This is because the median splits the triangle into two regions with the same base (the side opposite to
the vertex) and the same height (the distance from the vertex to the opposite side).

Hence, the areas are always equal.

 If we add the two medians of a triangle, the resulting straight line is parallel to the third side and
has a length equal to half the length of the third side.

Explanation:

This property is known as the Midline Theorem or Triangle Midsegment Theorem.

If you extend the two medians of a triangle, the new line segment that joins the midpoints of two sides
is parallel to the third side and half as long.

This parallel line segment creates a smaller triangle within the original one that is similar to the larger
triangle.

 The sum of the three medians of a triangle is always less than the perimeter of the triangle.

Congruence Theorems:

 SSS (Side-Side-Side): All three sides of one triangle are equal to the corresponding sides of
another.
 SAS (Side-Angle-Side): Two sides and the included angle are equal.
 ASA (Angle-Side-Angle): Two angles and the included side are equal.
 AAS (Angle-Angle-Side): Two angles and a non-included side are equal.
 HL (Hypotenuse-Leg): For right triangles, the hypotenuse and one leg are equal.
Similarity Theorems:

 AA (Angle-Angle): Two angles of one triangle are equal to two angles of another.
 SAS (Side-Angle-Side): Two sides are in proportion, and the included angles are equal.
 SSS (Side-Side-Side): All corresponding sides are in proportion.

 Vertices: The points where two sides of a triangle meet.

 Median: A line segment joining a vertex to the midpoint of the opposite side.
 Altitude: A perpendicular line segment from a vertex to the opposite side (or its extension).
 Centroid: The point where the three medians intersect.
 Circumcenter: The point where the perpendicular bisectors of the sides intersect.
 Orthocenter: The point where the three altitudes intersect.
Area of Triangle Formula

The area of a triangle can be calculated using various formulas. For example, Heron’s formula is used to
calculate the triangle’s area, when we know the length of all three sides. Trigonometric functions are
also used to find the area of a triangle when we know two sides and the angle formed between them.
However, the basic formula that is used to find the area of a triangle is:

Area of triangle = 1/2 × base × height

Observe the following figure to see the base and height of a triangle