LABORATORY MANUAL

Power System Analysis Laboratory

Course Code: 0713-316

Course Title: Power System Analysis Laboratory

For the students of the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Daffodil International University
Dhaka 1216, Bangladesh

June 2023

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Created By:
Khyrun Nesa Nesha
Lecturer, Dept. of EEE, DIU
Email: [email protected]
Contact: 01673654528

Naimur Rahman
Lecturer, Dept. of EEE, DIU
Email: [email protected]
Contact: 01521105138

Finalized By:
Naimur Rahman
Lecturer, Dept. of EEE, DIU
Email: [email protected]
Contact: 01521105138

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 Content

Exp. No. Experiment Name Page No.

1 Formation of bus admittance and impedance matrices using MATLAB 6

2 Modeling of Short Transmission Line using MATLAB/ Simulink. 11
3 Load Flow Study of a Power System using Power System Analysis 28
Framework (PSAF).
4 Asymmetrical Fault Analysis of a Power System using Simulation Software 33
PSAF.
5 Symmetrical Fault Analysis using MATLAB 39
6 Determination of the vector group test of a three-phase three winding 45
transformer.
7 Study of the loading characteristics of a three-phase three winding 51
transformer.
8 Determination of the zero-sequence impedance of a three-phase three winding 56
transformer.
9 Study of the no-load characteristics of a short and medium transmission line. 60
10 Study of the loading performance of a short and medium transmission line. 63
11 Analysis of three-phase short circuit performance of a typical power system. 67
12 Experimental study of series and parallel compensation of transmission line. 70

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 Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering (EEE)
Course Code: 0713-316
Title: Power System Analysis Laboratory

Experiment no: 01

Name of the Experiment: Formation of bus admittance and impedance matrices using
MATLAB

Objective: To develop a program to obtain Ybus matrix for the given networks.

Theory: Voltage of G1=1.1p.u and G2is =1Pu.Impedance diagram of this circuit is shown in
fig.1 .

Fig(1): Impedance Diagram

Based on kirchhoff’s current law , impedances are converted to admittance, i.e.,

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 Fig (2): admittance diagram

Output:

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Program for Building Bus admittance matrix

function[Ybus] = ybus(zdata)
nl=zdata(:,1); nr=zdata(:,2); R=zdata(:,3); X=zdata(:,4);
nbr=length(zdata(:,1)); nbus = max(max(nl), max(nr));
Z = R + j*X; %branch impedance
y= ones(nbr,1)./Z; %branch admittance
Ybus=zeros(nbus,nbus); % initialize Ybus to zero
for k = 1:nbr; % formation of the off diagonal elements
if nl(k) > 0 & nr(k) > 0
Ybus(nl(k),nr(k)) = Ybus(nl(k),nr(k)) - y(k);
Ybus(nr(k),nl(k)) = Ybus(nl(k),nr(k));
end
end
for n = 1:nbus % formation of the diagonal elements
for k = 1:nbr
if nl(k) == n | nr(k) == n
Ybus(n,n) = Ybus(n,n) + y(k);
else, end
end
end

Final Program:

clear all
close all
clc
% From To R X
zdata = [ 0 1 0 1.0
0 2 0 0.8
1 2 0 0.4
1 3 0 0.2
2 3 0 0.2
3 4 0 0.08];
[Ybus] = ybus(z) % bus admittance matrix
Ibus = [-j*1.1; -j*1.25; 0; 0]; % vector of injected bus currents
Zbus = inv(Ybus) % bus impedance matrix
Vbus = Zbus*Ibus
%Vbus = Ybus\Ibus

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Final Output:

Ybus =

0.0000 - 8.5000i 0.0000 + 2.5000i 0.0000 + 5.0000i 0.0000 + 0.0000i

0.0000 + 2.5000i 0.0000 - 8.7500i 0.0000 + 5.0000i 0.0000 + 0.0000i
0.0000 + 5.0000i 0.0000 + 5.0000i 0.0000 -22.5000i 0.0000 +12.5000i
0.0000 + 0.0000i 0.0000 + 0.0000i 0.0000 +12.5000i 0.0000 -12.5000i

Zbus =

0.0000 + 0.5000i 0.0000 + 0.4000i 0.0000 + 0.4500i 0.0000 + 0.4500i

0.0000 + 0.4000i 0.0000 + 0.4800i 0.0000 + 0.4400i 0.0000 + 0.4400i
0.0000 + 0.4500i 0.0000 + 0.4400i 0.0000 + 0.5450i 0.0000 + 0.5450i
0.0000 + 0.4500i 0.0000 + 0.4400i 0.0000 + 0.5450i 0.0000 + 0.6250i

Vbus =

1.0500
1.0400
1.0450
1.0450

Report Task

Problem_01 The following figure shows the single line diagram of power system with
generators at buses 1 and 2. Generator 1 has internal generated voltage 1.1 p.u. and synchronous
reactance j0.1 p.u. Generator 2 has internal generated voltage 1.08 p.u. and synchronous
reactance j0.8 p.u.

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The transmission line impedances are given below:

Bus 1 to 3 : 0.1+j0.02 p.u.

Bus 3 to 4: 0.3+j0.5 p.u.
Bus 3 to 5: 0.1+j0.02 p.u. (each)
Bus 4 to 1: 0.3+j0.5 p.u.
Bus 2 to 4: 0.2+j0.1 p.u.
Bus 5 to 2: 0.1+j0.02 p.u.
Each of the transmission line has a line charging susceptance j0.2 p.u. except the line between
bus 1 and 4 (line charging susceptance j0.4 p.u.).
i) Determine the Ybus matrix for the given power system.
ii) Determine the Zbus matrix, network injected currents and bus voltages.
Use Matlab Code to answer the above questions. Also try to solve the problem by hand
calculations and compare your answer with that of the output of your Matlab Code. Explain
if you find any discrepancy.

Problem_02

Consider a two bus power system, where these buses are connected through three parallel
transmission lines. The impedance of each line is j0.10 p.u. Each line in the power system has a
line charging capacitive susceptance of ‘y’ p.u. The elements of Ybus are: Y11 = -j9.96, Y12 =
Y21 = j10, and Y22 = -j9.96. Determine the value of y.

(Note: Just determine the value of ‘y’, no need to do matlab coding)

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 Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering (EEE)
Course Code: 0713-316
Title: Power System Analysis Laboratory

Experiment no: 02

Name of the Experiment: Modeling of Short Transmission Line using MATLAB/ Simulink.

Objectives:
• To design and simulate short transmission line model in MATLAB/Simulink
environment.
• To determine transmission line sending end and receiving end parameters (3-phase
voltage, current, real, reactive and apparent power).
• To determine transmission line voltage regulation and efficiency.

Theory:
In short transmission line (l<80km) model, only series impedance (R and L) is considered.
Because the effect of line charging shunt capacitances is negligible in the short transmission line.
The equivalent circuit of a short transmission line is shown below, where Is and IR are the
sending- end receiving-end currents, respectively, and Vs and VR are the sending- end receiving-
end line-to-neutral voltages. The circuit is solved as a simple series ac circuit. So,

where Z is zl, the total series impedance of the line. The effect of the variation of the power
factor of the load on the voltage regulation of a line is most easily understood for the short line
and therefore will be considered at this time. Voltage regulation of a transmission line is the rise
in voltage at the receiving end, expressed in percent of full-load voltage, when full load at a
specified power factor is removed while the sending-end voltage is held constant.

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Figure: Phasor diagrams of a short transmission line. All diagrams are drawn for the same
magnitudes of VR and IR .

%Transmission Efficiency = PR/PS × 100% = (PS – PLoss)/PS × 100%

Where PLoss = |I|2R = Transmission line power loss.

Procedure:
1) Open MATLAB software in your PC. Click on the Simulink icon to initialize Simulink.

Simulink Icon

2) When the Simulink widow opens, click on the “new blank model” icon.

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 Simulink Library Browser Icon

New Blank Model Icon

A new blank model will be opened. Save this model in your PC. The extension for
Simulink model/file is “.xls” . (Note: in this experiment the Simulink model has been
saved with the name “Short_TransmissionLine”. But you can customize the name as you
want.)

3) Now click on the “Simulink Library Browser” Icon. Select “Simcape” from the Simulink
Library Browser Menu and follow the steps:
Click Simulink Library Browser > Select Simscape > Click Power Systems Block >
Select Specialized Technology block > Click Fundamentals Blocks > select Electrical
Sources > select Three-Phase Source and drag the element to the blank model window.

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 Now Click on the “Three-Phase Source” and the window “Block Parameters” will be
opened. Set the Frequency (Hz) to the system frequency (here it is 60Hz). And set the
“Phase-to-phase voltage (Vrms) to the sending end voltage. Then click OK.

This three-phase voltage source is considered as the power grid in the system.

4) Now for the sending end voltage-current measurement, follow the steps:
Click Simulink Library Browser > Select Simscape > Click Power Systems Block >
Select Specialized Technology block > Click Fundamentals Blocks > Measurements >
Three-Phase V-I Measurment and drag the element to the model window.

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 Directory of an
element is shown at
the top of the Library
Browser Menu.

Connect the A, B, C phases of the 3-phase source and the measurement block. Then click
on the Three-Phase V-I Measurement block to set the parameters as follows. Click OK.

5) Now select the “Three-Phase Series RLC Branch” and drag it to the model window.
You can see it’s directory in the following picture. This Three-Phase Series RLC

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Branch is the pysical model of the transmission line.

To make this three-phase RLC branch a short transmission line, click on the block and set
the parameters as follows. Click Apply. Then click OK.

(Note: since in the short transmission line model only series impedance (R-L) is
considered, the branch type is RL).
Now connect the A,B,C phases of the three-phase RLC branch to the sending end
measurement block. Now put another Three-Phase V-I Measurement block at the
receiving end of the transmission line and connect the A,B,C phases. Set the receiving

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 end measument block parameters as follows.

6) Now select “Three-Phase Series RLC Load” and drag it to the model window.

Click on the load and set the parameters as shown below. Note that, for a lagging load,
Qc is ‘0’ and for a leading load, QL will be ‘0’. For a purely resistive load, Qc = QL = 0.

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Now the short transmission line model is ready and it will look like the following in the
simulink model window.

Now that our short transmission line model is ready, we need to simulate it and determine
the three phase voltage, current, real power, reactive power and apparent power at the
sending-end and receiving-end respectively.
We also need to measure the voltage regulation and transmission line efficiency.

For this, we need add some additional equipment/blocks and tools as described below:

a) Sending-end Vr.m.s and I r.m.s measurement:

Select the “RMS” block and “Display” from the Simulink browser and drag those to
the model window.

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Connect the RMS block and display. Click on the RMS block and set the parameters
as follows. Connect the Vabc output of the three-phase V-I measurement block to the
input of the RMS block.

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 Connect another RMS block and Display to the Iabc of the measurement block as
shown in the figure below.

Vabc and Iabc are the 3-phase magnitudes of sending-end voltage. The RMS block
converts to the 3-phase r.m.s. voltages and we can see those values on the Display.
But to make our model simulation ready, we need to add another important tool
called “powergui” from the library browser.

We can directly search for any

block/element from the Library
browser search menu bar. Just
type the name of the block and
press enter. The block will appear.

For example, we have searched

for ‘powergui’ and it appears in
the library chart.

This ‘powergui’ Simulink tool is dedicted to power system simulation. The powergui tool takes
our model as a part of a power system and simulates it accordingly. If we do not use ‘powergui’,
the simulation will give errors. Now select the ‘powergui’ and drag it to the model window.

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Make simulation time 1 sec and click on the green run button. You can see the 3-phase Vrms
and Irms measurements of the sending-end in the display as the following figure.

b) 3-phase Sending-end Real Power Ps, Reactive Power Qs and Apparent Power, Ss
Measurment:
Go the Simulink Library Browser > Simulink > Math operations >select Product and
Add.
Also select 3-Phase Instantaneous Power measurement block and Displays.

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 Drag the components one by one to the model window. Connect those as shown in
the following figure and click on the simulation button to run the simulation.

3-Phase Instantaneous
Power

Product

Add

The output of the Product block S1-Ph = Vrms.Irms (VA). The Add block adds the three phase
apparent power Ss (VA) which is displayed in the above figure. The 3-Phase Instantaneous
Power measures the 3-phase real power Ps and reactive power Qs from the three phase
instantaneous voltages Vabc and currents Iabc respectively. The three phase real and reactive
powers of the transmission line sending-end is displayed in the above figure.

c) 3-phase Recieving-end Real Power Pr, Reactive Power Qr and Apparent Power,
Sr Measurment:

Select the entire voltage, current, power measurement blocks at the sending-end by
swiping your mouse pointer and copy (press ctrl+C) the entire blocks as shown
below.

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Now paste (ctrl+V) it to the receiving-end side and connect the blocks to the receiving-end as
shown below.

Now run the simulation again. This time we can also see the receiving-end three phase voltage,
current, real power, reactive power, apparent power displayed as that of the sending-end side.

d) %Voltage Regulation and Transmission Line Efficiency :

Select the Demultiplexer (Simulink > Commonly Used Blocks > Demux) and drag it
to the model window. Click on the Demux to set the parameters as follows.

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Now follow the steps, Simulink > Math Operations > Select Subtract, Divide and
Gain.

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Click on the Gain and set the value to 100.

Connect all the blocks to the existing network as shown in the figure below.
The output of the Subtract is |Vrms (sending)| – |Vrms(receiving)|. This output is
divided by |Vrms (receiving)| by the Divide and the output is multiplied with a gain
of 100. The output value is %VR of the short transmission line that is displayed in the
following figure.
The transmission line efficiency is calculated in a similar manner by (3-phase Pr /3-
phase Ps)*100 and displayed in the figure.

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Thus, we have successfully modeled a short transmission line and determined its various
parameters in the MATLAB/Simulink Environment.

Report Task:

A 240kV 50Hz three phase transmission line has a length of 80km. The transmission line has
resistance 0.05 ohm/km and inductance 0.8mH/km. The transmission line is supplying power to
a load of 450MVA 240kV at i)0.8 pf (lagging), ii) 0.8 pf (leading), iii) unity pf.

Using the developed transmission line model, determine the three phase source voltages and
currents, receiving end voltages and currents, three phase sending end active, reactive and
apparent power, three phase receiving end active, reactive and apparent power, %voltage
regulation and transmission efficiency.

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 Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering (EEE)
Course Code: 0713-316
Title: Power System Analysis Laboratory

Experiment no: 03

Name of the Experiment: Load Flow Study of a Power System using Power System Analysis
Framework (PSAF).

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 Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering (EEE)
Course Code: 0713-316
Title: Power System Analysis Laboratory

Experiment no: 04

Name of the Experiment: Asymmetrical Fault Analysis of a Power System using Simulation
Software PSAF.

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Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering (EEE)
Course Code: 0713-316
Title: Power System Analysis Laboratory

Experiment no: 05

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Report Task:

1) For the impedance network shown, a new transmission line with impedance 0.4j p.u. is
added between bus 1 and 2. Suppose this time a symmetrical fault with fault impedance
Zf = 0.2j p.u. occurs on bus 3. Determine the fault current If , bus voltages and the line
currents during the fault.
2) Suppose this time the fault occurs on bus 2 (Zf = 0.2j) instead of bus 3. Determine the
fault current, bus voltages and line currents. Compare the results obtained with (1) and
comment on the difference in values.

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 Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering (EEE)
Course Code: 0713-316
Title: Power System Analysis Laboratory

Experiment no: 06
Experiment Name: Determination of the vector group test of a three-phase three winding
transformer.

Theory:

A vector group ais the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) method of

categorizing the high voltage (HV) winding and low voltage (LV) winding configurations of a
three-phase transformer. The vector groups indicate the winding configuration and the phase
difference between the windings. The three phase transformer windings can be connected
several ways. Based on the windings’ connection, the vector group of the transformer is
determined.

The transformer vector group is indicated on the Name Plate of transformer by the
manufacturer. The vector group indicates the phase difference between the primary and
secondary sides, introduced due to that particular configuration of transformer windings
connection. The Determination of vector group of transformers is very important before
connecting two or more transformers in parallel. If two transformers of different vector groups

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are connected in parallel then phase difference exist between the secondary of the transformers
and large circulating current flows between the two transformers which is very detrimental.

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Connection Diagram:

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Report Task:

Draw the configuration diagram and determine the amount of phase shift for Dy11 and Dy5
vector groups.

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 Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering (EEE)
Course Code: 0713-316
Title: Power System Analysis Laboratory

Experiment no: 07

Experiment Name: Study of the loading characteristics of a three-phase three winding

transformer.

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Report Task:

Draw the efficiency vs power graph for the inductive load and the capacitive load. Compare both
graphs.

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 Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering (EEE)
Course Code: 0713-316
Title: Power System Analysis Laboratory

Experiment no: 08

Experiment Name: Determination of the zero-sequence impedance of a three-phase three

winding transformer.

Theory:

The zero-sequence impedance is usually measured for all star-connected windings of the
transformer. The measurement is carried out by supplying a current of rated frequency between
the parallel connected phase terminals and the neutral terminal.

The zero-sequence impedance per phase is three times the impedance measured in this way.
The zero-sequence is needed for earth-fault protection and earth-fault current calculations.

In this experiment we will determine the zero-sequence impedance for two different
topographic connections of three phase transformer.

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Report Task:

1) Why the zero-sequence impedance is different for different topographic diagrams?

2) Why the zero-sequence impedance is the highest for star-star connection?

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 Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering (EEE)
Course Code: 0713-316
Title: Power System Analysis Laboratory

Experiment no: 09

Experiment Name: Study of the no-load characteristics of a short and medium transmission
line.

Objectives:

• Measurement of voltages in no-load operation

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Report Task:

1) What does no-load operation means?

2) What happens in transmission line under no-load?

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 Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering (EEE)
Course Code: 0713-316
Title: Power System Analysis Laboratory

Experiment no: 10

Experiment Name: Study of the loading performance of a short and medium transmission line.

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 Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering (EEE)
Course Code: 0713-316
Title: Power System Analysis Laboratory

Experiment no: 11

Experiment Name: Analysis of three-phase short circuit performance of a typical power system.

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……………
…

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 Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering (EEE)
Course Code: 0713-316
Title: Power System Analysis Laboratory

Experiment no: 12

Experiment Name: Experimental study of series and parallel compensation of transmission line.

Objective: Investigating the effect of series and parallel compensation on the voltage stability at
the load.

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Parallel Compensation:

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Series Compensation:

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