SLIDE 1
Title 3: Comparative Hypoglycemic Effect of Eleusine indica (Paragis) Ethanolic Extract and
Metformin on Blood Glucose Levels of Alloxan-Induced Diabetic White Mice (Mus musculus)
SLIDE 2
Brief Background of the Study
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent
hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance or inadequate insulin production. Standard treatments,
such as metformin, are effective in managing blood sugar levels but may cause adverse effects,
including gastrointestinal discomfort, lactic acidosis, and vitamin B12 deficiency. Consequently,
there is growing interest in herbal alternatives with fewer side effects and comparable efficacy to
synthetic drugs.
Eleusine indica (Paragis) is a widely distributed plant in tropical and subtropical regions,
traditionally used in folk medicine for its anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and diuretic
properties. Preliminary phytochemical analyses suggest that it contains flavonoids, alkaloids, and
polyphenols, which may contribute to its hypoglycemic potential. However, limited scientific
studies have compared its efficacy to standard anti-diabetic drugs like metformin. This study
aims to evaluate the blood glucose-lowering effects of Eleusine indica ethanolic extract in
alloxan-induced diabetic mice and determine its potential as an alternative treatment for diabetes
mellitus.
SLIDE 3
Statement of the Problem
1. What is the hypoglycemic effect of Eleusine indica ethanolic extract on alloxan-induced
diabetic mice?
2. Is there a significant difference between the hypoglycemic effects of Eleusine indica
extract and metformin?
SLIDE 4
Objectives of the Study
General Objective:
This study aims to compare the hypoglycemic effect of Eleusine indica ethanolic extract with
metformin in alloxan-induced diabetic mice by analyzing changes in blood glucose levels and
overall efficacy.
Specific Objectives
This study specifically aims to:
1. Determine the phytochemical composition of Eleusine indica extract through qualitative
and quantitative phytochemical screening to identify bioactive compounds with potential
antidiabetic properties.
2. Evaluate changes in blood glucose levels post-treatment by measuring fasting blood
glucose levels at specific time intervals within 24 hours after administering Eleusine
indica extract and metformin to alloxan-induced diabetic mice.
3. Compare the efficacy of the extract with metformin by statistically analyzing blood
glucose reduction and assessing whether Eleusine indica extract exhibits comparable or
superior hypoglycemic activity relative to metformin.
SLIDE 5
General Procedure
1. Collection, Authentication, and Extraction of Eleusine indica
1.1. Fresh Eleusine indica (goosegrass) samples will be collected from a designated location with
minimal environmental contamination.
1.2. The collected plant samples will be authenticated by a botanist or plant taxonomist to
confirm species identity.
1.3. The authenticated plant materials will be thoroughly washed with distilled water to remove
dirt and debris, then air-dried in a shaded, well-ventilated area for 7–10 days.
1.4. The dried plant materials will be ground into a fine powder using an electric grinder.
1.5. Ethanolic extraction will be performed using the maceration method, where the powdered
plant material will be soaked in 95% ethanol (solvent) in a 1:10 ratio (w/v) for 48–72 hours with
occasional stirring.
1.6. The extract will be filtered using Whatman No. 1 filter paper, and the filtrate will be
concentrated using a rotary evaporator at 40°C under reduced pressure.
1.7. The semi-solid extract will be stored in an amber-colored container at 4°C until further use.
2. Phytochemical Screening of the Extract
2.1. The phytochemical composition of the Eleusine indica ethanolic extract will be determined
through qualitative and quantitative screening.
2.2. Standard phytochemical tests will be conducted to detect the presence of alkaloids,
flavonoids, tannins, saponins, glycosides, phenolics, and other bioactive compounds.
2.3. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) or high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) may
be used to further characterize the major bioactive compounds present in the extract.
2.4. The results of the phytochemical screening will be documented and analyzed to identify
compounds with potential antidiabetic properties.
3. Induction of Diabetes in Mice Using Alloxan
3.1. Healthy male albino mice (Mus musculus) weighing approximately 20–30 g will be obtained
from a licensed animal research facility.
3.2. The mice will be acclimatized to laboratory conditions for at least one week, with access to
standard laboratory chow and water ad libitum.
3.3. Diabetes will be induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of alloxan monohydrate (120–
150 mg/kg body weight), freshly prepared in 0.1 M citrate buffer (pH 4.5).
3.4. To confirm successful diabetes induction, fasting blood glucose levels will be measured
using a glucometer 72 hours post-injection. Mice with fasting blood glucose levels above 200
mg/dL will be considered diabetic and included in the study.
3.5. Diabetic mice will be randomly assigned into treatment groups.
4. Administration of Treatments and Monitoring of Blood Glucose Levels
4.1. The experimental groups will be as follows:
Negative Control Group: Diabetic mice receiving only distilled water.
Positive Control Group: Diabetic mice receiving metformin (500 mg/kg body weight).
Experimental Groups: Diabetic mice receiving different doses of Eleusine indica extract
(e.g., 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg body weight).
4.2. The treatments will be administered via oral gavage once daily for a specified
duration (e.g., 14 days).
4.3. Fasting blood glucose levels will be measured at baseline (before treatment) and at
specific time intervals post-treatment (e.g., 1 hour, 3 hours, 6 hours, 12 hours, 24 hours,
and on selected days throughout the treatment period).
4.4. Body weight, food intake, and water consumption will also be monitored to assess
the overall health status of the mice.
4.5. At the end of the treatment period, the mice will be sacrificed under ethical
guidelines, and blood samples will be collected for biochemical analysis of insulin levels
and oxidative stress markers.
5. Statistical Analysis and Comparison of Treatment Effects
5.1. The data obtained from blood glucose measurements will be statistically analyzed using
appropriate methods such as:
One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post-hoc test for multiple comparisons.
Student’s t-test for pairwise comparisons between treatment groups.
5.2. Results will be presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD), with statistical
significance set at p < 0.05.
5.3. The percentage reduction in blood glucose levels will be calculated and compared
between treatment groups to determine the hypoglycemic efficacy of Eleusine indica
extract relative to metformin.
5.4. Findings will be interpreted in relation to previous studies, and conclusions will be
drawn regarding the potential of Eleusine indica as an alternative antidiabetic treatment.
