Specular _ Ke flection Re Fraction o geoater) « The speed of Wight 14 a medium 7 cee a vs less than the speek of light BF. ety ch yracuum, vec VTE - Dy Feel Ve GF where 4 EL Pann n 1s called the ender of — yir/ pie thes O.= hefractron, eres toy Angle of imciclence = angle of retlectron > The Fre puency of Light doer not change fh a medrum, The ineikenf and veflectont 2 Because Hav che waveleny th nays ane in the some lene chan tet 8 ent as the nevmal veckn ~~ medium than in vaccum, 99 busty PD lose > 1 Praspeed! of nox $ 40 ear.) : 3 $c AW of this has the effer of bending Crefracting) a tight rey. pormel speflectet 7 1 ay 1 6,con alse oviginete The incident rey mechum Cae ove the denser with layer” ), normal’ A 1 1 ; reFrected \ a ¢ water mak reflected ray incident vey n, 0G, =m sem naval A ately net — : oe ( Be. C os sy ( . \ gnells Cau hos» my SinA | fiow efroe ( ono pie ‘ et = os Fi Ont, > ; 4% Ne Fectie, ( Totel internal pe flection teu - "og ace y Ant only when the inet G née, ray i in the Aonser mek my Nn, s829G = My SNA psnws What ox foe enifeal angle The Glas Plock for total cufernal vetlectim al a weler 2 ar Cnferfece7? 4, Sea, = Wy Sen, OT a) when O, = Wy ~lsy Chat,) G chikrea? fem G+ p00 5246/2) Stee 7, a > Objects eypear higher thay the bottom of A, the block Hs 5G oe) Ge S cae Sey CD] ese.Pe2mpe Tof/rf pyre Fel] fy$ D2 $, bela! ol W Gr2sn anus 31 Enum) orn W o zo e- =-W 404 22/4 SO by W (ws PYAIA) 21s 40n0 ho o>? CRS 24) pes rye 42 OCP muyrsod shame PP Uddin = XdA wo? ord WOAt UA BNwDUuo? o< a AP -—. £4 / / ( noyrrbs 4Ad2/y/ poe 4Saseuy a Cou ese,seul] wolqo, ° =e JOLT, 2AvUODsew 1a!GO Ge em JOLY oAvouODseul] qalgQ a e JOM aAvdU0Dase] JOM eavouo0d em »elqoseu] yalG0 JOM XeAuogose] algo JOM, XeAUODPerm [>i peranz Fe }W] fybind2 $, bob! of WW Geeta mas 51 eben) 2 W SF -~ =-=w 24 22/4 Io b2 y/ (Bs prynta LD Bars seyo | Ko o> PY CRs 224) ges yao KO 2C.497 piyssod shom /2 PP uaa sin XOA Ue? or¢ HOAL LA Brea uo? o< & 6 7 = fF, | [ 0p? D\ Ahsy/ P DIA IS suo7 aesew] palgo” sus] SUISIOAUODoBemy pag J JT suo] SuISIoAUO_osewly 10199 sua] Sursieau0Zava wala suey SurSr0,u0d,asewy palao, sus] Sur8xeA05yolqo aseuy sua] SurSioAIqgaay paIgo” sua] SUISIOAIGEresne/ Zeus ER abe peel peei> Diffeveuces bef wean. Sphaceek Meywes aud Sbaricol Leases coveate mir - (€=2F] ns oR ade abject Me <3 Vea! side Vittea? Peat ve Lo — fro a. eoncon etic on eg ee ee Avex Cons ae a cH t eee I _ aR object ae Ver tak Leal se, Stele & priteg SdTF ‘e i cheat Polarocds Ty the polaroil erection Cp ivection) and thx E freld tirectin Light from Ge San, a light hab, a mates, mate am emgle O, then only ek, rs uapelanzed feat , 77 _ a ets broagh contains EB feels pointiny om a@ Brag E 7 2 hevections ef randam and tha Component of & that oes 2h through 7% new prlavered along Think of a polaroid as a picker fone to polareid hinect san, that only alws chose 2 frees aligned aleny the pickets ty pass threat The intensity ot vedration rs proper tomar fo /* > z Ewce BAe fl] ¢ Ee Gi, fm ° ta plarivect enpelarieed prloroed 07 He va the intensity Cubat your tye cbtect) agate that gets through tho pelonotd cr Lime 8APalarieation petponde lar ko Aerecteow ot Crave OQ abrrlad direction at Electric field Q Vrnegs _ >? ee 2 z [L-B - fF = oy 4 ah pileveod ze Lpelereee ~ ex clea + | Yo e/~ a. hee rg alas’ Law ae ene T= Tiente ey One polarer€ What teppens to Ge Dona fhveugh 020 polavord 7 origi ral vaten shy after unpilevired leght pass es Loe ZS Crested palarcids what happou to Tmen as unpolarired Light is passed thmagn o pUlarerety set af 90% fo eacg *fhar? oO 4 third sheet crossed poleraide ff Le, 3 inserted between 2 «5? From 7 “ Gs) ) corGga) = Cy erage Drrar?Al Ts tev ference Mewton : Light ss made of particles = corpuscles Young + Light #5 mace df waves. st ° set LCS hng — eens, Ta ang, Ma ob Path Stevens £ gf Spore 6 ee eee ee screen i 7 slits = 4 Fact fenaly Fancke. nfenaty Function — negerves _ Emp = 4 t& inet (varlrdas hy not infer Feve,) Z\IPath deference S= dane ae aitere Constructive I= d sins mA Interference Fright m+ Othte,.. Destructive P. fong « Cme4)9 Interference Devk ms orl t2,.. Small angle approx mefion for 94 Olred © S%) ‘9 esng 0 tong = Bhs DS radia ee) zc wah L) yr lsmos Ve Const bsg Semele aoste, Lang jee awd IM = ohh, ‘ ee Phose Ditferenre when d2o , 454 when S22 , @2 9m (sea . ant gia ae = ard sind aTuten sity < fe T= Sue * sot a Faynting vee ter Ee see : = &, sin(at) + Es sin lut+?”) © QE, os L) sin (wt +h max is QE. - consty - 020,00 vr. min is 0 - Gesty, ~ 05 130°= Tr rat 2g Se eo De Z os£): T ew(t fone) ~ "2k (EE)Previcosly , stuzle shit pattern pont | Sacre, | a horn A ee double skt Frere me | te Ho Stns Lyte aa \ Cor steer teeny, So a &, <4 “Yt = E, 4 a fe = 5 mag $e nae Dw ge Dttraction Crating 7 ! many She 1 1 ‘spat 1 } { } Single sh Ditfvachin pa tern & ae | 2 put of Saurce i c_ fe Screen t Obcer vnetions. + ee perks ae mah or brighh ae thn contd? "penk ht 2. + contr as otha, wextmom os terre as wide Marne,Hay sen 's Prmecple Every print alony tha shel is a paint seorce of codorent ght. slit Diftracken owl tH) ( a ° Cente peak ho to mele ne atl, S = path difecwa = Zong «Daten PE: am, Crom yeg Clestuct ve) $= 2 swt(2 sy = Zr SC hav, one 2 md Ge gas m= FayRom e (ye — EE (te : i 2 5m (£R~ at — ke sit) oly Exp + Me een = 08, fe 2 an ee ee on (kr at) koa dé = So 5 (ER-wt — ke sind) be eee! eng 1% > £2 -as C&R wt be sine) cas Rot oe sine ~h sinh m% = 2 Jas Geat- Af Sind) — eft ets Me ene 2 sin (¢R-et) sin tages) - be. sin (kB - “)) sin (fe 546)Ejge = En oC hho) 2 (22,28) Grae Tt sin ae Sit (2) nase) DP atensrty : La Bt om CH9* LrMie hel son one Morley .., ue caunat find Gre aoter, x Ce spook ak light is measured te be Che Jane un ad inertial reference Freenes, oe Pe Observer @ meetwes the specet of Bx ligl beom bh be 2, emt observer @ ineasues te peed ot Or tight beam & be cat nlf Conseguence: QD and @ cannot lave watetas Gal meter sts tat agree. Space anc? ome ore nth ab sotnte Different observers will p00 Af foren” measuremants, the Light Cock This is @ thewehed’ eviz7e ere 4 Cedenken (a theagtt) ex porimerts. monvon Of ght The period T is Cre polse L teore iC fakes the fade / pelse fo complete GuraT ane fal cycle (frek- Fock) The pete length covered by the palre im ane peed T OX QL. Ne ot the verulte wit? clock (springs, pendula, will Revive veselty acing tha pli clock, fe ved fr ony brelogrcal, ete, ),Ti me Dila 104 Lee cs Fhheh tal : tr point 7 at pest with oO reaped is as ae or seer 3 We wil assome chet the leny7e of Tig lock Perpendicular ty the Gree tion of metro anchonged. Wem) M prve fois Shortly, Vers Cy beg ype NS ae a 3 PeOd et thir moving clock = peel of the light puro = 2 Tetsl peth length Cela aie) Tale? oma c= EP ad r A Little Maebr lan aver Gy” oes yer? 2 yt = st cts HL on ee ete Te wT? a Tee et Te yr TeCerv') = ot T? TT’ ST = pte 7 a we Lo = JY Gemma fact) re aa Merman sion leseO4V<6C y <2 wR \h TOVT Kan sepeence: Moving clocks pani shup compared ty clocks af pect uff bespoct A the obcerver. The faster @ elck mares, fhe slowen ;f bens, T= Proper Time 2 time vecerled by a club af vert, TT Printer time posses guichert oP af Pavoder #1 : Duppre Tat you out 7 are moving relative te one aneton I obsome (your cleck tr be remming clour, Le yoo observe my elect to be rennrny clon, G@ The way, Lo see you moving % slow murion om yeu See mr moving Ay clow mnetiam .) Length Contraction Leng = L period = T ae speed of pale = © ~ BE ee Leugfas 27 perreds7- "= PT = eT the clock moviig, 50 omnia §le ve Speed of ight pees é.2 44% Hel - ~ ‘ “ observed’ by us Cae oe a ctuMove Alpstra io Pa Cmseguone » Moving objects shrink i+ tea clcrecti of matin by te gemure Fector Ex A meter stick moving a FPP 27g. beh dm aa a lengta is ee pear = YE mm bong 43 observed by us DF course, pe an abserver more mevag at PIPPI wits Cre meter shrek, fied’ observer would wecord a lengte of L meer, L = Proper Leagte = te lergty record by an observer net moving with weysect to Ke objet Proper Lengtte 1s tha longas% of @O. faradey #2; Seggose tat you ome Tare moving velevire to one ennrher. I obsonve yon te be chrunk in the dhirectron yoe'ne moving. You observe we to be shrind in tha samme chevection,Proof. .. » Catt kimensiams perpen Avatar tee hivection Hf motion ore unaffec’ok Waka readings aud mettr strck mearoremente may disagree among moving observers, but al’ observers can agree om tho rerelY of @ young experiment this is [eta pondant of syace + time Ceory foes) Guestrons tke! Ubich scearte? fitst? o Which rs longer? camer be ansmered consistentty 4, 2 observers, Suppose tral you ove traveling ty a Chindrrenl ypece ship with @ radius just small enough to fT farugh a hole in Ce Greet Borrer. Measurements af ship one ele pact? at rest.) Te perpen dicalay Limon siows are shrunk Cite tre parallel cima nscom) toon: @ will observe x shrinking cylineter frat with easily pars tarngh Re hole, O wil obserre a shrinkry tele tnt rs foo tiny tr FY Through. The puestin =: Does tho ship crack sate Po barrier 2 @ Predicts no crash @ Prefzh a crest Bat both observers (D and QD met azree. The om wy fy resohe Thx prosrom to sey Phat perpen Aecelar Lemey soon eo nt charge.The Twins Paradox ee One of a sef of attrttca! Fume remarry ov Earth while Ge other Fhes sat tr Aloha Contaari CF lig tt yeare estat) uf very near ho speed af Ugh? a7 VWILLIPTLP PIPE PPL GOP © and retarns uf the rane speed Result: The Easté-bannl tain age. “tle over F years, but fla 5. te racket azes abot ZF minutos Thes ix net le parator, Ts Chet tes boon meacared teny extremely occara% efit clocks This 74 te paredor : The Carth-bound fwvin obrenves: the twin 24 The pocket to be Yened down chee 7% time clarion, For every minute that pesses on Earth, ha Larta-lomd Fuin observes only a Fractrm of a second elapses om the Yocke?, bad The tum in Tha vocket observes; the Twin on Farts te bo slowed dann otee to time atefation. For ‘every minute af pastor o» The roche, 1a rochat torn observes anf a Fraction af recon elapses on Earth, Fram {ta rocket tuin's point of view, the Cart is Flying emay oP meer Ugh spoedk cmad ee pefarning, Why Can't the Farth- hoa Andy younger fran fhe beck ture 2 Whaker “efferent about tle twir in Ua rocket? Aaswer: Tha yocket twin tres ¢aanpeol inertia! preference frenes ind has wnclergane an ecceleratjon,Proof of Specie! Melativit An elementary particle [B0m Jes!The loss of Simul tanerty Observer D cx caryying 2 (adilin of proper lenge QOrt ut « high speek fouard @ batm of prper wide (OF Observer @ 7 af vest a A tte barn, ~ metry } @ wil obsenve the latter t be Lone life contpacted so teat 2¢ will easily completely within the barn, IN While te shrunken (adder aa 1 inde ,@ cloves bor Ys Uoors at fle same time, thon faced heepens them & le O ron Yaroush Tee barn, O Wit obcorve the barn to be lorente contracted” 20 That ¢ will tot conttery the entire (adther, How does (D observe the closing oors? Answer: QO observes the far barn doom close first. ot Than O observer te Sar harn ror quen agen \ Then O observes tte fired bar hoor open agern Cmsegucuce: Events yak are so ie : : inne were: ca ane frame wil/ “Ug be S976 Pee eyes (a @ “rome morng velative to Ko flogetTt we are in the vest Frome of the balbs, wlat hy we breve? ———_ Larente comtracled are isk ne 1 Poet long dV thee balos go of af he sane Fie Resole; a b Foot shodew on Film, Tf we ane in tha rest of fa yard stk, whet te we obsemve 7 c Proper (eugth ———— her bey Jvoo00e0e L yard long \ Lonents cratracted’ AV tey of balks I ta balbs ge off af the some fina in this ‘veme , Che shedium image this vill he 3 yards long there is oy the dae phere, But this ps contradeation Answer: 4s skserved From the verf frame af the yard stick the right most balb goes at first , en he next, case finally the leftmost bulb goss otf last Result, The stodor image on Film ox 4 yard lang. heselt sbtarned m fe rest frawne of fle babs. This 13 Be rereRelativistic Velocity Addition Galilean Exastein van Vae* Vat Vee 2 a + Use fe [+ Waxed e Vac* Us -Uy, yy, « ee fe de Mrs, ea O Tt two velocities les than c are etded, than the resultant velit > also less than c, @ Tt either velocity is epee th C, thoy te resaltont velrcity is als epaal h c,&3, A space ship Flying away From Carté at O8e fires a missile forwarcl af ake with respect h the spaceship. What is the speed of the missile with respect Earth? x Galilean: Une = Ums + Ue = 08 + Abe = 4Ee : Vins + V Evmstemians Vg, = 7 eateay ct OF. + 0.8. de (0.8-C0.¥e) ac ee L+aw Foe a he frac Ferre = [0.926 ¢| less thon c/ £4 A spaceship Flying away from Eay th at a8e tanns on its headhjats, The pilot sees the light speed ang af c. what i the peed of the “ght with respect & the Earth? Gatlan: Uy? Use Ue Ginstemon: y+ Use 4 Vee + Xt) ae = Cc + O8e be fe Clare “Tioa* Hee -[e\ Light always travels at the speed of Might resard less of tha speek of tho svarce on of the obsenrer,