#1 COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS

COMPUTER-electronic device that TYPES OF COMPUTERS

manipulates information, or data
Analog Computer
Two Combination of Computer -​ processes information in a continuous way,
meaning it works with real-world values like
Hardware temperature, speed, or voltage.
-​ physical components of a computer. -​ (ex.) Speedometer, Thermometer,
-​ can’t be affected by the viruses Seismograph

Software Digital Computer

-​ collection of data, instructions, programmes, or -​ type of computer that processes information
rules that direct a computer system. using numbers (0s and 1s), also known as the
-​ can be easily affected by the viruses binary system. It works with discrete values.
-​ (ex.) Calculator, Laptops, Smartphones
CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTER
Hybrid Computer
Supercomputer -​ combination of analog and digital computers.
-​ are general-purpose computers that function at Processes both continuous and discrete data
the highest operational rate or peak -​ Intensive Care Unit (ICU) - Measure
performance for computers. (ex. Weather temperature and blood pressure (analog) and
Forecasting, Oil and Gas Exploration) displaydata digitally.
-​ Flight Simulators - Provide real- time pilot
Maincomputer training using physical and
-​ (mainframes) high- performance computers w/ computer-generated data.
large amounts of memory, data processors -​ Weather Forecasting Systems - Analyze
that process billions of complex calculations climate patterns using a mix of analog and
and transactions in real-time. digital technology.
-​ Two types of processor (1). Main Processor
(2). System Assistance Processor BASIC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER
-​ (ex.) ibm z, fujitsu server gs21, univac 9400 SYSTEM
-​ (users.) Financial institutions,Healthcare
organizations Government agencies, Retail Types Of Computer Hardware:
1.​ INTERNAL HARDWARE- components are
Minicomputer & Microcomputer built into the motherboard or added as
-​ developed in the early 1990s. expansion devices.
-​ Microcomputers are the kind of computers
that most people use on a daily basis, such 2.​ EXTERNAL HARDWARE- components are
as desktopPCs or laptops. Slow working and devices added outside of the computer case.
computational power.
-​ Minicomputers are used in an organization Internal Hardware Components
for basic tasks such as billing, accounting, and
inventory management. -​ Motherboard- main circuit board that
By Purpose connects and allows communication between
-​ classification of computers based on their all computer components, including the CPU,
intended use or function. RAM, storage, and expansion cards
-​ general purpose computers are designed,
developed, and manufactured for day-to-day -​ SSD (Solid-State Drive)- non- volatile storage
tasks and operations. device that uses flash memory (NAND & NOR)
-​ Operating systems (OS) are essential to store and retrieve data electronically.
software that manage resources and provide
an interface for users to interact with a -​ Hard Disk- non-volatile storage device that
 general-purpose computer. permanently stores data, even when the
-​ special-purpose computer is a computer that computer is turned off.
is specifically designed for a specific task or
application. -​ RAM (Random Access Memory)-
high-speed, volatile memory that temporarily
stores and processes data while a computer is
running.

CPU (Central Processing Unit)- brain of the computer, Input Unit- responsible for taking in all the data that is
responsible for interpreting and executing commands. sent to the computer.

Monitor- display device that connects to the CPU and

shows output, videos, and graphics using a video card.

External Hardware Components

Mouse- A person operates a mouse, an input device,

by hand to point out something on the screen.
Input Device- piece of equipment used to provide data
Keyboard- computer hardware device used to input and control signals to an information processing
text and commands into the computer. system.

Printer- computer hardware output device that Central Processing Unit Or Cpu- brain of the
produces hard copies of contents, digital documents, or computer.
images on paper.

Speaker- external audio output computer device.

CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER SYSTEM

1. Diligence – work continuously without getting tired or
losing accuracy.
2. Reliability – give consistent and accurate results if The CPU has three main parts:
the input is the same. 1.​ ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit
3. Automation – perform tasks automatically once. -​ Math work like adding, subtracting,
4. Versatility – computers handle multiple tasks at once multiplying, and dividing.
efficiently. -​ Logical work like checking conditions
5. Speed – computers process millions of instruction (AND, OR, Equal to), sorting, and
6. Memory – store large amounts of data for quick selecting data.
access. -​ After doing these tasks, it sends the
7. Accuracy – computers follow exact inputs. data back to memory.

Block Diagram of a Computer 2.​ CU (Control Unit)

-​ controls everything inside the
computer.
-​ tells where to store the input data.
-​ It reads instructions from memory and
tells the ALU what to do.
-​ It manages how data moves between
the ALU, memory, and output
 3.​ MU (Memory Unit):
-​ This unit stores all the data – both
before and after processing. It helps
the CPU get data quickly.

Two types of memory:

●​ Primary Memory (Main Memory):

○​ Stores data for a short time.
○​ Data is lost when power is off.
○​ Example: RAM
○​ It is fast and directly used by the
CPU.
●​ Secondary Memory:
○​ Stores data for a long time.
○​ Data stays safe even if power goes
off.
○​ Example: Hard Disk

Output Unit

-​ accepts all the data and information from the

main memory of a computer system in binary
form.
-​ converts the binary data into a human-
readable form for a better understanding.

***END***
#2 Computer Software
Software
-​ is a collection of instructions, data, or Advantages of Open Source Software
computer programs that are used to run
machines and carry out particular activities.
Cost-effective – Usually free to use.
Types of Software
Flexible & customizable – Modify to suit your needs.
1. System Software
-​ Manages hardware and provides a platform for Community support – Help available from global
running applications. developers.
-​ Operating Systems (e.g., Windows, macOS,
Linux), Utility Programs, Device Drivers Transparent – Easy to inspect and fix vulnerabilities.
Features:
-​ Works in the background No vendor lock-in – Freedom to choose or switch
-​ Ensures the system functions properly providers.

Innovative – Fast evolution from global contributions.

2. Application Software
-​ Designed for specific user tasks such as word
processing, browsing, or gaming.
-​ Microsoft Word, Google Chrome, Adobe
Photoshop Disadvantages of Open Source Software
Features:
-​ Directly interacts with users Limited official support-May lack guaranteed help.
-​ Performs specific functions
Complexity – Requires technical knowledge.
Open Source vs Proprietary Proprietary Software
Compatibility issues – Might not work smoothly with
OSS-Open-source software follows four main freedoms: proprietary software.

1.​ Freedom to use – For personal or commercial Less user-friendly – May be harder to use.
purposes.
2.​ Freedom to study and modify – Access to Variable quality – Depends on the contributors; not
the source code. always polished.
3.​ Freedom to distribute – Share the original
software.
4.​ Freedom to distribute modified versions –
Share improved or changed versions. What is Proprietary Software?
Features -​ Proprietary software is software that is
protected by law (like copyright or patents).
-​ Source code is open to everyone for This means you can’t copy, share, or change it
inspection and modification. without permission. It’s usually made by a
-​ Often free, though some may have paid company to meet its own business needs.
options.
-​ Highly customizable and transparent. Features of Proprietary Software
-​ Seen as secure due to public review and
collaboration.
●​ You have to buy it.
●​ It has a license owned by the developer or
Example company.
●​ You can’t legally copy or share it without
-​ Mozilla Firefox permission.
-​ Linux ●​ You need to agree to the rules before using it.
-​ VLC Media Player ●​ Breaking the rules can lead to legal problems
or jail.
Examples of Proprietary Software

●​ Zoom
●​ Adobe Photoshop
●​ Netflix

Advantages of Proprietary Software

●​ Reliable: Made by experts and tested well.

●​ Support: You can get help from the company.
●​ Secure: The code is hidden from hackers.
●​ Easy to Use: It’s made to be user-friendly.

Disadvantages of Proprietary Software Firmware

●​ Expensive: You may pay a lot for licenses. -​ Firmware is a special type of software built into
●​ Not customizable: You can’t change it to fit hardware devices.
special needs. -​ It controls how the hardware works
●​ Lock-in: You might be stuck with it due to -​ It is stored in memory that doesn’t get erased
contracts. when the device is turned off (like ROM,
●​ Less innovation: Only one company updates EEPROM, or flash memory).
it, so progress may be slow.
How Does Firmware Work?

-​ Firmware acts like a middleman between

hardware and regular software.
-​ It tells hardware parts what to do and how to
System Software work.
-​ Manufacturers install it, but it can be updated
-​ program that helps the computer work to fix bugs or improve performance.
properly. It controls the hardware (like memory,
processor, and devices) and allows other What Does Firmware Do?
programs (application software) to run. It
usually comes with the computer’s operating -​ Controls basic hardware functions (e.g., BIOS
system. in computers, bootloader in phones)
-​ Manages how the device behaves and works
Features of System Software: with software
-​ Helps hardware work with different software
1.​ Fast – Works quickly.
2.​ Not easy to change – Regular users can't Types of Firmware:
change it easily.
3.​ Uses simple computer language – Written in 1.​ Low-Level Firmware – Stored in memory that
a language close to machine code. can’t be changed (like ROM)
4.​ Works closely with hardware – Directly 2.​ High-Level Firmware – More advanced and
controls the computer parts. can be updated (like BIOS or UEFI)
5.​ Flexible – Can support different types of tasks 3.​ Subsystem Firmware – Controls specific
and programs. parts of a device (like a printer's firmware)

Examples of Firmware:

●​ BIOS or UEFI in computers

●​ Firmware in routers for internet connection
●​ Smart TV firmware for display and functions
●​ Firmware in appliances like washing
machines, cameras, and IoT devices
 Application SOFTWARE
Device Driver -​ designed to help users perform specific tasks,
like personal, educational, or business
-​ A device driver is software that helps the activities. It helps with productivity, creativity, or
operating system talk to hardware. It acts like communication
a translator.
-​ Controls connected hardware. Types Of Application Software
-​ Lets the operating system use hardware easily.
1. Productivity Software- Tools that help with
How Does a Device Driver Work? document creation, data management, and
communication.
1.​ The OS sends a command to the driver.
2.​ Driver talks to the hardware. ●​ Microsoft 365: Word, Excel, PowerPoint,
3.​ Driver sends results back to the OS. Outlook.
●​ Google Workspace: Docs, Sheets, Slides,
Types of Device Drivers: Gmail.

1.​ BIOS Driver​ 2. Web Browsers- Allow access to websites and online
applications.
○​Boots the computer and controls
basic hardware (e.g., keyboard, ●​ Google Chrome: Known for speed and
display). simplicity.
2.​ Motherboard Driver​ ●​ Mozilla Firefox: Focuses on enhanced
privacy.
○​ Manages basic functions like USB ●​ Apple Safari: Optimized for Apple devices.
ports and audio. ●​ Microsoft Edge: Seamless integration with
3.​ Virtual Driver​ Windows.

○​ Simulates hardware, like a CD drive 3. Communication Tools- Support messaging, video

for reading .iso files. calls, and collaboration.

Application of FIRMWARE: ●​ Slack: Team communication and project

collaboration.
-​ Found in electronics (smartphones, TVs). ●​ Microsoft Teams: Integrates with Office 365
-​ Used in industrial automation (machines, for workplace communication.
robotics). ●​ Zoom: Popular for video conferencing.
●​ Skype: Long-standing tool for video calls and
messaging.

4. Media Players and Editors-Used for creating and

consuming media content.

●​ Spotify & Apple Music: Music streaming and

management.
●​ Adobe Photoshop: Advanced photo editing.
●​ Final Cut Pro: Professional video editing
software.

5. Project Management Software- Helps teams plan,

organize, and track work.

●​ Trello: Visual task organization.

●​ Asana: Tracks progress on team projects.
●​ Monday.com: Manages tasks and large-scale
projects.

***end****
#3 FUNDAMENTALS OF TYPING
Ergonomics Technology Solutions for Reducing Strain
-​ "Ergon" which means work and "Nomos" -​ Spring Filters
means natural law -​ Blue Light Glasses
-​ scientific discipline concerned with the -​ Adjustable Monitor Stand
understanding of the interactions among -​ Voice Recognition Software
human and other elements of a system
Home Row Keys
Force -​ They are typically the center row of keys that
-​ Tasks requiring excessive force. include the letters ASDF and JKL.
-​ technique used to type without looking at the
Postures keyboard
-​ Awkward or static working postures.
Repetition Base Position
-​ Repetitive tasks /performance per cycle. -​ On a US keyboard, place your left fingers on
A, S, D, F and right fingers on J, K, L, ;. These
Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) are the home row keys. Thumbs rest on or
-​ conditions that affect your body’s muscles, hover over the spacebar.
joints, tendons, ligaments, and nerves.
Advantages Of Using Home Row Keys
-​ Faster Typing
Fix Ergonomic Problems -​ Better Posture
-​ Increase Accuracy
Engineering Controls
-​ Are changes made to the workstations, tools, 5 Skills to Master
and/or machinery that alter the physical
composition of an area or process. 1. Touch Typing Techniques
-​ ex. Adjusting chair height, -​ Train your fingers to remember key positions
through regular practice.
Administrative Control -​ Start by learning the home row, then move to
-​ Are changes made to regulate exposure the top and bottom rows, and finally practice
without making physical changes to the area with real texts.
or process.
-​ ex. Taking frequent breaks 2. Typing: Home Row
-​ The home row (A–F, J–;) is the base position
for typing. Fingers always return here after
pressing any key.
Computer Ergonomics
-​ setting up your computer workstation in a way 3. Typing: Top Row
that reduces strain on your body, especially -​ Top row keys (Q–P) sit above the home row.
your eyes, neck, back, muscles, and joints. Each finger moves up to reach its
corresponding key. Practice until it feels
Proper ergonomics prevents discomfort and natural.
injuries
-​ Prevents Back and Neck Pain 4. Typing: Bottom Row
-​ Reduces Eye Strain -​ Bottom row keys (Z–/, etc.) are used less
-​ Minimizes Wrist and Hand Pain often. Use the same technique as the top row.
Practice with full paragraphs for better muscle
Stretching Exercises to Reduce Strain memory.
-​ Neck Stretch
-​ Shoulder Rolls 5. Numpad Typing
-​ Wrist Stretch -​ On full keyboards, rest your fingers on 4 and 6.
-​ Seated Spinal Twist Use your thumb for 0 and pinky or ring finger
-​ Leg Extension for +/Enter. For laptops, left hand covers 1–5,
right hand covers 6–0.
Accessories and Tools
-​ Standing Desk
-​ Ergonomics KeyBoard and Mice
-​ Wrist Support
-​ Adjustable Office Chair
Typing Posture
-​ Sit straight, back upright
-​ Elbows at 90°
-​ Head slightly tilted forward
-​ Screen 45–70 cm away
-​ Relax shoulders, arms, wrists
-​ Don’t rest body weight on wrists

Keyboard Scheme
-​ The color-coded keyboard shows which finger
to use for each key—only use the assigned
finger to press each one.

Finger Motion
-​ Don’t look at the keys
-​ keep hands near the home row, move fingers
only as needed
-​ give extra attention to ring and little fingers.

Typing tips, how to make type faster and master the

keyboard
1.) Accuracy
2.) Practice
3.) Stretching
4.) Know your keyboard
5.) Rhythm