VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

“JNANA SANGAMA”, BELAGAVI – 590018, KARNATAKA

A PROJECT REPORT
On
“ONLINE EXAM ENHANCEMENT USING BLOCKCHAIN”
Submitted in the fulfilment of the requirement of Eighth Semester for the
award of

Bachelor of Engineering
In
Computer Science and Engineering
Submitted By

ABHISHEK SAHAY 1BO20CS004

AMIT KUMAR 1BO20CS010
CHANDRA MOHAN SOREN 1BO20CS027
HIMESH KUMAR 1BO20CS041

Under The Guidance of

Prof. M.G KOUSAR
Asst. Prof., Dept. of CSE

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Brindavan College of Engineering

DWARAKANAGAR, BAGALUR MAIN ROAD, YELAHANKA, BENGALURU-63,
2023-2024
 Brindavan College of Engineering
DWARAKANAGAR, BAGALUR MAIN ROAD, YELAHANKA, BENGALURU-63
Department of Computer Science and Engineering

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project report entitled “ONLINE EXAM ENHANCEMENT USING
BLOCKCHAIN” is a bonafied work carried out by
ABHISHEK SAHAY 1BO20CS004
AMIT KUMAR 1BO20CS010
CHANDRA MOHAN SOREN 1BO20CS027
HIMESH KUMAR 1BO20CS041
in the fulfilment for the requirements of Eighth Semester, Bachelor of Engineering in Computer
Science and Engineering of Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi during the year
2023-24. It is certified that all corrections and suggestions indicated for the internal assessment have
been incorporated in the report. This project report has been approved as it satisfies the academic
requirements in respect to the work prescribed for the Bachelor of Engineering degree.

………………………. ………………………… ……………………………

Project Guide Head of Department Signature of Principal
Prof. M G Kousar Prof. Avinash N Dr. Bhagappa
Department of CSE Department of CSE Principal
BrCE Bengaluru-63 BrCE Bengaluru-63 BrCE Bengaluru-63

External Viva

Name of the Examiners Signature with Date

1. _______________________ ______________________

2. _______________________ ______________________
 ABSTRACT

This paper proposes a novel Learning Management System (LMS) built on the Ethereum blockchain to
address these concerns. The system leverages MetaMask wallets for secure student authentication and
utilizes smart contracts to automate grading and plagiarism detection, providing immediate feedback and
enhancing learning efficiency. Robust security protocols ensure data integrity and prevent exam
malpractices. This innovative approach fosters academic fairness, reduces instructor workload, and
facilitates comprehensive student performance analysis, paving the way for a secure and efficient future of
online education.

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The satisfaction and euphoria that accompanies the successful completion of any task would be
incomplete without mentioning the people who made it possible. With deep gratitude, we
acknowledge all those guidance and encouragement, which served as bacon of light and crowned
our efforts with success. We thank each one of them for their valuable support.

We express my sincere thanks to Dr. B.R. Shetty, Chairman, Brindavan College of Engineering,
Bangalore, for providing necessary facilities and motivation to carry out Project work successfully.

We convey my sincere thanks to Dr. Shruti Sharma, CEO, Brindavan Group of Institutions for her
support and motivation.

We wish to express my sincere thanks to Dr. Venugopal A R, Director, Brindavan Group of

Institutions for his support and motivation.

We express our sincere thanks to Dr. Bhagappa, Principal, and Brindavan College of
Engineering for providing necessary facilities and motivation to carry out project work successfully.

We express our heartfelt gratitude and humble thanks to Prof. Avinash N, Head of Dept, CSE,
Brindavan College of Engineering, for the constant encouragement and help to carry out project
work successfully.

We take this opportunity to express our sincere gratitude to Project Coordinator Prof. Mamatha M,
Assistant Professor, Dept. of CSE, Brindavan College of Engineering for encouraging us
throughout the Project work.

We would also like to express our humble thanks to Project guide Prof. M.G Kousar, Assistant
Professor, Dept. of CSE, Brindavan College of Engineering for guiding and having facilitated us
to complete our project work successfully.

We would like to mention our special thanks to all the faculty members of Computer Science and
Engineering Department, Brindavan College of Engineering for their invaluable support and
guidance. We finally thank our family and friends who have been encouraging us constantly and
inspiring.

ABHISHEK SAHAY (1BO20CS004)

AMIT KUMAR (1BO20CS010)
CHANDRA MOHAN SOREN (1BO20CS027)
HIMESH KUMAR (1BO20CS041)

iv
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

SL.NO TITLES PAGE NO

1. Abstract iii
2. Acknowledgement iv
3. Table of Contents v
4. List of Figures vii

CHAPTER NO TITLES PAGE NO

1. Introduction 1
2. Literature Survey 3
3. System Analysis 8
3.1 Existing System 9
3.2 Proposed System 10
3.2.1 Scope 11
3.2.2 Objectives 12

4. System Requirement & Specification 13

4.1 Software Requirement 14
4.2 Hardware Requirement 17
5. System Design 18
5.1 System Architecture 19
5.2 Dataflow Diagram 20
5.3 Sequence Diagram 21
5.4 Use Case Diagram 22
5.5 Class Diagram 23
6. Implementation 24
6.1 Setting up the Environment 25
6.2 Database Creation 25
6.3 Building the Frontend 26
6.4 Implementing the Backend 27
6.5 Blockchain Integration 28
6.6 Security Measures 28
7. System Testing 30
7.1 Test Objectives 31
7.2 Testing Principles 31
7.3 Testing Design 31
7.4 Testing Techniques 32
7.5 Levels of Testing 32

v
CHAPTER NO TITLES PAGE NO
8. Result 37
Conclusion 43
References 44
Appendix A: Snapshots 45

Appendix B: Base Paper 53

Appendix C: Certificate 70

vi
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO FIGURES PAGE NO

3.1 Existing System Architecture 9

5.1 System Architecture 18
5.2 Data Flow Diagram 19
5.3 Sequence Diagram 20
5.4 Use Case Diagram 21
5.5 Class Diagram 22
6.1 Database Creation 25
6.2 Frontend Implementation 25
6.3 Backend Implementation 26
6.4 Blockchain Integration 27
6.5 Security Measures 27
8.1 Student/Faculty Login Page 37
8.2 Student Exam Code Page 38
8.3 Faculty Dashboard 38
8.4 Faculty Create Exam Page 39
8.5 Student Examination Page 39
8.6 Student exam Interface 40
8.7 Faculty evaluation Page (Answered Question) 40
8.8 Faculty evaluation Page (Skipped Question) 41
8.9 Student Sign Transaction Window 41

vii
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

The traditional examination system, with its reliance on paper, pencils, and centralized
administration, is facing a growing wave of challenges. Concerns about security breaches, data
manipulation, plagiarism, and fairness are casting a shadow over the integrity of educational
assessments. In this context, blockchain technology emerges as a transformative force,
promising to revolutionize online examinations with its inherent advantages of
decentralization, immutability, and transparency. Imagine a scenario: Students worldwide take
an exam simultaneously on a secure online platform. Their responses are encrypted and stored
on a distributed ledger, accessible only to authorized parties. An automated grading system
powered by smart contracts instantly evaluates answers, providing immediate feedback.
Plagiarism detection tools scan submissions in real-time, ensuring academic integrity. And the
entire process, from question generation to scorekeeping, is governed by transparent,
immutable records, fostering trust and accountability. This is the power of blockchain-based
online examinations. Let's develop deeper into the key components of this model and compare
it to the traditional system.
 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY
Title: A Proposed Model for Improving the Reliability of Online Exam Results Using
Blockchain [1]

Author: Mohamed Abdelsalam, Amira M. Idrees and Marwan Shokry

Published in: IEEE

Year: 2023

• Proposed an innovative model that combines blockchain technology, the LMS Moodle,
and an auto-grading system to enhance the security, reliability, and efficiency of online exams.

• Provided a detailed description of the proposed model, including its architecture,

workflow, and transaction process.

• Presented desktop-generated screenshots to illustrate the user interface and workflow

of the system.

• Acknowledged that desktop-generated screenshots alone may not be sufficient for

conducting a comprehensive benchmarking analysis.

• Plan to conduct future work that includes comprehensive system benchmarking using
appropriate tools and methodologies to further enhance the credibility and validity of their
research.

Title: Smart Contract Enabled Online Examination System Based in Blockchain Network [2]

Author: Apoorv Jain, Arun Kumar Tripathi, Naresh Chandra and P. Chinnasamy

Published in: 2021 International Conference on Computer Communication and Informatics

Year: 2021

• The paper begins by comparing the advantages and challenges of cloud-based

examination systems with those of blockchain-based systems. It highlights the security,
Online Exam Enhancement Using Blockchain Literature Survey

data integrity, and authentication benefits of blockchain technology over cloud-based

systems.
• The authors review the technology background for the blockchain-based examination
system. This includes the use of Ethereum as the public blockchain platform, the
implementation of smart contracts using Solidity language, and the use of MetaMask
for transactions.
• The paper presents the system architecture, which involves the use of React.JS for the
graphical user interface, Solidity for smart contracts, and MetaMask for transaction
processing. It describes the process flow, including student registration, login, fee
payment, and examination process, all integrated with blockchain technology.
• The authors propose future enhancements to the system, suggesting a shift to a private
blockchain network, Hyperledger Besu, to reduce validation charges and enhance the
network's capabilities.

Title: Exam Conduction and Proctoring System Using Face Detection [3]

Author: Hemant B. Shinde, Rohan Ranjan, Varun Ringnekar, Himangi Rinwa and Rohit Singh

Published in: International Journal of Scientific Research in Engineering and Management

(IJSREM)

Year: 2022

• The system is designed to eliminate the time-consuming process of checking papers

and to provide a secure and efficient platform for conducting online tests. The system
utilizes JavaScript with Node.js and Express.js for the backend, and it incorporates a
unique design.
• The system also includes a test page where students are asked for permission to access
their camera before the test starts. Once access is provided, the test begins, and the
student's camera feed is displayed at the bottom left of the screen without obscuring the
test.
• Additionally, the system provides two login options: one for administrators and another
for students. Administrators have the privilege of adding tests, scheduling tests, and

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Online Exam Enhancement Using Blockchain Literature Survey

adding students. Students have access to a dashboard where they can view their
upcoming tests, check their scores on previous tests, and revie
• w missed tests.
• The proposed system is based on Java web and makes full use of various resources on
the campus to enhance education efficiency and realize education in a logical and
standardized way. It also aims to reduce the workload of teachers by providing a
convenient and fast learning tool for both instructors and examinees.

Title: Computer-Based Test System for University Academic Enterprise Examination [4]

Author: Fagbola Temitayo M, Adebisi Abimbola Baale and Alice Oke

Published in: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY

RESEARCH VOLUME 2, ISSUE 8

Year: 2013

• The paper involves the development life cycle and the conceptual design of the
computer-Based Test (CBT) system. The development life cycle follows the Waterfall
Model, which consists of five stages: Requirement Analysis and Definition, System and
Software Design, Implementation and Testing, System Testing, and Maintenance.
• The conceptual design of the CBT system includes the activity diagram, data flow
diagram, use cases, and the entity-relationship diagram.
• Additionally, the paper discusses the features of the proposed software, which includes
online examination and tutorial applications for economic courses, as well as the client-
server architecture on which the software is designed to work.

Title: Online Test and Management System using Blockchain Network [5]

Author: Seung Jae Pee, Eung Seon Kang, Jae Geun Song and Ju Wook Jang

Published in: International Conference on Advanced Communications Technology (ICACT)

Year: 2019

• The paper describes the construction of a private blockchain network with nodes for
the system manager, examiners, and examinees. Each node is assigned different
authority within the network.

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Online Exam Enhancement Using Blockchain Literature Survey

• The CP-ABE (Ciphertext-Policy Attribute-Based Encryption) algorithm is utilized to

encrypt the information in the system. This involves creating an 'Access tree' based on
user attributes to control access to the encrypted data.
• The system manager assigns attributes to nodes, such as 'examiner' for examiners and
'examinee' for examinees, to control their access and authority within the blockchain
network.
• Examiners write test questions, which are then saved in the blockchain network with
restricted access using CP-ABE. Examinees take tests and save their encrypted answers
in the blockchain. The system manager scores the answers through smart contracts, and
examinees can query the results.
• The use of blockchain ensures that all data sent from the examiner and examinee nodes
is saved on an immutable and distributed data storage, providing data integrity,
authentication, and a reliable system.
• The paper suggests that the system can be applied to other applications with many N:N
connections, providing a comfortable and trustable environment.

Title: Ubiquitous Verification in Centralized Ledger Database [6]

Author: Xinying Yang, Sheng Wang, Feifei Li, Yuan Zhang, Wenyun Yan and Fangyu Gai

Published in: International Conference on Data Engineering (ICDE)

Year: 2022

• This paper involves proposing a new concept called Dasein Verification to formalize
the verification demands behind a ledger system. The paper then explains how
• LedgerDB, a centralized ledger database, becomes the first Dasein-complete CLD
system and achieves high verification efficiency.
• The paper also conducts empirical evaluations to validate the verification efficiency
and completeness of LedgerDB. The experiments were conducted in an in-house cluster
with two nodes, each of which runs CentOS 7.2.1511 and is equipped with Intel(R)
Xeon(R) Platinum 2.5GHz CPU, 32GB RAM, and 1 TB of ESSD storage.

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 CHAPTER 3
SYSTEM ANALYSIS
CHAPTER 3

SYSTEM ANALYSIS

3.1 Existing System

The integration of blockchain, Learning Management Systems (LMS), and auto-grading for
online exams is currently not comprehensively addressed by existing systems. While some
platforms may provide partial solutions or features related to this proposed model, there is a
lack of a cohesive and inclusive system that seamlessly combines these three elements.

It is important to note that the field is dynamic, with frequent advancements and new
developments. As a result, more recent systems may have emerged since the last
comprehensive analysis.

In terms of security, traditional online exam systems typically rely on secure connections
(HTTPS), user authentication, and encryption. Similarly, traditional LMS relies on centralized
servers and databases, employing conventional security measures such as firewalls and
encryption. Authentication in traditional LMS often involves username/password-based
methods, coupled with traditional database integrity checks.

Basic analytics based on user activity are commonly offered in traditional LMS, but the user
experience can vary significantly depending on the platform's design and features.

Some institutions may enhance the security and reliability of online exams by employing secure
exam proctoring services that involve video monitoring. However, it's worth noting that these
services may not currently leverage blockchain technology in their processes.
Online Exam Enhancement Using Blockchain System Analysis

Fig 3.1: Existing System Architecture

3.2 Proposed System

The proposed system aims to revolutionize the educational landscape by integrating cutting-
edge technologies, specifically blockchain, artificial intelligence (AI), and real-time
monitoring tools, into a robust and user-friendly Learning Management System (LMS). This
system will offer enhanced security, transparency, personalized learning experiences, and
comprehensive analytics for educators, students, and administrators.

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Online Exam Enhancement Using Blockchain System Analysis

Key Features:

• Secure User Authentication and Authorization: Implement a secure and user-

friendly login/signup mechanism with multi-factor authentication for enhanced
security.
• Content Management System (CMS): Enable faculties and administrators to create,
manage, and update course content, assessments, and resources seamlessly.
• Eye Monitoring System: Integrate real-time eye-tracking technology to monitor
student engagement and attentiveness during online assessments and exams, ensuring
academic integrity and minimizing distractions.
• Plagiarism Detection: Incorporate advanced plagiarism detection algorithms to
analyze and compare student submissions with a comprehensive database of academic
resources, ensuring originality and academic honesty.
• Auto-Grader: Utilize AI-powered algorithms to automate the assessment process,
providing instant and objective grading for assignments, quizzes, and exams, enhancing
efficiency and consistency.
• Personalized Learning Experience: Leverage machine learning algorithms to analyze
student performance data and deliver personalized learning paths, resources, and
interventions tailored to individual needs and preferences.
• Advanced Analytics and Reporting: Integrate real-time analytics and reporting tools
to generate insightful graphs and visualizations based on student performance,
engagement, and course effectiveness, facilitating data-driven decision-making for
educators and administrators.
• Recommendation System: Develop a recommendation system that utilizes AI
algorithms to suggest relevant courses, resources, and learning pathways based on
individual student profiles, academic goals, and performance trends.

3.2.1 Scope
• The Blockchain-based Learning Management System (LMS) seeks to transform
education by utilizing blockchain technology.
• The primary objectives include enhancing security, transparency, and efficiency in
content management, assessments, and student performance analytics.

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Online Exam Enhancement Using Blockchain System Analysis

• The project aims to establish a comprehensive platform designed to meet the

requirements of faculties, students, and administrators.
• Emphasis is placed on facilitating seamless collaboration among users.
• Personalized learning experiences are a key focus of the system.
• The platform aims to support data-driven decision-making processes within the
educational environment.

3.2.2 Objectives
• Investigate and analyze the implications of integrating blockchain technology in
education.
• Focus specifically on the development and implementation of a decentralized Learning
Management System (LMS).
• Examine the capabilities of blockchain in enhancing security, transparency, and
efficiency in educational transactions and interactions.
• Evaluate the impact of incorporating artificial intelligence and machine learning
algorithms for personalized learning experiences tailored to students' unique needs and
preferences.
• Explore the scalability, interoperability, and governance mechanisms of the
Blockchain-based LMS.
• Assess the system's ability to accommodate diverse educational entities and
technologies while ensuring compliance, data privacy, and equitable participation.
• Contribute to the existing body of knowledge by providing a comprehensive analysis,
insights, and recommendations.
• Emphasize the decentralized aspects of blockchain technology and highlight potential
benefits for educational stakeholders.

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 CHAPTER 4
SYSTEM
REQUIREMENTS &
SPECIFICATION
CHAPTER 4

SYSTEM REQUIREMENT & SPECIFICATION

The System Requirements & Specification (SRS) is a document focused on what the software
needs to do and how it must perform. It lays the important groundwork so that every person
involved with the project understands the most crucial details.

4.1 Software Requirements

1. Java Script

2. PHP

3. Node JS

4. Metamask Wallet

5. WAMP or LAMP Server

6. Blockchain

7. Ethereum

8. Solidity

9 Ganache

10. Web3.JS

11. Inter Planetary File System (IPFS)

12. VS Code

13. MySQL

14. MongoDB
Online Exam Enhancement Using Blockchain System Requirement & Specification

4.1.1 Java Script

JavaScript (JS) is a lightweight interpreted (or just-in-time compiled) programming language

with first-class functions. While it is most well-known as the scripting language for Web pages,
many non-browser environments also use it, such as Node.js, Apache CouchDB and Adobe
Acrobat. JavaScript is a prototype-based, multi-paradigm, single-threaded, dynamic language,
supporting object-oriented, imperative, and declarative (e.g. functional programming) styles.

4.1.2 PHP

PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor) is an open-source scripting language used for server-side web
development. Embedded in HTML, it interacts with databases to create dynamic web pages
and applications. Widely used due to its simplicity and versatility, PHP powers many websites
and frameworks, including WordPress and Laravel.

4.1.3 Node JS

Node.js is a cross-platform JavaScript runtime environment that allows developers to build

server-side and network applications with JavaScript.

4.1.4 Metamask Wallet

MetaMask is a popular cryptocurrency wallet and browser extension that allows users to
manage, store, and interact with Ethereum and ERC-20 tokens. It enables secure transactions
and access to decentralized applications (dApps) directly from a web browser, enhancing the
user experience within the Ethereum blockchain ecosystem.

4.1.5 WAMP or LAMP Server

WAMP (Windows, Apache, MySQL, PHP) and LAMP (Linux, Apache, MySQL, PHP) are
software stacks used for web development. They provide a complete environment to develop
and run web applications, including a web server (Apache), a database (MySQL), and a
scripting language (PHP) on respective operating systems.

4.1.6 Blockchain

A blockchain is a distributed ledger with growing lists of records (blocks) that are securely
linked together via cryptographic hashes. Each block contains a cryptographic hash of the
previous block, a timestamp, and transaction data (generally represented as a Merkle tree,

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Online Exam Enhancement Using Blockchain System Requirement & Specification

Since each block contains information about the previous block, they effectively form a chain
(compare linked list data structure), with each additional block linking to the ones before it.
Consequently, blockchain transactions are irreversible in that, once they are recorded, the data
in any given block cannot be altered retroactively without altering all subsequent blocks.
Blockchains are typically managed by a peer-to-peer (P2P) computer network for use as a
public distributed ledger, where nodes collectively adhere to a consensus algorithm protocol to
add and validate new transaction blocks. Although blockchain records are not unalterable, since
blockchain forks are possible, blockchains may be considered secure by design a distributed
computing system with high Byzantine fault tolerance.

4.1.7 Ethereum

Ethereum is a network of computers all over the world that follow a set of rules called the
Ethereum protocol. The Ethereum network acts as the foundation for communities,
applications, organizations and digital assets that anyone can build and use.

4.1.8 Solidity

Solidity is a statically-typed curly-braces programming language designed for developing

smart contracts that run on Ethereum.

4.1.9 Ganache

Ganache is a personal blockchain for rapid Ethereum and File coin distributed application
development. You can use Ganache across the entire development cycle; enabling you to
develop, deploy, and test your dApps in a safe and deterministic environment.

4.1.10 Web3.JS

web3.js is a collection of libraries that allow you to interact with a local or remote Ethereum
node using HTTP, IPC or WebSocket. or Utilities with built-in helpers for Ethereum dApps and
web3 packages. Get block and state information from Ethereum nodes.

4.1.11 Inter Planetary File System (IPFS)

The Inter Planetary File System (IPFS) is a protocol, hypermedia and file sharing peer-to-peer
network for storing and sharing data in a distributed file system. IPFS uses content-addressing
to uniquely identify each file in a global namespace connecting IPFS hosts.

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Online Exam Enhancement Using Blockchain System Requirement & Specification

4.1.12 VS Code

Visual Studio Code is a lightweight but powerful source code editor which runs on your desktop
and is available for Windows, macOS and Linux. It comes with built-in support for JavaScript,
TypeScript and Node.js and has a rich ecosystem of extensions for other languages and
runtimes (such as C++, C#, Java, Python, PHP, Go, .NET).

4.1.13 MySQL

MySQL is an open-source relational database management system (RDBMS) that uses

structured query language (SQL) for managing and manipulating databases. Known for its
speed, reliability, and ease of use, MySQL is widely used in web applications, including
popular platforms like WordPress, and supports a wide range of data-driven applications.

4.1.14 MongoDB

MongoDB is a popular open-source NoSQL database that stores data in flexible, JSON-like
documents. It is designed for high performance, scalability, and ease of development. Unlike
traditional relational databases, MongoDB uses a schema-less data model, making it ideal for
handling large volumes of unstructured or semi-structured data.

4.2 Hardware Requirement

• Laptop Or Personal Computer (PC), smartphones, Tablets,

• OS: Windows, Linux, MacOS (anyone)
• Processor: intel i3 or any parallel processor (Minimum)
• RAM: Minimum 4GB
• Hard Disk: 250GB (Minimum)
• Webcam

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 CHAPTER 5
SYSTEM DESIGN
CHAPTER 5

SYSTEM DESIGN

5.1 System Architecture

A software architecture is a set of principles that define the way software is designed and
developed. An architecture defines the structure of the software system and how it is organized.
It also describes the relationships between components, levels of abstraction, and other aspects
of the software system. An architecture can be used to define the goals of a project, or it can be
used to guide the design and development of a new system. A software architecture is a set of
principles that define the way software is designed and developed. An architecture defines the
structure of the software system and how it is organized. It also describes the relationships
between components, levels of abstraction, and other aspects of the software system.

Fig 5.1: System Architecture

Online Exam Enhancement Using Blockchain System Design

5.2 Data Flow Diagram

A data flow diagram (DFD) maps out the flow of information for any process or system. It uses
defined symbols like rectangles, circles and arrows, plus short text labels, to show data inputs,
outputs, storage points and the routes between each destination. Data flowcharts can range from
simple, even hand-drawn process overviews, to in-depth, multi-level DFDs that dig
progressively deeper into how the data is handled.

Fig 5.2: Dataflow Diagram

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Online Exam Enhancement Using Blockchain System Design

5.3 Sequence Diagram

Sequence Diagrams are interaction diagrams that detail how operations are carried out. They
capture the interaction between objects in the context of a collaboration. Sequence Diagrams
are time focus and they show the order of the interaction visually by using the vertical axis of
the diagram to represent time what messages are sent and when.

Fig 5.3: Sequence Diagram

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Online Exam Enhancement Using Blockchain System Design

5.4 Use Case Diagram

A use case diagram is a graphical depiction of a user's possible interactions with a system. A
use case diagram shows various use cases and different types of users the system has and will
often be accompanied by other types of diagrams as well. The use cases are represented by
either circles or ellipses.

Fig 5.4 Use Case Diagram

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5.5 Class Diagram

Class diagram in the Unified Modelling Language is a type of static structure diagram that
describes the structure of a system by showing the system's classes, their attributes, operations,
and the relationships among objects.

Fig 5.5: Class Diagram

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 CHAPTER 6
IMPLEMENTATION
CHAPTER 6

IMPLEMENTATION
The implementation of the Blockchain-Based-Exam-Portal can be broken down into the
following steps:

6.1 Setting up the environment: The first step involves setting up the necessary software.
This includes installing Wamp Server for the web server and MySQL database, MongoDB for
storing questions and question sequences, Ganache for creating a personal Ethereum
blockchain, and Metamask Extension for browser-based blockchain interactions.

6.2 Database creation: The next step is to create the necessary tables in the MySQL database.
This is done in the exam_portal.sql file. The tables include answer_details for storing student
answers, faculty_details for storing faculty information, and paper_details for storing exam
paper details.
Online Exam Enhancement Using Blockchain Implementation

Fig 6.1: Database Creation

6.3 Building the frontend: The frontend of the application is built using HTML, CSS, and
JavaScript. This includes pages for login, faculty home, creating exams, and viewing question
papers. The functions.js file contains various JavaScript functions for handling user interactions
on these pages.

Fig 6.2: Frontend Implementation

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Online Exam Enhancement Using Blockchain Implementation

6.4 Implementing the backend: The backend of the application is implemented in PHP. This
includes files like accesscode.php, answer_submit.php, create_exam.php, and others. These
files handle requests from the frontend and interact with the MySQL database and the Ethereum
blockchain.

Fig 6.3: Backend Implementation

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Online Exam Enhancement Using Blockchain Implementation

6.5 Blockchain integration: The Ethereum blockchain is integrated into the application using
the exam_portal.sol Solidity file. This file defines a smart contract for storing student answers
on the blockchain.

Fig 6.4: Blockchain Integration

6.6 Security measures: The application uses two-step verification for user validation and
SHA1 encryption for securing passwords and security codes.

Fig 6.5: Security Measures

As for the features of the application, they include:

• Randomized questions: The application has the ability to randomize the sequence of
questions for each student.

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Online Exam Enhancement Using Blockchain Implementation

• Exam creation and control by faculties: Faculties have the ability to create and control
exams. They can add and delete questions, and view student answers.
• Blockchain-based answer storage: Student answers are stored on the Ethereum
blockchain, making them secure and tamper-proof.
• Two-step user validation: The application uses a two-step verification process for
validating users, adding an extra layer of security.
• Basic encryption techniques: The application uses basic encryption techniques to cipher
data in transit, ensuring the confidentiality of the data.

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 CHAPTER 7
SYSTEM TESTING
CHAPTER 7

SYSTEM TESTING
Testing is extremely important for quality assurance and ensuring the products reliability. The
success of testing for programmer flaws in largely determined by the experience. Testing might
be a crucial component in ensuring the proposed systems quality and efficiency in achieving
its goal. Testing is carried out at various phases during the system design and implementation
process with the goal of creating a system that is visible, adaptable and secure.

Testing is an important element of the software development process. The testing procedure
verifies whether the generated product meets the requirements for which it was intended.

7.1 TESTING OBJECTIVES

➢ Testing may be a defined as a process of running a program with the goal of detecting
a flaw.
➢ An honest case is one in which there is a good chance of discovering a mistake that
hasn’t been detected yet.
➢ A successful test is one that uncovers previously unknown flaw. If testing is done
correctly, problems in the program will be discovered. Testing cannot reveal whether
or not flaws are present. It can only reveal the presence of software flaws.

7.2 TESTING PRINCIPLES

A programmer must first grasp the fundamental idea that governs software testing before
applying the methodologies to create successful test cases. All testing must be able to be tracked
back to the customer’s specification.

7.3 TESTING DESIGN

A Test design is a process that describes “how” testing should be done. It includes processes
for the identifying test cases by enumerating steps of the defined test conditions.

Any engineering product is frequently put to the test in one of two ways:

➢ White Box Testing

➢ Black Box Testing
Online Exam Enhancement Using Blockchain System Testing

7.3.1 White Box Testing

Glass container checking out is every other call for this kind of checking out. By understanding
the necessary characteristic that the product has been supposed to do, checking out is regularly
accomplished that proves every characteristic is absolutely operational at the same time as
additionally checking for faults in every characteristic. The take a look at case layout technique
that leverages the manage shape of the procedural layout to create take a look at instances is
used on this take a look at case.

7.3.2 Black Box Testing

A Tests are regularly finished on this checking out via way of means of understanding the
indoors operation of a product to make certain that each one gears mesh, that the indoors
operation operates reliably in step with specification, and that each one inner additive had been
nicely exercised. It is in most cases worried with the software’s practical needs.

7.4 TESTING TECHNIQUES

A software testing template should be established as a set of stages in which particular test suit
design techniques are defined for the software engineering process.

A software developer can use a software testing strategy as a route map. Testing might be a
collection of actions that are prepared ahead of time and carried out in a methodical manner.
As a result, a software testing template should be established as a set of stages in which
particular test suit design techniques are defined for the software engineering process. The
following characteristics should be included in every software testing strategy: Testing begins
at the module level and progresses to entire computer-based system are mixing

7.5 LEVELS OF TESTING

7.5.1 UNIT TESTING

A Unit testing checks the tiny piece of software that makes up the module. The white box
orientation of the unit test is maintained throughout. Different modules are tested alongside the
requirements created throughout the module design process. The aim of unit testing is to inspect
the inner logic of the modules, and it is used to verify the code created during development
phase. It is usually done by the module’s developer. The coding phase is sometimes referred to
as coding and unit testing because of its tight association with coding. Unit tests for many
modules are frequently run in simultaneously.

Dept. of CSE, BrCE 2023-24 32

Online Exam Enhancement Using Blockchain System Testing

7.5.2 INTEGRATION TESTING

A Integration testing is the second level of quality assurance. This type of testing integrates
different components in program like modules also to check the interface problems. Many
tested modules are combined into subsystems and tested as a result of this. The purpose of this
test is to see if all of the modules are properly integrated. Integration testing may be divided
into three categories

➢ Top-Down Integration:

Top-Down integration is a method of gradually constructing a Program structures. Modules are

connected by working their way down the control Hierarchy, starting with the module having
the most control. Bottom-Up Integration:

Construction and testing using autonomous modules begin with Bottom-up integration, as the
name suggests.

➢ Regression Testing:

It is a subset of previously executed tests to ensure that Modifications have not propagated
unexpected side effects during this competition of an Integration test strategy.

➢ Functional Testing:

The business and technical requirements, system documentation, and user guides all specify
that functional tests must be conducted to ensure that the functions being tested are available.
The following items are the focus of functional testing:

7.5.3 VALIDATION TESTING

Validation Testing may be characterized in a lot of ways however, one easy definition is that
validation is a hit whilst software program plays in a manner that clients may fairly expect. The
affordable expectation is said with inside the software program requirement specification that
is a record that lists all the software program’s user-seen attributes. Validation standards are a
segment of the specification. The statistics on this component serves as the premise for the
validation trying out strategy.

Dept. of CSE, BrCE 2023-24 33

Online Exam Enhancement Using Blockchain System Testing

7.5.4 ALPHA TESTING

Software developer can’t know how a customer will utilize a program ahead of time.
Instructions to be utilized could be misconstrued, a peculiar combination of knowledge could
be employed on a regular basis, and a result that was clear to the tester could be unclear to a
field user. It's impractical to conduct a formal acceptance test with all users if the programmed
is designed as a product that will be used by many people. Most software developers utilize
alpha and beta testing to detect bugs that only the most experienced users seem to be aware of.
At the developer's premises, a customer does the trial.

Testing objectives for the integration of education with Generative AI, IoT, and cloud
computing aim to ensure the reliability, functionality, and effectiveness of the integrated
system. Here are some testing objectives:

1. Functional Testing:

➢ Verify that all components of the integrated system, including Generative AI models,
IoT devices, and cloud services, function as intended.
➢ Test the functionality of features such as content generation, real-time monitoring,
collaborative engagement, and personalized learning experiences.
➢ Ensure that user interactions, data processing, and communication protocols work
seamlessly across different components.

Dept. of CSE, BrCE 2023-24 34

Online Exam Enhancement Using Blockchain System Testing

2. Performance Testing:

➢ Assess the performance of the integrated system under various load conditions,
including normal usage, peak usage, and stress scenarios.
➢ Measure response times, throughput, and resource utilization to identify performance
bottlenecks, scalability limits, and areas for optimization.
➢ Test the system's ability to handle concurrent user interactions, process large volumes
of data, and maintain acceptable levels of latency.

3. Security Testing:

➢ Evaluate the security posture of the integrated system by identifying and mitigating
potential vulnerabilities, threats, and risks.
➢ Conduct penetration testing, vulnerability scanning, and security assessments to assess
the resilience of the system against cyber-attacks and unauthorized access.
➢ Verify compliance with security best practices, encryption standards, and data
protection regulations to safeguard sensitive educational data.

4. Interoperability Testing:

➢ Ensure interoperability and compatibility between different components of the

integrated system, such as AI models, IoT protocols, and cloud APIs.
➢ Test data exchange mechanisms, communication interfaces, and integration points to
validate seamless interoperability across heterogeneous technologies.
➢ Verify integration with existing educational software, learning management systems
(LMS), and third-party services to enable seamless data exchange and workflow
automation.

5. Usability Testing:

➢ Evaluate the usability, accessibility, and user experience of the integrated system from
the perspective of students, educators, administrators, and other stakeholders.
➢ Conduct user testing, surveys, and interviews to gather feedback on user interfaces,
navigation flows, and feature usability.
➢ Identify usability issues, usability barriers, and areas for improvement to enhance user
satisfaction and adoption rates.

Dept. of CSE, BrCE 2023-24 35

Online Exam Enhancement Using Blockchain System Testing

6. Reliability and Resilience Testing:

➢ Test the reliability and resilience of the integrated system by simulating failure
scenarios, network disruptions, and resource outages.
➢ Assess the system's ability to recover from failures, restore data integrity, and maintain
service availability during adverse conditions.
➢ Implement fault tolerance mechanisms, disaster recovery procedures, and redundancy
strategies to ensure business continuity and data integrity.

7. Compliance and Regulatory Testing:

➢ Ensure compliance with regulatory requirements, industry standards, and educational

policies governing the use of technology in educational settings.
➢ Verify adherence to privacy laws, data protection regulations, accessibility standards,
and ethical guidelines applicable to educational data.
➢ Document compliance measures, audit trails, and governance frameworks to
demonstrate regulatory compliance and risk management.

Dept. of CSE, BrCE 2023-24 36

CHAPTER 8
RESULT
CHAPTER 8

RESULT
Signup: The owner directly creates accounts for the users in the database. There are two types
of accounts: Student and Faculty.

Faculty Login: When a faculty member logs in, they are prompted to enter their login ID,
password, and a security phrase. After authentication, they are redirected to their dashboard
where they can create an exam. A unique exam ID is generated with the creation of each exam.
The faculty member can also see who has taken the exam and evaluate the answers given by
the student.

Login Page: A login page is a webpage where users enter their credentials—usually a
username and password—to gain access to a website or application. It serves as a security
measure to ensure that only authorized individuals can access certain information or
functionalities.

Fig 8.1: Student / Faculty login Page

Online Exam Enhancement Using Blockchain Result

Fig 8.2: Student Exam Code Page

Student Login: When a student logs in, they are prompted to enter a security key and then the
exam ID to access the particular exam. After entering the exam ID, the exam starts.

Faculty Dashboard: On this dashboard the faculty can create exam, Schedule them and will
be able to evaluate the exams attempted by the students.

Fig 8.3: Faculty Dashboard

Dept. of CSE, BrCE 2023-24 39

Online Exam Enhancement Using Blockchain Result

Fig 8.4: Faculty Create Exam page

Exam Interface: The student gets an interface for answering the multiple-choice questions.
After answering all the questions, the student gets a finish button. On clicking the finish button,
a Metamask wallet popup appears.

Fig 8.5: Student Examination Page

Dept. of CSE, BrCE 2023-24 40

Online Exam Enhancement Using Blockchain Result

Fig 8.6: Student Exam Interface

Evaluation: This system incorporates smart contracts, allowing for efficient and accurate
assessment of student performance. As part of the implementation, we developed an evaluation
page specifically designed for faculty members. This page features a user-friendly in green and
displays unanswered questions in red. The color-coded system provides a visual representation
of student responses, aiding faculty members in swiftly evaluating and providing feedback on
student performance.

Fig 8.7: Faculty Evaluation Page (Answered Question)

Dept. of CSE, BrCE 2023-24 40

Online Exam Enhancement Using Blockchain Result

Fig 8.8: Faculty Evaluation Page (Skipped Question)

Smart Contract Interaction: The student signs a transaction using the Metamask wallet to
send the exam data to the smart contract for evaluation. Upon submitting, the Metamask popup
appears again, and after signing the transaction, the data is sent to the smart contract. Once a
smart contract has been deployed, it cannot be altered. The only way to remove a smart contract
is if this functionality was incorporated into the contract from the outset.

Fig 8.9: Student Sign Transaction Window

Dept. of CSE, BrCE 2023-24 42

 CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the integration of blockchain technology into online exams represents a
transformative leap in ensuring the integrity, security, and reliability of the assessment process.
The utilization of Ethereum smart contracts has proven instrumental in securely storing and
retrieving exam results, surpassing the capabilities of traditional decentralized storage
mechanisms like those found in Moodle LMS.

Moreover, the incorporation of advanced features such as an eye monitoring system, student
performance analyzer, auto-grading system, and plagiarism detector further enhances the
overall examination experience. The eye monitoring system ensures exam authenticity by
preventing unauthorized activities, while the student performance analyzer provides valuable
insights into individual learning patterns. The auto-grading system streamlines the assessment
process, saving time and reducing manual errors. Simultaneously, the plagiarism detector
safeguards the integrity of the evaluation process, fostering a culture of academic honesty.

Together, these features, when integrated with blockchain technology, create a comprehensive
and foolproof online exam system. This not only addresses existing challenges in data security
and reliability but also sets a new standard for trustworthy, transparent, and technologically
advanced assessment methodologies. The amalgamation of blockchain and innovative
examination features establishes a robust foundation for the future of online educational
assessment.
 REFERENCES
[1] Mohamed Abdelsalam, Amira M. Idrees, Marwan Shokry “A Proposed Model for
Improving the Reliability of Online Exam Results Using Blockchain” Institute of Electrical
and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3304995

[2] A. Jain, A. Kumar Tripathi, N. Chandra, και P. Chinnasamy, ‘Smart contract enabled online
examination system based in blockchain network’, στο 2021 International Conference on
Computer Communication and Informatics (ICCCI), Coimbatore, India, 2021.

[3] Prof. H. B. Shinde, “Exam Conduction and Proctoring System Using Face Detection,”
INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND
MANAGEMENT, vol. 06, no. 01, Jan. 2022, doi: 10.55041/ijsrem11444.

[4] T. M. Fagbola, A. A. Adigun, and A. O. Oke, “Computer-Based Test (Cbt) System For
University Academic Enterprise Examination,” Int. J. Sci. Technol. Res., vol. 2, no. 8, 2013.

[5] S. J. Pee, E. Seon Kang, J. G. Song and J. Wook Jang, "Online test and management system
using blockchain network," 2019 21st International Conference on Advanced Communication
Technology (ICACT), 2019, pp. 269-272, doi: 10.23919/ICACT.2019.8701891.

[6] X. Yang et al., "Ubiquitous Verification in Centralized Ledger Database," 2022 IEEE 38th
International Conference on Data Engineering (ICDE), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 2022, pp.
1808-1821, doi: 10.1109/ICDE53745.2022.00181.
APPENDIX A
SNAPSHOTS
Fig: Create Exam page

Fig: Create Exam

Fig: Data Saved to Blockchain

Fig: Evaluate Ticked Question

Fig: Exam Screen

Fig: Ganache
 Fig: Login Page

Fig: Sign Exam Smart Contracts

Fig: Skipped Questions

Fig: Submit Exam

 Fig: Teacher Dashboard

Fig: Transaction Successful

Fig: Verify Exam Code

Fig: Verify Screen

APPENDIX B
BASE PAPER
 This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Access. This is the author's version which has not been fully edited and

content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3304995

Date of publication xxxx 00, 0000, date of current version xxxx 00, 0000.

Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/ACCESS.2017.Doi Number

A Proposed Model for Improving the Reliability ofOnline

Exam Results Using Blockchain
Mohamed Abdelsalam1, Amira M. Idrees2, and Marwan Shokry3
1Information Systems Department, Faculty of Commerce & Business Administration, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
2Facultyof Computers and Information Technology, Future University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
3Business Information Systems, Faculty of Commerce & Business Administration, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt

Corresponding author: Marwan Shokry (e-mail: [email protected]).

ABSTRACT Nowadays, Learning Management Systems (LMS) have become increasingly popular,
particularly due to the COVID-19pandemic, offering enhanced effectiveness and efficiency. Online exams
have emerged as a critical feature within LMS, serving as a means to evaluate students' performance and
assess their understanding of the course material. These exams play a crucial role in determining
students' eligibility for progression to the next grade or level of study. It is imperative that online exam
results meet the standards of reliability and transparency. Any lack of reliability, such as the vulnerability
to hacking, can have detrimental effects on students' overall grades. Traditional online exam systems
typically store data in centralized locations like MySQL databases, leaving them susceptible to
unauthorized access by malicious individuals who may alter students' exam results. This paper aims to
propose a blockchain-based framework that facilitates the secure and peer-to-peer conduct and
evaluation of academic exams. The framework employs hashing techniques to ensure the integrity of the
data and utilizes proof of stake mechanisms to enhance security. Blockchain technology has proven to be
effective in safeguarding data integrity by virtue of its decentralized data storage approach and the use of
cryptographic hashing forevery block within the chain. This paper demonstrates how online exams can be
developed using blockchain technology, with each question asked and answered being directly stored on the
blockchain. To achieve this, we have developed a module that integrates with the Moodle learning
management system. Through a comparative analysis of the default centralized storage approach in Moodle,
our module modifies the exam results' storage method, ensuring secure and tamper-proof data storage on
the blockchain network. By leveraging the blockchain network, the data associated with exam results is
reliably secured, ensuring its integrity, and making it immune to manipulation. Our results indicate that the
data stored through the blockchain achieved complete accuracy, with no discrepancies observed when
compared to the standard approach employed by the Moodle LMS for storing results. The blockchain
network provides a reliable and immutable platform that prevents unauthorized alterations or
manipulations of student data. In conclusion, our blockchain-based framework offers a robustsolution
for enhancing the security and reliability of online exam results. By leveraging the decentralized and
tamper-proof nature of blockchain technology, we can ensure the integrity and transparency of student
data, ultimately providing a more trustworthy and accurate assessment of their academic performance.
INDEX TERMS Blockchain, Online Test, Online Examination System, Smart Contracts, Ethereum, Meta
Mask Wallet, Learning Management Systems, LMS, Moodle, Centralized Ledger Database, CLD

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
 This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Access. This is the author's version which has not been fully edited and

content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3304995

process
M. Abdelsalam et al.: A Proposed Model forof transaction
Improving fee deduction
the Reliability from
of Online Exam the Using
Results user's wallet for
Blockchains
INTRODUCTION submitting data to the blockchain. Our innovative model will
allow students to log in, take their exams, and once
The occurrence of COVID-19 has drastically changed
completed,submit their answers directly onto the blockchain
education all over the world. Many schools and universities
network. The exam administrator can then access a
had started to adapt new technique in learning by dashboard displaying allsubmitted answers.
considering onlineeducation instead of pen and papers. E-
learning is similar to a network-enabled transmission of The main contribution of the paper is the proposal of an
knowledge by using electronic applications to process innovative model that utilizes blockchain technology to
learning [1]. It emerges the normal workwith paper and give transform exams into a web application. This model enables
a variety of technologies to provide more benefits for the students to log in, take exams, and submit their answers
students. Trough which students can take theirlectures in directly onto the blockchain network. The proposed model
offers several advantages. First, by leveraging blockchain
form of videos or tutorials that can be watched by them
technology, the model enhances security and reliability by
using their personal computers or laptops anytime they
storing exam data ina tamper-proof manner that cannot be
want [2]. It improves the classroom interaction by creating
easily manipulated. Thisaddress concerns related to cheating,
environment where they actively participate in online hacking, and unauthorized alteration of exam content.
tutorials toaccomplish a work that has been given to them Additionally, the model utilizes the LMS Moodle, a widely
[2]. A lot of advantages come with E-learning to students used learning management system, which provides various
like the courses of lectures that are available on demand so features such as online lectures, assignments, and exam
students can revise thecourse or complete the given tasks. creation. By integrating the proposed model with Moodle, it
Also, it helps fast or slow learners, decreases stress and it allows for seamless administration of exams within the
allows communicating with students and addresses their familiar LMS environment. Furthermore, the model
issues immediately through the E- learning systems [1]. introduces an auto-grading system that automatically
They can also benefit from online exams for preliminary corrects exams and sends the grades to students. This
screening in a meaningful and productive way. E-exams streamlines the grading process and provides timely
offer further advantages as well. When compared to feedback to students. Overall, the main contribution of your
traditional printed paper tests, these electronic exams save paper lies in the proposaland demonstration of an innovative
model that combines blockchain technology, the LMS
faculty members time and effort, and students are safer
Moodle, and an auto-gradingsystem to enhance the security,
becausethe latter take a lot of time and work to correct, extract
reliability, and efficiency of online exams. By leveraging
the scores, and announce them to students. E-exams are
blockchain's immutability and transparency, the proposed
regarded as one ofthe most significant e-learning tools for model aims to address the challenges associated with
gauging success [3]. centralized exam systems and provide a secure and reliable
Various online exams are being conducted being user- solution for conducting online exams.
friendly, and being on centralized servers which can
develop many issues and security breaches. Attackers may BACKGROUND
commitcheating, hacking the data stored or deleting exam
content for that. It must offer a solution for securing its Blockchain is essentially a digital ledger of transactions that
reliability, here Blockchain come into play to solve the is duplicated and distributed across the entire network of
security and reliability issues as everything will be stored computersystems on the blockchain. With each transaction
in manner they cannot be manipulate with. We will use LMS a block is created and stored to network then this chain will
Moodle; as it is one the most LMS all over the world that grow more and more. So, every block is being stored in
provides a lot of features like to allow teachers to make decentralized way [4].
online lectures, make assignments for students and make
exams for them. As well as it has auto grading system to
automatically correct exams and send the grades to
students.
In this paper, we aim to conduct a thorough
comparison between the traditional centralized and
modern decentralized learning management systems.
Furthermore, we will provide an in-depth demonstration of
our proposed model, which focuses on transforming an exam
into a web application. This model will facilitate the
submission of exam answers and results directly onto the FIGURE 1: Blockchain Block [4]
blockchain as a new block, along with an explanation of the

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
 This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Access. This is the author's version which has not been fully edited and

content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3304995

M. Abdelsalam et al.: A Proposed Model for Improving the Reliability of Online Exam Results Using Blockchains
Figure 1 illustrates the block characteristics in blockchain Figure 2 illustrates the currency being sent to specific
network, every block contains header and body, each address using ether cryptocurrency and MetaMask wallet
block header contains previous block hash to ensure the which we will explain during the research. We will use our
integrity. Theblock body contains transaction counter and model to build oursmart contract that will help us to store data
the transaction itself. Blockchain uses an asymmetric and it cryptocurrency ether to pay for the data to enter the
cryptography technique to ensure the authentication of blockchain network.
transactions [4]. We will use blockchain technique to save
SOLIDITY is an object-oriented programming language
our exam grades data.
createdspecifically by Dr. Gavin Wood for constructing and
designing smart contracts on Blockchain platforms. It's used
SMART CONTRACT is an application that operates on top of
to create smart contracts that implement business logic and
theblockchain. It is a block of code that can be run when
generate a chain of transaction records in the blockchain
specific requirements are met. Its goal is to make
system. It has alot of similarities with C and C++ and is pretty
agreements between unreliable parties easier to follow
simple to learnand understand. For example, a “main” in C is
through on and enforce them. It could be compared to a
equivalent to a “contract” in solidity [7]. This is the
system that distributes digital assets to a number of
programming language that will be used to code our smart
interested parties if certain conditions are satisfied[6]. As
contract, to publish it to students,to submit their answers then
compared to other traditional contracts, the operation of
it will take their grades and be stored in the blockchain
smart contracts is not dependent on the trusted third
network.
party and thus reduces the transactional cost. Smart
contracts can be developed by utilizing different
blockchain platforms, but the most common to use is METAMASK is crypto currency wallet that is equipped with
Ethereum. It supports more features than other platforms a key vault, secure login, its token wallet, and token
and makes the creation and customization easier [5]. We exchange everything you need to manage your digital
can apply smart contracts to learning management assets. We can useto pay by crypto currencies or if someone
systems. Some of the main benefits of smart contracts are: wants to receive crypto. It is a web browser extension or
A. Speed, efficiency and accuracy: as the contract is can be used as mobile app downloaded. The extension
automated, it is executed immediately as the enters the Ethereum web3 APIinto website’s JavaScript; so,
conditionis met without wasting the time. the webapp could read data fromBlockchain MetaMask also
B. Savings: while using smart contracts, there is no let the user create and manage their wallet. Then when
needof third-party involvement thus avoiding time users need to create any transaction it will pop-up with an
delays and fee charges. interface so user can review transaction before paying any
C. Security: all the transaction records in the blockchain. crypto as well as it requires user to enter their username
and password every time the browser closes. We willuse it
We will use smart contract to interact and submit students here to get ID account on the Ethereum network, then check
answers and grades to be saved in the blockchain network. if the user belongs to this network or not and pay the cryptoto
submit answers to the network [8]. It will be used by the
students as their crypto currency wallet that they will use to
ETHEREUM it is a decentralized computing infrastructure
thatwe can use to execute programs like smart contracts as it pay for the submission of their test to be stored in the
interactswith users to get the transactions they made or data blockchain network as well as it will ensure that there is an
they submit to blockchain network. Along with being used as account id to payfor the submission.
cryptocurrency that are called ether, it allows developers to
MOODLE is an open-source learning platform that is
build decentralizedapps on the top of blockchain to ensure
availability, auditability,transparency, and neutrality [7]. assigned for online learning, distance education, flipped
classroom and projects in schools or universities [9]. It is a
complete LMS that have classes, different dashboards for
admins, teachers and students. Online classes schedules as
well as online exams are widely used in many schools and
universities online teaching and learning and it is used
especially in STEM (science, technology, engineering and
math) education [10]. We will illustrate our model based on
this Webapp to show how our module works. Itwill be used
to adapt our module to it. As Nowadays, it is considered one
of the most popular LMS that is being used by alot of schools
and universities.
FIGURE 2 Sending 1 ether to the contract address [7]

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 This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Access. This is the author's version which has not been fully edited and

content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3304995

GANACHE is like local or personal EthereumM.environment challenges

Abdelsalam et al.: A Proposed associated
Model for Improving withofonline
the Reliability exams.
Online Exam ResultsWhile individual
Using Blockchains

thathelp us to make test or inspect states [11] as it gives us components of our architecture may not introduce new
a benchof private keys that can generate address with it for concepts in data security, privacy, or performance, it is the
enabling usto run tests. It allows us as well to check if there unique combination and integration of these components
is new block hasbeen added to blockchain and the amount that offers a novel solution to the problem at hand.
of crypto taken formaccount per transaction. It will be used
to have a similar situation like a local blockchain network to In terms of data security, our architecture leverages the
run our module test and maketransactions to save data in immutability and transparency of blockchain technology to
blockchain network. ensure the integrity and tamper-resistance of exam data. By
storing exam data on the blockchain, we provide a secure
and trustworthy environment that mitigates the risk of data
Ledger DB is a centralized ledger database (CLD) that
manipulation or unauthorized access. While the use of
provides tamper-evident, non-repudiable, and highly
blockchain for data security is not new, our application of it
auditable features. It is similar to a blockchain in that it
within the context of online exams, specifically integrated
provides a tamper-evident andnon-repudiable ledger, but
withthe Moodle LMS, adds a novel dimension to the existing
it does not have the same decentralized architecture as a
literature.
blockchain. It also offers stronger auditability than a
blockchain by adopting a TSA two-way pegprotocol. This Regarding privacy, our architecture incorporates privacy-
protocol prevents malicious behaviors from bothusers and enhancing techniques such as data anonymization and
service providers, and it allows for verifiable data access control mechanisms. These measures protect the
removals [12]. sensitive information of students and ensure compliance
RESEARCH CONTRIBUTION with privacy regulations. While privacy-preserving
techniques are not uniqueto our architecture, the integration
In our paper, the main focus is on proposing and of these techniques within the context of online exams,
demonstrating an innovative model that combines alongside blockchain and the MoodleLMS, presents a novel
blockchain technology, the LMS Moodle, and an auto- approach that balances data security, privacy, and
grading system to enhance the security, reliability, and performance.
efficiency of online exams. Our objective is to showcase the
Furthermore, the integration with the Moodle LMS, a
feasibility and potential of this model in addressing the
widely used learning management system, provides a
challenges associated with centralizedexam systems.
seamless and familiar environment for conducting online
While we agree that thorough system benchmarking exams. This integration enhances usability and user
requires more robust methodologies and metrics, such as experience, addressing the performance aspect of our
performance tests, scalability analysis, and comparative architecture. While the use of anLMS for online exams is not
evaluations, wewould like to clarify the purpose and scope novel, our specific integration with Moodle, in combination
of our research. The inclusion of desktop-generated with blockchain technology and the auto-grading system,
screenshots serves to illustrate the user interface and adds a unique and innovative dimension to the existing
workflow of the system, providing a visual representation of literature.
how students interact with the web applicationand submit
their exam answers onto the blockchain network. Lastly, our model introduces an auto-grading system that
automates the correction of exams and delivers timely
We acknowledge that desktop-generated screenshots alone grades tostudents. This automation streamlines the grading
may not be sufficient for conducting a comprehensive process, improves efficiency, and enhances the overall
benchmarkinganalysis. However, as our primary emphasis is performance of the system. While auto-grading systems
on the conceptual framework and practical implementation have been explored in various contexts, our integration of
of the proposed model,we believe that the inclusion of these such a system within the proposed architecture, along with
screenshots is appropriate to support the visualization of the other components, contributes to the novelty of our
our innovative approach. research.
To further enhance the credibility and validity of our In conclusion, while individual components of our
research, we plan to conduct future work that includes architecture may not introduce new concepts in data
comprehensive system benchmarking using appropriate security, privacy, or performance, the innovative aspect lies
tools and methodologies. This will allow for a more in- in the integration and combination of these components
depth analysis of the model's performance, scalability, and within the context of online exams. By combining blockchain
other relevant metrics. technology, the Moodle LMS, and an auto-grading system,
our architecture provides a comprehensive solution that
Our main contribution lies in the development of an
balances data security, privacy, andperformance. We believe
integratedmodel that combines blockchain technology, the
that the unique combination of thesecomponents and their
LMS Moodle, and an auto-grading system to address the
integration into the online exam context demonstrates the

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content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3304995

novelty of our research. logging

M. Abdelsalam et al.: A Proposed Model forof the student
Improving upon
the Reliability expiration
of Online of allotted
Exam Results is time. It
Using Blockchains

developed to address those problem that facilitate other

LITERATURE REVIEW aspects of the examination process like supporting auto-
submission, auto marking and examination result report
A lot of researchers provide different perceptive to
generation. likewise, it is also built upon front-end
provide an appropriate approach for securing online exam
development of the web like HTML and Microsoft Visual
results. In this section, we will discuss some of the
Studio development environment with theuse of SQL Server
approaches.
as the database of the webapp that will saneeverything about
Jain et al., 2021, [13] had proposed a model for the e- the examination process. But as illustrated inFigure 4, every
learning platform in which student pay for the examination conducted process will be stored in centralized location but
using cryptothen solve the exam and then this data are saved in all the previous systems, they have used a centralized
as smart contractin the blockchain network, however they database in which the data can be manipulated, so, this
make the students entertheir addresses and it is saved to means that the results obtained from the system aren’t
the database that it can be tempered with by changing the reliable but blockchain here can solve this problem.
address of student to another address so the student result
can be not accurate.
Zhenming et al., 2003, [14] have proposed a web based
onlineexamination system in which students can take their
exams then the system will transmit the questions and
results to the server then it will generate the grades for
students. Shinde, 2022, [15]have implemented a system for
online exams with face detection to ensure students can’t
cheat during the exam and after the student finishes the
exam the system can calculate marks and show the results.
Rashad et al., 2008, [16] had proposed and builta web-based
examination system that carries out the exams withvarious
types of question like MCQs or essay questions but it takes FIGURE 4: Diagram for the CBT (Computer-Based Test) system [16]
those to assess the difficulty of questions to evaluate. The
system is intended to facilitate the conductance of exams Rooksby et al., 2017, [18] had proposed a system based on
with auto marking the submissions and issuance of a report Ethereum platform and Smart contract that helps to save
about eachexam taken. This system is built upon many web student’s course information and grades at the university of
technologies like AJAX, PHP, HTML and MySQL database. It Glasgow. The grades stored to the blockchain network are
was also testedin Mansoura University in Egypt and it proves transparent. The system proves to be highly trustworthy.
its validity but the structure of this web-based examination Theydidn’t provide a complete case study for their work to
system that it stores everything in centralized location in assess the validity of the system for ensuring the system
which all data are found inthe data bank as in Figure 3. outcomes as wellas they didn’t provide the system accuracy
for saving student’sgrade in the blockchain.

Pee et al., 2019, [19] had they designed online testing

system based on blockchain and CP-ABE encryption in
which the system admin provides specific teacher for every
test being takento set the questions by using their private
key this to restrict access authority using CP-ABE
algorithm. Students can enter their exam and after saving
their scores in the blockchain for ensuring their integrity
and they are not manipulated. This system protects the
exams scores and characterized by its highersecurity.

The last two systems are designed for online testing based
on blockchain for security. Our contribution is represented
in that our module will be applied on Moodle that it is a
complete LMS which provide all features needed for any
FIGURE 3: System Architecture [15]
online institution.
X. Yang et al., 2022, [20] proposed a new verification framework
Fagbola et al., 2013, [17] had proposed a webapp online
designed specifically for centralized ledger databases (CLD).
exams to support the examination process and fix some of
This framework aims to achieve two essential goals: robust
problem that exist in various webapps like automatically
external auditability and rapid verification. The core concept

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behind this framework is known as Dasein verification,

M. Abdelsalam categorize
et al.: A Proposed themthe
Model for Improving then allow
Reliability certain
of Online Examstudents to Blockchains
Results Using take those
which combines the elements of what, when, and who courses. It allows student to check their schedule for the
validation to establish a formalized approach to ledger courses they take. It allows the teachers to submit exams to
auditing. Additionally,they provide an overview of the system students this where our module will take place as answers
structure employed in theproposed framework, along with submitted by student are stored in centralized database
the findings from its performance evaluation. The which it is MYSQL database that it can be tempered by
evaluation results indicate that the framework hackers and this will reflect the student grades and data
demonstrates a remarkable 23-fold increase in verification become inaccurate and can’t be used as authentic data as it
throughput and a significant 500-fold reduction in latency does not reflect the correct grades for student.
when compared to Hyperledger Fabric in notarization OBJECTIVE AND SOLUTIONS:
applications. Then to solve issue for the CLD regarding the
timestamp as the time of a transaction is important because it We have developed our module with blockchain to save
can be used to determine its authenticity and validity. For online exams answers that are submitted by students as if
example,if a transaction is claimed to have been made at a answers being submitted and exam grade will be saved as
certain time, but the time verification shows that it was block in the blockchain network that is mainly impossible to
actually made at a different time, then the transaction may be be hacked or tempered by anyone as Blockchain is
fraudulent. LedgerDB can solve it based on the paper It immutable which means that it is a permanent and
proposes a two-way timestamp pegging protocol. In which unalterable network, decentralized which there is no central
both the digests of data and the actual data are submitted to place that saves the data like MYSQL.
the trusted third party. This means that theattacker cannot Then after student’s login to system they will be prompted to
tamper with the data without also tampering with the digests starttheir exam after the system checks the validity of their
of data. As CLD that provide verifiable timestamps,uses one- accountid and the wallet connected to an account. After that
way timestamp pegging protocol that can arouse infinite they can take the exam and submit their answers using the
time amplification problem. LedgerDB solves the problem MetaMask wallet topay for the submission of their exam. As
of securing the data in a manner that is difficult to be we are going further through research paper, we will
tempered by a hacker or attacker. But in our case here, we illustrate our proposed model inFigure 6, in which illustrates
needed the blockchain network itself, as based on our the working of this webapp, the firststep is login which it will
proposed model, we use a private blockchain network to be handles by Moodle. The student willfill out his information
verify the student first if it belongs to the university by using like username and password where they are stored in
his private key, with whichhe can take the exam. Then we MYSQL database the app will check the username and
use a smart contract to save his data to the blockchain password, then the students will go to the exam page where
network, where it will be secured. they will be asked to import their account to wallet if they
Nowadays, online exams and quizzes are very important in didn’t do that already then app will check the validity of
any learning management system but it is important to their private key this is handled by MetaMask Ethereum
obtain the results with high reliability, accuracy and blockchain wallet then check the validity of the address if it
tamperproof from LMS. However, the problem is that most belongs to the collegenetwork.
of them are using centralized databases which are not the
best ways to store resultsas anyone can access the database
and change records.

Figure 5: Structure of Proposed Model

In Figure 5, we have developed a generic module to use it in

any examination platform, and we apply it on the Moodle
LMS as itis one of the best open sources LMS in this field of
online education as it allow to use to make different profiles
FIGURE 6: Our Blockchain Learning Management System (BLMS)
for admins, teachers and students as well as allow to give Proposed Structure
them certain privileges. It also allows to lay the syllabus and

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M. Abdelsalam et al.: A Proposed Model for Improving the Reliability of Online Exam Results Using Blockchains

After that the exam will be presented to the students to 4: Declare a mapping named "alreadySumitedStudents"
answer it, after answering the exam the students will be
that maps an address to a bool value that is used to view if
asked to confirm the transaction for submitting their
student submitted before or not and view an error message
answers to blockchain network, which is done by
MetaMask Ethereum blockchain wallet, after transaction is if the studentalready submit.
confirmed then student’s answers willbe stored as block in 5: Declare a uint variable named "studentCount" and
the blockchain network which will be secured and can’t be
initialize itto 0.
tempered with. Finally, the admin can nowopen dashboard
to specify the students who have submitted the exam and 6: Define a function named "addStudent" that takes the
their results which will come from the blockchain network. following parameters:
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP DESCRIPTION
- studentId (uint)
In Figure 7, first we will build our smart contract using - name (string)
solidityprogramming languages and Ethereum along with - firstQuestion (uint)
truffle JS to generate our Json file for the contract that will - secondQuestion (uint)
used in Moodle to allow students to submit their questions - thirdQuestion (uint)
answers and grades to be saved in the blockchain.
- fourthQuestion (uint)
- fifthQuestion (uint)
- sixthQuestion (uint)
- finalResult (uint)
- grade (string)

7: Check if the student has not already submitted an exam: -

Usethe require statement to check if the boolean value at
alreadySumitedStudents[msg.sender] is false.

8: Set alreadySumitedStudents[msg.sender] to true to mark

thestudent as having submitted the exam.

9: Increment the studentCount variable by 1.

10: Create a new Student struct and assign it to

students[studentCount]:

- Set the studentId field to the value of the

FIGURE 7: Smart contract 1
studentIdparameter.
Algorithm in figure 7: Adding a - Set the name field to the value of the name parameter.
- Set the firstQuestion field to the value of the
Student1: Start firstQuestion parameter.
2: Declare a struct named "Student" with the fields: - Set the secondQuestion field to the value of the
secondQuestion parameter.
- studentId (uint) - Set the thirdQuestion field to the value of the
- name (string) thirdQuestion parameter.
- firstQuestion (uint) - Set the fourthQuestion field to the value of the
- secondQuestion (uint) fourthQuestion parameter.
- thirdQuestion (uint) - Set the fifthQuestion field to the value of the
- fourthQuestion (uint) fifthQuestion parameter.
- fifthQuestion (uint) - Set the sixthQuestion field to the value of the
- sixthQuestion (uint) sixthQuestion parameter.
- finalResult (uint) - Set the finalResult field to the value of the finalResult
- grade (string) parameter.
- Set the grade field to the value of the grade parameter.
3: Declare a mapping named "students" that maps a uint
to aStudent struct. 11: End

This is the process of adding a student and their exam

details toa Solidity smart contract

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M. Abdelsalam et al.: A Proposed Model for Improving the Reliability of Online Exam Results Using Blockchains

In Figure 9, we utilize the login screen provided by Moodle,

enabling students to access the Learning Management
System (LMS). The login information entered by students is
subsequently stored in the Moodle database. This database
serves as a repository for students to access their courses and
any other resources offered by their respective educational
institutions.

FIGURE 10: Student Courses

In Figure 10, students will have visibility of all the courses

FIGURE 8: Smart contract Json file theyare enrolled in within the Moodle LMS. They can access
the specific course they wish to engage with, which includes
In Figure 8, we provide an example of a JSON file that will an associated exam that they need to complete. The exam
beutilized in Moodle to facilitate the submission of answers process begins after passing various authentication steps,
to thesmart contract. This JSON file serves as a mechanism ensuring the secure commencement of the examination.
for interacting with the smart contract system. Now, let's
delve into the exam process itself, including the display of
error messagesand the authentication of user accounts.

During the exam process, students will navigate through

the assessment interface, where they can view and answer
the exam questions. If any errors or issues occur,
appropriate error messages will be displayed to guide
students in resolving them. These error messages aim to
provide clarity and assistance throughout the examination.

FIGURE 11: Student Quizzes

In Figure 11, after selecting a course, students will be directed

toanother screen where they can choose the specific quiz they
wish to complete. This screen provides options and allows
students to select the quiz that aligns with their intended
examination.

In Figure 12, the examination is facilitated through the

Moodleexamination module. When a student enters the exam,
the systemverifies whether the student has entered their
account's privatekey in MetaMask. If the private key has not
been entered, the system will generate an error message
requesting the student toinput their private key, which is
provided by the school or college. This error message
appears as a popup notification to notify and guide the
student in successfully accessing the exam.
FIGURE 9: Login Scree

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M. Abdelsalam et al.: A Proposed Model for Improving the Reliability of Online Exam Results Using Blockchains

FIGURE 12: the code of Error message to enter account private key

In Figure 13, we utilize Ganache to obtain the private key

establish their identity and eligibility to participate in the
that will be used in our example to illustrate how students
examwithin the intended college network.
can import their private key into MetaMask. This process
enables students to access and participate in the exam.
Following this, the system verifies whether the student's
account ID, which can be obtainedfrom the private key, is
within the college or school network. This verification
ensures that only authorized students from the respective
educational institution can proceed with the exam.

FIGURE 14: Importing private key to MetaMask

In Figure 15, the system retrieves the private key that the
studenthas imported. Subsequently, it obtains the account IDs
within the college or university network. Using the
imported private key, the system generates the student's
FIGURE 13: Get generated account private key
account ID. It then proceeds to verify whether this account ID
belongs to the network by checking its existence within the
In Figure 14, students will import their private key, which network database. This step ensures that the account ID
is provided by the college, to authenticate their affiliation provided by the student is valid andauthorized within the
with thespecific college network. This authentication step specific college or university network.
ensures thatthe student is a valid member of the college's
network and prevents unauthorized access from students
belonging to othercolleges or universities. By importing the
private key, students

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content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3304995

M. Abdelsalam et al.: A Proposed Model for Improving the Reliability of Online Exam Results Using Blockchains

FIGURE 15: Checking if private key belongs to this network

If the account ID does not belong to the network, an error will not be deducted, and an error message will be displayed
popup message, like the one shown in Figure 16, will be tothe student.
displayed to the student, prompting them to import the
private key providedby the college. Importantly, this entire
It's important to note that the transaction amount is only
process takes place without storing the account ID or deductedwhen both the transaction and data blocks are fully
private key in a centralized database where they can be generated andverified. This ensures that the data is securely
potentially accessed or manipulated.By avoiding centralized and accurately submitted to the smart contract and saved
storage, the system ensures the securityand integrity of the as a block in the blockchain network. The decentralized
student's personal information and authentication details. nature of the blockchainnetwork makes it highly resistant
to modifications or hacking attempts, thus ensuring the
integrity and immutability of the submitted data.

FIGURE 16: Error message to enter account private key in frontend

FIGURE 17: Confirm payment for exam

Once the student has completed all the exam questions, a Once the transaction has been successfully added as a block
popup will appear, seeking the student's permission to in the blockchain network, if the student attempts to
initiate a cryptographic transaction. This transaction aims to resubmit theexam answers through any means, MetaMask
securely store the student's answers on the blockchain will prevent anyfurther transactions and display an error. If
network. The transaction process is facilitated through the the student confirms their intention to proceed with the
MetaMask Ethereum Wallet, as illustrated in Figure 17. submission despite this error,a popup message will appear,
indicating that the user has alreadysubmitted their answers,
Upon successful completion of the transaction, a hash is like the example shown in Figure 18. This prevents
generated, serving as proof of the student's transaction on duplicate submissions and ensures that each student's
the blockchain. In the event of a failed transaction where a exam answers are recorded accurately and only once
block hash is not generated, the corresponding within the blockchain network.
cryptocurrency amount10
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M. Abdelsalam et al.: A Proposed Model for Improving the Reliability of Online Exam Results Using Blockchains

blockchain, a new block will not be generated, and the

answerswill not be updated or added for that student. To
preventunauthorized submissions, the student's account ID
is flagged,indicating that they have already submitted their
answers. This flagging process ensures that the student
cannot submit their answers again.

Figure 19 illustrates how the student's account ID is

marked as "submitted," indicating that the answers have
already been recorded and cannot be resubmitted. All of
this data is authenticated and securely saved in the
FIGURE 18: Error message show up if user submits again blockchain network, making it tamper-resistant. This
ensures that no one can falselyflag the student's account and
If the student attempts to submit their answers again enables the system to maintain the integrity of the
after thetransaction has already been successfully examination process.
added to the

FIGURE 19: How error message appears show up if user submits again

CASE STUDY

We conducted a case study with 30 students enrolled in message prompting them to insert their private key.We
the Business Information Systems (BIS) program at the
College ofCommerce and Business Administration, Helwan encountered another issue where some students attempted
University in Cairo, Egypt. The focus of the study was the to use private keys obtained from the internet or other
Internet Application (IA) exam for the academic year. To departments within the university. However, the system
ensure the security of theonline exam results, we integrated
our module into the MoodleLearning Management System verified every privatekey, extracting the student's account ID
(LMS). and checking if it belonged to the college network. If the
account ID did not matchthe college network, an error popup
Each student received a unique username, password, and
message was shown, directing the students to insert the
privatekey from the college. The private key was required
private key provided by theircollege.
for submitting answers to the blockchain network. The exam
processbegan with students logging into the Moodle LMS and Once the students began the exam, they answered the
selectingthe course for the exam. If a student forgot to enter questions presented randomly, utilizing the features
their privatekey into the MetaMask wallet before starting available in the Moodle LMS. After completing all the
the exam, the system detected this and displayed a popup questions, the students submitted their answers to the
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content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3304995

M. Abdelsalam et al.: A Proposed Model for Improving the Reliability of Online Exam Results Using Blockchains

their account ID, preventing duplicate submissions. As a designed dashboard to access the students' exam results.
result,their wallet transactions failed, and an error message This dashboard directly retrieves the results from the
wasdisplayed to them. blockchain network, as depicted in Table 1. The utilization of
Upon successful submission of their answers to the blockchain in storing examination data has demonstrated
blockchain network, a new block containing the student's successful implementation in this case study, ensuring
exam final resultand their answers was created and added transparency and accuracy. This approach was seamlessly
to the blockchain network. This block and its details can be integrated with one of the most renowned Learning
viewed through Ganache, as shown in Figure 20. Management Systems (LMS).
The conducted exam in our case study exemplifies the
reliability and transparency of storing data on the
blockchain network. Throughout the study, the data
remained 100 percent accurate, with no instances of data
loss. The system proved to be highly reliable and secure,
effectively safeguarding against unauthorized access and
manipulation.
This paper establishes that adopting blockchain technology
for storing examination data can offer a trustworthy and
secure solution, enhancing the integrity and transparency
of the assessment process. By leveraging the capabilities of
FIGURE 20: New block being added after submitting the data a well- established LMS and incorporating blockchain
technology, the case study successfully demonstrates the
Once the students have submitted their exam answers to potential benefits of this approach in the context of
the blockchain network, administrators can log in to a academic examinations.
specially

Table 1: Admin dashboard to show students data from blockchain

Student First Second Third Fourth Fifth Time

Student Name Complete Date Student
ID Questio Questio Questio Questio Questio Take
Grade
n n n n n n
Saturday, 19 November
141558 Marwan Mohsen 2 0 0 0 2 16 secs 33.33%
2022,
9:13 PM
141559 Abdullh Ashraf 0 0 0 0 0 Saturday, 19 November 1 min 0%
2022, 13
9:27 PM secs
141560 Tamara Emad 0 5 0 0 2 Saturday, 19 November 13 secs 50%
2022,
9:40 PM
Saturday, 19 November
141561 Afaaf Mohamed 0 5 0 0 2 13 secs 50%
2022,
9:40 PM
Saturday, 19 November
141562 Ameera Essam 0 5 0 0 2 13 secs 50%
2022,
9:40 PM
Saturday, 19 November
141563 Azmi Ashraf 0 5 0 2 2 29 secs 66.66%
2022,
9:13 PM
Saturday, 19 November
141564 Hossam el Badri 0 5 0 0 2 43 secs 50%
2022,
9:13 PM
Saturday, 19 November
141565 Saif Mohamed 0 5 0 0 2 14 secs 50%
2022,
9:13 PM
141566 Ahmed Ramadan 0 5 0 2 2 Saturday, 19 November 29 secs 66.66%
2022,
9:13 PM
141567 Farida Anwer 2 0 0 0 2 Saturday, 19 November 16 secs 33.33%
2022,
9:13 PM
141568 Maha Al-Basha 2 0 0 0 2 Saturday, 19 November 16 secs 33.33%
2022,
9:13 PM
141569 Mona El-Sayed 0 5 0 2 2 Saturday, 19 November 29 secs 66.66%
2022,
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content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3304995

M. Abdelsalam et al.: A Proposed Model for Improving the 9:13 PM of Online Exam Results Using Blockchains
Reliability

141570 Mohamed 2 0 0 0 2 Saturday, 19 November 16 secs 33.33%

Abdelhami 2022,
d 9:13 PM
141571 Dalia Ahmed 2 0 0 0 2 Saturday, 19 November 16 secs 33.33%
2022,
9:13 PM
Saturday, 19 November
141572 Omar Ashraf 2 0 0 0 2 16 secs 33.33%
2022,
9:13 PM
Saturday, 19 November
141573 Nada Abd El-fatah 0 5 0 2 2 29 secs 66.66%
2022,
9:13 PM
Saturday, 19 November
141574 Ahmed Saber 0 5 0 2 2 29 secs 66.66%
2022,
9:13 PM
Saturday, 19 November
141575 Nabeela Abd El- 0 5 0 0 2 13 secs 50%
2022,
wahab
9:40 PM
Saturday, 19 November
141576 Nada Fathy 0 5 0 0 2 13 secs 50%
2022,
9:40 PM
Saturday, 19 November
141577 Essam Ashraf 0 5 0 2 2 29 secs 66.66%
2022,
9:13 PM
Saturday, 19 November
141578 Nawaal Mohamed 0 5 0 2 2 29 secs 66.66%
2022,
9:13 PM
Saturday, 19 November
141579 Malk Ahmed 0 5 0 2 2 29 secs 66.66%
2022,
9:13 PM
Saturday, 19 November
141580 Ragab Attallah 0 5 0 2 2 29 secs 66.66%
2022,
9:13 PM
Saturday, 19 November
141581 Mohamed Abd El- 0 5 0 2 2 29 secs 66.66%
2022,
rhaman
9:13 PM
Saturday, 19 November
141582 Saleem Ashraf 0 5 0 0 2 14 secs 50%
2022,
9:13 PM
Saturday, 19 November
141583 Salwa Nagi 0 5 0 0 2 14 secs 50%
2022,
9:13 PM
Saturday, 19 November
141584 Ashraf Mohamed 0 5 0 0 2 13 secs 50%
2022,
9:40 PM
Saturday, 19 November
141585 Shaden Mohamed 0 5 0 0 2 13 secs 50%
2022,
9:40 PM
Saturday, 19 November
141586 Aliaa Shosha 0 5 0 0 2 13 secs 50%
2022,
9:40 PM
Saturday, 19 November
141587 Yusri Mohamed 0 5 0 0 2 13 secs 50%
2022,
9:40 PM

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content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3304995

M. Abdelsalam et al.: A Proposed Model for Improving the Reliability of Online Exam Results Using Blockchains

PROBABILITY OF FAILURE:
After conducting our case study, we proceeded to compare
the performance of the system before and after The probability of data loss, unavailability, or removal from
implementing blockchain security measures. the network is significantly reduced when utilizing the
In the traditional system without blockchain, the storage blockchain network. This is due to the inherent
and management of examination data relied on centralized characteristics of blockchain technology where data is
databases or servers. This approach often introduced distributed across multiple nodes. As aresult, the probability
vulnerabilities, such as potential data loss, unauthorized of failure is nearly impossible compared to centralized
access, or manipulation. The system's reliance on a
centralized authority also limited transparency and made it
databases. Each node in the blockchain network
difficult to ensure the integrity of theexamination process. contains a copy of the data, ensuring its availability and
In contrast, after implementing blockchain technology to resilience.
secure the system, we observed several notable
improvements. First and foremost, the decentralized nature In contrast, centralized databases are more vulnerable to
of the blockchain network provided enhanced security and data removal or damage by malicious actors. A single point of
eliminated the risk of a single point of failure. The use of failurecan lead to the loss of data or compromise its integrity.
cryptographic techniques ensured the immutability of data However,with blockchain, the decentralized and distributed
stored on the blockchain, making it virtuallytamper-proof. nature of thenetwork ensures that data remains secure and
The transparency of the blockchain network allowed for protected.
increased accountability and trust in the examination
process. Each transaction and block on the blockchain By adopting blockchain in the Moodle eLearning system, we can
could be independently verified, providing an audit trail of greatly enhance data security and reliability. Blockchain
all student submissions and results. This transparency also technology secures the data through cryptographic
minimized thepotential for fraud or manipulation. techniques,making it highly trustworthy. Figure 22 visually
Furthermore, the integration of the blockchain with the illustrates thebenefits of using blockchain in ensuring data
existing Learning Management System (LMS) provided a security and integrity within the Moodle eLearning system.
seamless userexperience. Students could securely submit
their answers to the blockchain network, ensuring the Overall, the use of blockchain in the Moodle eLearning
authenticity and integrity of their submissions. Admins systemsignificantly mitigates the risks associated with data
could easily access the exam results through a dedicated loss, unavailability, and unauthorized manipulation. It
dashboard that directly retrieved data fromthe blockchain provides a robust and resilient framework that enhances the
network. security and trustworthiness of the data, ultimately
benefiting the entire eLearning ecosystem.
Overall, our comparison between the traditional system
and the blockchain-secured system highlighted the
numerous advantages of incorporating blockchain
technology in the context of examination data
management. The blockchain approach provided
improved security, transparency, reliability, and
protection against unauthorized access or manipulation.
Thesefindings demonstrate the potential of blockchain in
revolutionizing the way examination data is stored and
managed, ultimately enhancing the overall examination
process.

LEVEL OF TRANSPARENCY:

We have observed that our proposed system offers a higher

level of transparency compared to the conventional
Moodle system. This is primarily attributed to the
FIGURE 21: Level of transparency
encryption techniques employed through blockchain
technology and the decentralized nature of the system.
Figure 21 exemplifies the robustness of our system, making
it significantly challenging to manipulate the data.

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 This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Access. This is the author's version which has not been fully edited and

content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3304995

M. Abdelsalam et al.: A Proposed Model for Improving the Reliability of Online Exam Results Using Blockchains

FIGURE 22: Chance of failure

CONCLUSION

Our model focuses on utilizing the blockchain network to

securely store exam results and grades. We compared it
with the default decentralized storage mechanism in
Moodle LMS, but with the added power of blockchain
technology. By leveraging blockchain, we ensure the
availability of clear and transparent data that can be relied
upon by universities, colleges, and other institutions to
verify the accuracy of the exam results.

In our implementation, we chose the Ethereum platform

to design smart contracts that facilitate the retrieval and
storage of student data on the blockchain network. To
develop and test our contract, we utilized a solid
programming language before integrating it into Moodle.
In the testing phase, we utilized Ganache to obtain Ether
currency, which allowed students to publish their answers
to the blockchain network.
Our case study demonstrated significant success in
securing andreliably storing data transferred from the LMS
to the blockchain network. This success provides
compelling evidence that blockchain is an ideal solution
for enhancing the security and reliability of exam results.
By utilizing blockchain technology, we can ensure the
integrity and transparency of exam data, providing a
trustworthy and immutable record of student
performance. This approach offersa robust solution to the
challenges of data security and reliabilityin the context of
exam results.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
 This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Access. This is the author's version which has not been fully edited and

content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3304995

M. Abdelsalam et al.: A Proposed Model for Improving the Reliability of Online Exam Results Using Blockchains

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 APPENDIX C
CERTIFICATES