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Essential ActionScript 3 0 1st ed Edition Colin Moock
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 Essential ActionScript 3.0

Colin Moock

Beijing • Cambridge • Farnham • Köln • Paris • Sebastopol • Taipei • Tokyo

Essential ActionScript 3.0
by Colin Moock

Copyright © 2007 O’Reilly Media, Inc. All rights reserved.

Printed in the United States of America.

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August 2007: First Edition.

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contained herein.

This book uses RepKover™, a durable and flexible lay-flat binding.

ISBN-10: 0-596-52694-6
ISBN-13: 978-0-596-52694-8
[M]
 Table of Contents

Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix

Part I. ActionScript from the Ground Up

1. Core Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Tools for Writing ActionScript Code 3
Flash Client Runtime Environments 4
Compilation 5
Quick Review 6
Classes and Objects 6
Creating a Program 8
Packages 9
Defining a Class 11
Virtual Zoo Review 13
Constructor Methods 14
Creating Objects 16
Variables and Values 19
Constructor Parameters and Arguments 24
Expressions 26
Assigning One Variable’s Value to Another 28
An Instance Variable for Our Pet 30
Instance Methods 31
Members and Properties 42
Virtual Zoo Review 42
Break Time! 43

v
 2. Conditionals and Loops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Conditionals 44
Loops 50
Boolean Logic 58
Back to Classes and Objects 62

3. Instance Methods Revisited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

Omitting the this Keyword 64
Bound Methods 66
Using Methods to Examine and Modify an Object’s State 68
Get and Set Methods 72
Handling an Unknown Number of Parameters 75
Up Next: Class-Level Information and Behavior 76

4. Static Variables and Static Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

Static Variables 77
Constants 80
Static Methods 82
Class Objects 85
C++ and Java Terminology Comparison 86
On to Functions 86

5. Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Package-Level Functions 88
Nested Functions 90
Source-File-Level Functions 91
Accessing Definitions from Within a Function 92
Functions as Values 93
Function Literal Syntax 93
Recursive Functions 95
Using Functions in the Virtual Zoo Program 96
Back to Classes 100

6. Inheritance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
A Primer on Inheritance 101
Overriding Instance Methods 105
Constructor Methods in Subclasses 108
Preventing Classes from Being Extended and Methods
from Being Overridden 112

vi | Table of Contents
 Subclassing Built-in Classes 113
The Theory of Inheritance 114
Abstract Not Supported 120
Using Inheritance in the Virtual Zoo Program 121
Virtual Zoo Program Code 126
It’s Runtime! 129

7. Compiling and Running a Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

Compiling with the Flash Authoring Tool 130
Compiling with Flex Builder 2 131
Compiling with mxmlc 133
Compiler Restrictions 134
The Compilation Process and the Classpath 134
Strict-Mode Versus Standard-Mode Compilation 135
The Fun’s Not Over 136

8. Datatypes and Type Checking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

Datatypes and Type Annotations 138
Untyped Variables, Parameters, Return Values, and Expressions 142
Strict Mode’s Three Special Cases 143
Warnings for Missing Type Annotations 144
Detecting Reference Errors at Compile Time 145
Casting 146
Conversion to Primitive Types 150
Default Variable Values 153
null and undefined 153
Datatypes in the Virtual Zoo 154
More Datatype Study Coming Up 158

9. Interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
The Case for Interfaces 159
Interfaces and Multidatatype Classes 161
Interface Syntax and Use 162
Another Multiple-Type Example 165
More Essentials Coming 171

10. Statements and Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172

Statements 172
Operators 174
Up Next: Managing Lists of Information 185

Table of Contents | vii

 11. Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
What Is an Array? 186
The Anatomy of an Array 187
Creating Arrays 187
Referencing Array Elements 189
Determining the Size of an Array 191
Adding Elements to an Array 193
Removing Elements from an Array 197
Checking the Contents of an Array with the toString( ) Method 199
Multidimensional Arrays 200
On to Events 201

12. Events and Event Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202

ActionScript Event Basics 202
Accessing the Target Object 209
Accessing the Object That Registered the Listener 212
Preventing Default Event Behavior 213
Event Listener Priority 214
Event Listeners and Memory Management 216
Custom Events 221
Type Weakness in ActionScript’s Event Architecture 233
Handling Events Across Security Boundaries 236
What’s Next? 240

13. Exceptions and Error Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241

The Exception-Handling Cycle 241
Handling Multiple Types of Exceptions 244
Exception Bubbling 253
The finally Block 258
Nested Exceptions 260
Control-Flow Changes in try/catch/finally 264
Handling a Built-in Exception 267
More Gritty Work Ahead 268

14. Garbage Collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269

Eligibility for Garbage Collection 269
Incremental Mark and Sweep 272
Disposing of Objects Intentionally 273
Deactivating Objects 274

viii | Table of Contents

 Garbage Collection Demonstration 277
On to ActionScript Backcountry 278

15. Dynamic ActionScript . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279

Dynamic Instance Variables 280
Dynamically Adding New Behavior to an Instance 284
Dynamic References to Variables and Methods 286
Using Dynamic Instance Variables to Create Lookup Tables 287
Using Functions to Create Objects 289
Using Prototype Objects to Augment Classes 291
The Prototype Chain 292
Onward! 294

16. Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295

Global Scope 296
Class Scope 297
Static Method Scope 298
Instance Method Scope 298
Function Scope 299
Scope Summary 300
The Internal Details 300
Expanding the Scope Chain via the with Statement 302
On to Namespaces 303

17. Namespaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304

Namespace Vocabulary 304
ActionScript Namespaces 305
Creating Namespaces 307
Using a Namespace to Qualify Variable and Method Definitions 310
Qualified Identifiers 312
A Functional Namespace Example 314
Namespace Accessibility 317
Qualified-Identifier Visibility 321
Comparing Qualified Identifiers 322
Assigning and Passing Namespace Values 323
Open Namespaces and the use namespace Directive 334
Namespaces for Access-Control Modifiers 338
Applied Namespace Examples 341
Final Core Topics 352

Table of Contents | ix
 18. XML and E4X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
Understanding XML Data as a Hierarchy 353
Representing XML Data in E4X 355
Creating XML Data with E4X 357
Accessing XML Data 359
Processing XML with for-each-in and for-in 377
Accessing Descendants 379
Filtering XML Data 383
Traversing XML Trees 386
Changing or Creating New XML Content 387
Loading XML Data 397
Working with XML Namespaces 398
Converting XML and XMLList to a String 404
Determining Equality in E4X 407
More to Learn 410

19. Flash Player Security Restrictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411

What’s Not in This Chapter 412
The Local Realm, the Remote Realm, and Remote Regions 412
Security-Sandbox-Types 413
Security Generalizations Considered Harmful 415
Restrictions on Loading Content, Accessing Content as Data,
Cross-Scripting, and Loading Data 416
Socket Security 422
Example Security Scenarios 422
Choosing a Local Security-Sandbox-Type 425
Distributor Permissions (Policy Files) 429
Creator Permissions (allowDomain( )) 444
Import Loading 446
Handling Security Violations 448
Security Domains 450
Two Common Security-Related Development Issues 452
On to Part II! 454

x | Table of Contents
Part II. Display and Interactivity
20. The Display API and the Display List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457
Display API Overview 458
The Display List 462
Containment Events 487
Custom Graphical Classes 499
Go with the Event Flow 501

21. Events and Display Hierarchies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502

Hierarchical Event Dispatch 502
Event Dispatch Phases 503
Event Listeners and the Event Flow 505
Using the Event Flow to Centralize Code 511
Determining the Current Event Phase 514
Distinguishing Events Targeted at an Object from Events Targeted at That
Object’s Descendants 516
Stopping an Event Dispatch 518
Event Priority and the Event Flow 522
Display-Hierarchy Mutation and the Event Flow 523
Custom Events and the Event Flow 526
On to Input Events 530

22. Interactivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531

Mouse-Input Events 532
Focus Events 548
Keyboard-Input Events 555
Text-Input Events 565
Flash Player-Level Input Events 580
From the Program to the Screen 586

23. Screen Updates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587

Scheduled Screen Updates 587
Post-Event Screen Updates 596
Redraw Region 600
Optimization with the Event.RENDER Event 601
Let’s Make It Move! 609

Table of Contents | xi
 24. Programmatic Animation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 610
No Loops 610
Animating with the ENTER_FRAME Event 611
Animating with the TimerEvent.TIMER Event 616
Choosing Between Timer and Event.ENTER_FRAME 623
A Generalized Animator 624
Velocity-Based Animation 627
Moving On to Strokes ’n’ Fills 628

25. Drawing with Vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629

Graphics Class Overview 629
Drawing Lines 630
Drawing Curves 633
Drawing Shapes 634
Removing Vector Content 636
Example: An Object-Oriented Shape Library 637
From Lines to Pixels 647

26. Bitmap Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 648

The BitmapData and Bitmap Classes 649
Pixel Color Values 649
Creating a New Bitmap Image 654
Loading an External Bitmap Image 656
Examining a Bitmap 658
Modifying a Bitmap 664
Copying Graphics to a BitmapData Object 672
Applying Filters and Effects 686
Freeing Memory Used by Bitmaps 694
Words, Words, Words 695

27. Text Display and Input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 696

Creating and Displaying Text 699
Modifying a Text Field’s Content 705
Formatting Text Fields 708
Fonts and Text Rendering 735
Missing Fonts and Glyphs 748
Determining Font Availability 749
Determining Glyph Availability 751
Embedded-Text Rendering 752

xii | Table of Contents

 Text Field Input 755
Text Fields and the Flash Authoring Tool 759
Loading...Please Wait... 761

28. Loading External Display Assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 762

Using Loader to Load Display Assets at Runtime 763
Compile-Time Type-Checking for Runtime-Loaded Assets 781
Accessing Assets in Multiframe .swf Files 790
Instantiating a Runtime-Loaded Asset 793
Using Socket to Load Display Assets at Runtime 796
Removing Runtime Loaded .swf Assets 806
Embedding Display Assets at CompileTime 807
On to Part III 818

Part III. Applied ActionScript Topics

29. ActionScript and the Flash Authoring Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 821
The Flash Document 821
Timelines and Frames 822
Timeline Scripting 826
The Document Class 828
Symbols and Instances 832
Linked Classes for Movie Clip Symbols 834
Accessing Manually Created Symbol Instances 838
Accessing Manually Created Text 844
Programmatic Timeline Control 845
Instantiating Flash Authoring Symbols via ActionScript 847
Instance Names for Programmatically Created Display Objects 848
Linking Multiple Symbols to a Single Superclass 849
The Composition-Based Alternative to Linked Classes 851
Preloading Classes 852
Up Next: Using the Flex Framework 855

Table of Contents | xiii

 30. A Minimal MXML Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 856
The General Approach 856
A Real UI Component Example 859
Sharing with Your Friends 860

31. Distributing a Class Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 861

Sharing Class Source Files 862
Distributing a Class Library as a .swc File 863
Distributing a Class Library as a .swf File 867
But Is It Really Over? 873

Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 875

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 891

xiv | Table of Contents

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 This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United
States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away
or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License
included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you
are not located in the United States, you will have to check the
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was
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The
Internet Archive)

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OBSTETRICAL

NURSING ***
 OBSTETRICAL NURSING

THE MACMILLAN COMPANY

NEW YORK · BOSTON · CHICAGO · DALLAS · ATLANTA · SAN

FRANCISCO

MACMILLAN & CO., Limited

LONDON · BOMBAY · CALCUTTA · MELBOURNE

THE MACMILLAN CO. OF CANADA, Ltd.

TORONTO
 THE CARESS

From the painting by Gari

Melchers

I hold you close: and I could cry

Because you seem so new and dear;
And such a helpless warder I
To keep your candle burning clear:

The curious candle of your breath,

Body’s and spirit’s throbbing breath.

Fanny Stearns Gifford.

 OBSTETRICAL NURSING
A TEXT-BOOK ON THE NURSING CARE OF
THE EXPECTANT MOTHER, THE WOMAN
IN LABOR, THE YOUNG MOTHER AND HER
BABY

BY

CAROLYN CONANT VAN BLARCOM, R.N.

Formerly, assistant superintendent and instructor in obstetrical nursing and the care of infants
and children at the johns hopkins hospital training school for nurses

Author of
“The Midwife in England”

WITH 200 ILLUSTRATIONS AND 8 CHARTS

New York
THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
1922
All rights reserved
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Copyright, 1922,
By THE MACMILLAN COMPANY.

Set up and electrotyped. Published May, 1922.

Press of
J. J. Little & Ives Company
New York, U. S. A.
 THIS BOOK IS DEDICATED

TO THE

SPIRIT OF HELPFULNESS

WHICH HAS MADE ITS PREPARATION

POSSIBLE WITH THE HOPE THAT IT
MAY BE OF HELP TO THOSE NURSES
WHO TAKE YOUNG MOTHERS AND BABIES
INTO THEIR CARE.
 PREFACE

In writing this book on obstetrical nursing I have been influenced

by certain steadily deepening impressions which have been received
in the course of my contact with maternity work in this country,
Canada and England during the past twenty years. It has been borne
in upon me, in the first place, that very often there is something akin
to bewilderment among those nurses who have been trained to care
for patients according to the teachings of one group of obstetricians
and who later find themselves nursing the patients of other doctors
who hold different, or even opposite views. And not infrequently I
have found in the nurses a degree of loyalty to their training which
made them sceptical, or even intolerant, of nursing methods which
differed from those which they had been taught.
I have become convinced, therefore, that a book on obstetrical
nursing which would be helpful to and widen the outlook of all
nurses, no matter where nor by whom trained, must of necessity
describe the underlying principles of obstetrical nursing and offer a
survey of the nursing methods which are employed in maternity
wards and hospitals of recognized excellence and in the practice of
acknowledged authorities upon obstetrics.
This is, I am aware, a unique attitude, for the present text books on
obstetrics for nurses reflect, in each instance, the wishes of one
doctor, almost entirely, or advocate the methods employed in one
hospital. My experience in teaching obstetrical nursing makes me
feel that a parallel description of dissimilar nursing procedures
serves to broaden the nurse’s attitude toward her work and her grasp
of the entire subject, both because she becomes aware of the fact that
methods, other than those with which she is familiar, are employed
in hospitals of high standing and because she appreciates the fact
that these unfamiliar methods may be as efficacious as those in
which she has become expert.
Accordingly I have devoted the better part of the past year and a
half to a study of the scope and methods of the present training in
maternity nursing in several hospitals, in this country and Canada, in
which the obstetrical work is of a conspicuously high character, and
have presented a composite of this teaching in the succeeding pages.
But that there might not be apparent inconsistencies in the
different methods of maternity care described, I have given an
explanation of the purposes and general principles of the care,
including nursing, which the nurse is likely to find is given to all
obstetrical patients, the country over.
For the sake of simplicity and clarity I have divided the book into
seven parts, following an introduction which describes the requisites
and opportunities of obstetrical nursing and the importance of the
nurse’s own attitude toward her work and her patient. The first two
parts, dealing with the normal anatomy and physiology of the female
generative tract and the development of the fetus, are designed to
supply the nurse with enough technical information to make her
ministrations intelligent and effective. In this respect, I have
doubtless given less than some nurses will wish and possibly more
than others will think necessary, but I have given about the average
amount of instruction that is found satisfactory in the training
schools of high standing. Four of the succeeding parts are devoted
respectively to a description of the nurse’s duties during pregnancy,
labor, the puerperium and early infancy. In each of these I have
explained, first, the normal physiological processes which take place;
then, the nurse’s duties under average conditions and finally, her
responsibilities in the event of complications or abnormalities. A
separate part is devoted to a description of the organized care and
instruction of the maternity patient, by public health nurses, both
before and after delivery, which have proved to be satisfactory.
While describing various hospital procedures, I have deemed it of
practical importance to explain, in each instance, how similar results
might be obtained, with improvised appliances, in a patient’s home
whether in a city or a rural community. In short, I have endeavored
to make clear the essentials of obstetrical nursing without regard to
the status or location of the patient.
 Since the patient’s state of nutrition and her frame of mind are of
vital importance throughout pregnancy, labor and the puerperium, I
have not only dwelt upon them in all descriptions of the nurse’s
duties during these periods but have devoted an entire chapter to a
simple explanation of the principles of each of these two important
subjects.
My varied contact with obstetrical nurses has convinced me that
those nurses who appreciate the never ending wonder and beauty of
this miracle of the beginning of a new life, derive peculiar satisfaction
from the care of the maternity patient. At the same time, in many
hospitals, even where the patients are given the most conscientious
care, the nurses are often so nearly overwhelmed by the long,
irregular hours and the insistent demands of routine duties, that they
do not grasp the significance of the event in which they are
participants. Accordingly, I have made a sustained effort throughout
the following pages to give the young nurse something of a feeling of
reverence for this great mystery of birth.
In the course of my survey of the present training in obstetrical
nursing, I have met the warmest generosity on the part of the
obstetrical and nursing staffs in all of the hospitals which I have
visited. Accordingly, I find it very difficult to find adequate
expression for my sense of gratitude to the doctors and nurses of the
Montreal Maternity Hospital; the Burnside Obstetrical Department
of the Toronto General Hospital; The Hospital of the University of
Pennsylvania; Bellevue Hospital; The Long Island College Hospital;
The Brooklyn Hospital; The Cleveland Maternity Hospital and to Dr.
J. Whitridge Williams and Miss Elsie Lawler for making available the
entire resources of the wards, clinics, laboratories and class and
lecture rooms at Johns Hopkins Hospital.
I wish to offer an expression of deepest possible appreciation to
Dr. John W. Harris for the generosity with which he has given of his
time, thought and wide experience in an effort to provide accurate
and practical information, and to set a high standard of work and
ideals for those nurses who would be influenced by this book. Having
taught and lectured to nurses, as well as medical students, for years,
Dr. Harris is in a position to give counsel and criticism of peculiar
value to a book on obstetrical nursing and he has given these
throughout the entire preparation of this book.
 Because of their concern with any effort to better the state of
mothers and babies, I have been given suggestions, assistance and
inspiration with the most selfless generosity by The Reverend Father
John J. Burke; Dr. J. Clifton Edgar; Dr. Frederic W. Rice; Dr. J. P.
Crozer Griffith; Dr. Caroline F. J. Rickards; Dr. Esther Loring
Richards; Dr. E. V. McCollum; Miss Nina Simmonds and Dr. John R.
Fraser. Among the many nurses with whom I have conferred, I have
met a characteristic spirit of helpfulness which has expressed itself in
their eager readiness to pass on to other nurses the benefits of their
own training and experience. Those to whom I am especially
indebted, for aid and suggestions, are Miss Calvin MacDonald; Mrs.
Bessie Amerman Haasis; Miss Robina Stewart; Miss Caroline V.
Barrett; Miss Katherine de Long; Miss Jean Gunn; Miss Mary E.
Robinson; Miss Sara Cooper; Miss Laura F. Keesey; Miss Chelly
Wasserberg; Miss Kate Madden; Mrs. Minnie S. Brown; Miss Anne
Stevens; Miss Madge Allison and Miss Katherine Tucker.
To Mrs. Elizabeth Porter Wyckoff I am under heavy obligation for
most discriminating editorial assistance and for her farsighted
criticisms toward increasing the clarity of the text. And I feel sure
that the tender little poem on the miracle of motherhood, which Mrs.
Elizabeth Newport Hepburn wrote expressly for this book, will be as
warmly appreciated by my readers as it is by me.
I wish to express my deep gratitude to Mr. Max Brodel for his
invaluable counsel and guidance in planning and assembling the
illustrations to elucidate the text. And I am very grateful to Mr. Gari
Melchers for the spirit which I believe is infused into this book
through the reproduction of two of his lovely paintings of a mother
and baby, and to Mr. Russell Drake for his valuable drawings. I wish
further to thank Mr. J. Norris Myers, of The Macmillan Company, for
unfailing courtesy and helpfulness in facilitating all matters relating
to the publication of this book.
For statistical information I am indebted to Dr. Louis I. Dublin
and for authority in offering the scientific background of the teaching
I have drawn from “The Practice of Obstetrics” by J. Clifton Edgar;
“Obstetrics” by J. Whitridge Williams; “The Diseases of Infants and
Children” by J. P. Crozer Griffith and “The Prospective Mother” by J.
Morris Slemons.
Carolyn Conant Van Blarcom.
New York City, 149 East 40th Street
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

Preface xi

Introduction 3

PART I.

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

CHAPTER

I. Anatomy of the Female Pelvis and Generative

Organs 19

II. Physiology 45

PART II.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE BABY

III. Development of the Ovum, Embryo, Fetus, Placenta,

Cord and Membranes 61

IV. Physiology of the Fetus 84

V. Signs, Symptoms, and Physiology of Pregnancy 93

 PART III.

THE EXPECTANT MOTHER

VI. Prenatal Care 111

VII. Mental Hygiene of the Expectant Mother 145

VIII. Preparation of Room, Dressings, and Equipment for

Home Delivery 155

IX. Complications and Accidents of Pregnancy 164

PART IV.

THE BIRTH OF THE BABY

X. Presentation and Position of the Fetus 217

XI. Symptoms, Course, and Mechanism of Normal Labor 232

XII. Nurse’s Duties During Labor 243

XIII. Obstetrical Operations and Complicated Labors 295

PART V.

THE YOUNG MOTHER

XIV. Physiology of the Puerperium 317

XV. Nursing Care During the Normal Puerperium 323

XVII. The Nursing Mother 357

XVII. Nutrition of the Mother and Her Baby 368

XVIII. Complications of the Puerperium 391

PART VI.

THE MATERNITY PATIENT IN THE COMMUNITY

XIX. Organized Prenatal Work 405

XX. Care of the Mother and Baby by Visiting Nurses 437

PART VII.

THE CARE OF THE BABY

XXI. Characteristics and Development of the Average

New-born Baby 451

XXII. Nursing Care of the Average New-born Baby 461

XXIII. Common Disorders and Abnormalities of Early

Infancy 518

XXIV. A Final Word 544

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS AND CHARTS

ILLUSTRATIONS

Anatomy and Physiology.

FIG. PAGE

1 a. Normal female pelvis 21

b. Normal male pelvis 21

2. Diagram of pelvic inlet seen from above 22

3. Diagram of pelvic outlet seen from below 23

4. Sagittal section of the pelvis 24

5. Two types of pelvimeters 25

6. Diagram showing method of measuring distance between

crests, spines and trochanters 26

7. Diagram showing method of measuring Baudelocque’s

diameter 27

8. Diagram showing method of estimating true conjugate 28

9. Diagram showing method of measuring intertuberous

diameter 29
10. Anterior view of external and internal female generative
organs 31

11. Diagrams of sections of virgin and multiparous uteri 32

12. Sagittal section of female generative tract 35

13. Diagram of external female genitalia 39

14. Sagittal section of breast 42

15. Front view of breast 43

16. Diagram of human ovum 47

Development of the Baby

17. Diagram of human spermatozoa 61

18. Diagram of segmenting rabbit’s ovum 65

19. Ovum about 13 days old embedded in the decidua 66

20. Diagram of developing fetus, cord, membranes and

placenta in utero 69

21. Diagram of structure of placenta 71

22. Photograph of placental vessels 72

23. Maternal surface of the placenta 74

24. Fetal surface of the placenta 75

25. Embryo about 5.5 cm. long in amniotic sac 77

26. Outlines of fetus at different stages 78

27. Full term fetus in utero 81

28. Diagram of fetal circulation 85

29. Diagram of circulation after birth 87

30. Side and top view of fetal skull 90

The Expectant Mother.

31. Height of fundus at different stages of pregnancy 94

32. Contour of abdomen at ninth month 95

33. Contour of abdomen at tenth month 95

34. Front view of home-made abdominal binder 123

35. Side view of same 123

36. Back view of same 123

37. Abdominal binder used in above 124

38. Front view of home-made stocking supporters 124

39. Back view of same 124

40. Patient in right-angled position to relieve varicose veins 138

41. Elevated Sims position 139

42. Gloves, ready for dry sterilization 160

43. Delivery pad of newspapers and old muslin 161

44. Diagram of centrally implanted placenta prævia 174

45. Partial placenta prævia 175

46. Diagram of marginal placenta prævia 176

47. Champetier de Ribes’ bag inserted in uterus 177

48. Patient in hot pack given with dry blankets 197

49. Method of giving infusion 202

The Birth of the Baby.

50. Attitude of fetus in uterus at term 217

51. Illustration from first text-book on obstetrics 218

52. Attitude of fetus in breach presentation 219

53. Attitude of fetus in vertex presentation 220

54. Diagram of six positions in a vertex presentation 222

55. Diagram of six positions in a face presentation 223

56. Diagram of six positions in a breech presentation 223

57. First maneuver in abdominal palpation 225

58. Second maneuver in abdominal palpation 226

59. Third maneuver in abdominal palpation 227

60. Fourth maneuver in abdominal palpation 228

 61. Diagrams showing positions of nurse’s hands in four
maneuvers of abdominal palpation 229

62. Ascertaining position of fetus by rectal examination 230

63, 64, Diagrams showing stages of dilatation and obliteration of

65, 66. cervix 234

67. Characteristic position of patient during first stage pains 235

68. Diagram indicating rotation and pivoting of head during

birth 236

69. Anterior shoulder being slipped from under symphysis 237

70. Birth of posterior shoulder 238

71. Diagrams of Duncan and Schultze mechanisms of

placental separation 239

72. Section showing thinness of uterine wall before birth of

fetus 240

73. Section showing thickness of uterine wall immediately

after labor 241

74. Preparing patient for vaginal examination or delivery 250

75. Patient draped for vaginal examination 251

76. Wrong and right methods of boiling gloves 253

77. Powdering hands before putting on dry gloves 254

78. Successive steps in proper method of putting on gloves 255

79. Bed and simple equipment ready for normal delivery 258
 80. Instruments shown in Fig. 79 260

81. Old prints showing early methods of delivery 261

82. Patient draped with sterile dressings for delivery 262

83. Patient pulling on straps while bearing down during

second stage 264

84. Palpating baby’s head through perineum 265

85. Baby’s head appearing at vulva 266

86. Head farther advanced 267

87. Holding back head at the height of a pain 268

88. External rotation following birth of head 269

89. Wiping mucus from baby’s mouth 270

90. Stroking baby’s back to stimulate respirations 271

91. Two clamps on cord after pulsation has ceased 272

92. Wrong and right method in tying knot in cord ligature 272

93. Stimulating baby’s respirations 274

94, 95. Stimulating baby’s respirations 275, 276

96, 97. Resuscitating baby by holding under warm water 277, 278

98. Resuscitation by means of direct insufflation 279

99. Delivery of the placenta 280

100. Twisting membranes while withdrawing placenta 281

101. Massaging fundus through abdominal wall 282

102. Showing prolapsed cord between head and pelvic brim 285

103. Giving chloroform for obstetrical anæsthesia 287

104, Giving ether for obstetrical anæsthesia

105. 289, 290

106. Giving ether for complete anæsthesia 293

107. a. Tarnier forceps, b. Simpson forceps 301

108. Patient in position and draped for forceps operation 302

109. Forceps sheet used in Fig. 108 303

110. Two types of leggings for obstetrical use 304

111. Rubber bougie 311

112. Champetier de Ribes’ bag 311

113. Voorhees’ bag 312

114. Bag held in forceps for introduction into uterus 312

115. Syringe for filling above bags after insertion 312

The Young Mother.

116. Height of fundus on each of first ten days after delivery 327
117. Patient draped for postpartum dressing 336

118. Equipment in rack used in Fig. 117 337

119. Method of covering nipples with sterile gauze 339

120. Baby nursing through a nipple shield 341

121. Nipple shield used in Fig. 120 342

122. Supporting heavy breasts by means of folded towels 343

123. Ice caps applied to engorged breasts 344

124. Y binder before application 345

125. Y binder applied 346

126. The same seen from the other side 347

127. Indian binder 347

128. Method of stripping 348

129, Bed exercises taken during the puerperium

130,
131,
132,
133,
134, 350 to
135. 353

136. Knee-chest position 354

137. Exercising by walking on all fours 354

138. Position of mother and baby for nursing in bed 359

139. The Nursing Mother (from a painting by Gari Melchers) 361

140. Baby partially blind as a result of a faulty diet 378

141. Rachitic and normal babies of the same age 381

142. Chest walls of normal and rachitic rats of the same age 383

143. Interior of specimens in Fig. 142 384

The Maternity Patient in the Community.

144. Baby’s bed improvised from a market basket 415

145. Layette recommended to expectant mothers by Maternity

Centre Association 416

146. Breast tray recommended to expectant mothers by

Maternity Centre Association 417

147. Baby’s toilet tray recommended to expectant mothers by

Maternity Centre Association 417

The Baby.

148. Diagram of first teeth 456

149. Umbilical cord immediately after birth 457

150. The same four days later 457

151. Umbilicus immediately after separation of cord 458

152. Well healed umbilicus 458

153. Nursery at Manhattan Maternity Hospital 465

154. Bathing the baby 467

155. Preparation for circumcision 468

156. Baby draped with sterile sheet, in above 469

157. Cord dressed with dry sterile gauze 470

158. Abdominal binder applied over cord dressing 471

159. Satisfactory baby clothes 473

160. Diagonally folded diaper applied 474

161. Longitudinally folded diaper applied 474

162. Sutton poncho to protect baby for outdoor sleeping 479

163. Training the baby to use a chamber 481

164. Stiff cuffs to prevent thumb sucking 483

165. Hammer cap to prevent ruminating 484

166. Ruminating cap applied 485

167. Proper method of carrying baby 487

168. Preparing the baby’s milk 493

169. Giving the baby his bottle 496

170. Holding baby upright after feeding 497

171. Dr. Griffith’s table of fat percentages 500

172. Reverse side of above card 501

173. Baby in a basket ready to travel 507

174. Quilted robe with hood for the premature baby 509

175. Premature baby in lined basket, being fed with Boston

feeder 510

176. Bed for premature baby improvised from small clothes

basket 511

177. Putting the baby in a wet pack 521

178. Baby in wet pack 522

179. Diagrams showing successive steps in giving the baby a

pack 522

180. Baby wrapped in blanket preparatory to gavage 523

181. Gavage 524

182. Obtaining a fresh specimen of urine from the baby 526

183. Obtaining a 24–hour specimen of urine from the baby 527

184. Band to hold baby’s legs while obtaining specimens of

urine 527

185. Belt used to hold tube for specimen 528

186. Giving the baby an enema 530

187. Irrigating the eye with a blunt nozzle 536

188. Method of holding baby for treating gonorrhœal

ophthalmia 537
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