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ISSN: 2230-9926 International Journal of Development Research

Vol. 11, Issue, 02, pp.44640-44644, February, 2021
https://doi.org/10.37118/ijdr.21105.02.2021

RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS

CATCH-AND-RELEASE FISHING OF TUCUNARÉ (Cichla kelberi) AND

PIRAPITINGA (Piaractus brachypomus): HOOK TYPE vs POST-CATCH
FISH HEALTH
Caroliny Fátima Chaves da Paixãoa, Diêgo Alberto Teodorob, Guilherme Malafaiab,
André Luis da Silva Castrob
aPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Agrárias. Instituto Federal Goiano–Campus Rio Verde; bPrograma de
Pós-Graduação em Conservação de Recursos Naturais do Cerrado. Instituto Federal Goiano – Campus Urutaí

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Article History: The growing popularity of catch-and-release fishing and consequent injuries to fish need to be
Received 07th December, 2020 studied to develop species-specific techniques that limit damage. Therefore, we tested the
Received in revised form hypothesis that the hook type used in catch-and-release fishing affects fish health. Specifically, we
09th December, 2020 evaluated the catch-and-release of Cichla kelberi (tucunaré) and Piaractus brachypomus
Accepted 24th January, 2021 (pirapitinga) with different types of hooks (barbed J-hook, barbed circle hook, barbed wide gap
Published online 24th February, 2021 hook and barbless J-hook) and their influence on several parameters: fight time, perforation and
bleeding type (location), hook removal time and healing (post release). After catching and
Key Words: releasing 284 fish (n = 107 C. kelberi and n = 177 P. brachypomus), we found that the barbed circle
Angling, barbless hook, circle hook, fishing hook for C. kelberi and the barbless J hook for P. brachypomus reduced the damage caused by
mortality, injuries to fish, sport fishing. catch-and-release fishing. Removal of these hooks from the animals took less time (i.e. was easier),
caused less perforation damage and bleeding and resulted in faster healing. Thus, we confirmed our
*Corresponding author: hypothesis that hook type plays a significant role in fish health and survival in catch-and-release
André Luis da Silva Castro
tanks and may contribute to the conservation and sustainable use of this resource.

Copyright©2021, Caroliny Fátima Chaves da Paixão, Diêgo Alberto Teodoro, Guilherme Malafaia, André Luis da Silva Castro, 2021. This is an open access
article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
original work is properly cited.

Citation: Caroliny Fátima Chaves da Paixão, Diêgo Alberto Teodoro, Guilherme Malafaia, André Luis da Silva Castro, 2021. “Catch-and-release fishing
of tucunaré (cichla kelberi) and pirapitinga (piaractus brachypomus): hook type vs post-catch fish health”, International Journal of Development Research
11, (02), 44640-44644.

INTRODUCTION also cause immunological suppression (Lennox et al., 2015), which

can increase susceptibility to infections from various parasites
Catch and release (CandR) fishing is growing in popularity worldwide (Varandas et al., 2013) and may result in death. Other important
and can provide a strategy for the conservation and sustainable use of factors affecting fish health after CandR include the locations of hook
fishing resources (Cooke et al., 2018). Nevertheless, success requires perforations and the type of equipment used. Hook type, for example,
fishers to acquire awareness, knowledge and less-harmful techniques is a significantpredictor of mortality and non-lethal injuries, the
and an understanding of species-specific responses to catch-and- severity of which varies by species (Cooke and Suski, 2005,
release fishing (Cooke and Schramm, 2007). Depending on fish Czarkowski and Kapusta, 2019). Studies by Bartholomew and
species, catch-and-release fishing may cause high rates of post-release Bohnsack (2005) and Muoneke and Childress (1994) provide good
mortality or a variety of nonlethal effects that can affect short and examples of how improper CandR practices can affect fish. Therefore,
long-term health and survival (Muoneke and Childress, 1994, studies are needed to develop and propose CandR protocols and to
Arlinghaus et al., 2007). One consequence of CandR fishing is fish evaluate the harm or benefit from using different types of equipment
stress, which can cause physiological and behavioral changes (Gargan (Cooke and Suski, 2005, Brownscombe et al., 2017). For example,
et al., 2015) that can affect foraging skills (Thompson et al., 2018) fishing with circle hooks reduces mortality rates in some species
and reduce anti-predatory and competitive defensive responses (Pacheco et al., 2011, Cooke et al., 2012, Wilson and Diaz, 2012)
(Danylchuk et al., 2014). This stress can also be enhanced by the pain while barbless hooks can be removed more easily and quickly in
caused by fishers and their equipment, which include significant Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Gjernes, Kronlund and Mulligan 1993),
injuries (Cooke and Sneddon, 2007) exposure to ambient air and Oncorhynchus kisutch (Gjernes, Kronlund and Mulligan 1993),
water with higher temperatures (Gingerich et al., 2007). These Diplectrum formosum (Schaeffer and Hoffman, 2002) and
situations can Oncorhynchus mykiss (Meka, 2004). Nevertheless, the results of these
44641 Caroliny Fátima Chaves da Paixão et al. Catch-and-release fishing of tucunaré (cichla kelberi) and pirapitinga (piaractus
brachypomus): hook type vs post-catch fish health

studies cannot be extrapolated to all CandR species, especially bleeding” (less than 0.1 mL of blood) and “chronic bleeding” (more
considering differences in morpho-physiology and behavior. Brazil is than 0.1 mL of blood) (Fobert et al., 2009). Hook removal time was
home to 14% of the world's fish species, with 3467 freshwater species ranked as “easy” (lasting less than 10seconds), “average” (11s ≤ x ≤
and 1227 marine species (Froese and Pauly, 2015). Brazilian sport 20s, where x is the removal time) or “difficult” (lasting more than
fishing has attracted an increasing number of practitioners and 20seconds). Hook removal was carefully carried out using a hook-
encompassed a wide variety of species (Freire et al., 2016). However, removal pliers. Afterwards, the fish were placed in a net cage that had
unlike other countries where this type of fishing is better studied a similar fish density (0.5 to 1.0 fish/m3)to that of the fish farm (0.6
(Cooke and Cowx, 2004), in Brazil there is a substantial lack of fish/m3) and then reassessed 7 days later to categorize wound healing
technical information on post-release fish survival and which species as: i) fully healed (no indication of hook injury), ii) partially healed
are best suited to sport fishing. This information could be useful not (wound smaller than the initial perforation); iii) unhealed (injury
only for the conservation and management of native species of greater than or equal to the initial perforation).
ecological and commercial value, but also for the organizations
responsible for the planning and management of fisheries (Cooke and The physical-chemical parameters of the water (e.g. temperature,
Cowx, 2004). Therefore, our goal was to determine whether the type oxygen concentration and ammonia) were evaluated weekly (using a
of hook used in CandR fishing could affect the health of two fish thermometer and commercial kits) to guarantee that conditions in both
species that are native to Brazil and frequently fished by sport fishers: the fish farm and the net cage were within appropriate limits for
Cichla kelberi, chosen as a representative carnivorous species and breeding tropical fish (Vogel et al., 2019). All caught fish were
Piaractus brachypomus, as an omnivorous and generalist species. To identified by combinations of one or two colored beads that were
achieve this, we evaluated different aspects that can put the survival of attached to the anal fin by a flexible synthetic thread (nylon, 0.20 mm
post-release animals at risk and foment debate on how this sport can in diameter) (Faria et al., 2003). The ends of the thread were tied in a
contribute to the conservation and sustainable management of loop so that the fish could move unhindered. In cases of swallowed
fisheries. Given the morpho-physiological differences between C. hooks, the lines were cut such that the fish was released with the hook
kelberi and P. brachypomus, we hypothesized that hook type would (Weltersbach et al., 2016). Finally, the fish in the net cage were fed
have a significant impact on the health of these fishespost release. daily with a commercial fish food (ad libitum) and by smaller fish that
could pass through the net and serve as food for C. kelberi.

MATERIAL AND METHODS Statistical analysis: The frequency data for each hook were arranged
in double-entry contingency tables and separated by species. Fisher's
Study site and animals: The study was conducted at the experimental exact test for independent samples (5% significance) was used to
fish farm of the Pisciculture department at the Federal Goiano analyze associations among hook type and classifications of hook
Institute - Urutaí Campus (Urutaí, Goiás state, Brazil). The fish farm removal, perforation, location, bleeding and healing for each species.
covers 1,250 m2, with an average depth of 1.4 m and sufficient flow to These analyses were performed using the ca package (Nenadic and
maintain water levels. Adult Cichlakelberi and Piaractusbrachypomus Greenacre, 2007) in the R software package.
were acquired from commercial fish farms, introduced into the
experimental fish farm and left to acclimatize for at least 30 days Ethics: All procedures were approved by the Ethics Committee on
before commencement of the study. During this period, P. Animal Use at the Instituto Federal Goiano (no. 06/2015).
brachypomuswas fed twice daily with commercial feed (ad libitum),
while the carnivorous C. kelberi (Zaret, 1980) preyed on juvenile Nile
tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and small Characiformes fishes RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
(Astyanax spp.) that had been previously introduced into the
experimental farm. The fish were fasted for 48 hours before
conducting the CandR experiments. Two hundred and eighty-four fish were caught (107 C. kelberi
(37.67%) and 177 P. brachypomus (62.33%)). The mean body
biomass of C. kelberi was 0.81 ± 0.43 kg (mean ± SD), while that of
Fishing procedures and assessment of stress biomarkers: Seven P. brachypomus was 2.83 ± 0.53 kg. Fight times ranged from 5s to180
volunteer fishers were invited to participate and instructed on study s (mean: 28.06 ± 25.40s) for C. kelberiand 74s to 975s (mean: 202.62
objectives and equipment use. The fish were caught using braided ± 92.26s) for P. brachypomus. Longer fight times for P.
multifilament line (Power pro®), rapala tournament rods (5'6 ”10-20 brachypomusare probably due to their greater size and biomass
lb) and shimano® reels (syncopate, 2500FG). Live bait (Astyanax sp., (Heberer et al., 2010). We did not observe any effect of hook type on
5 -10 cm long) were used to catch C. kelberiwhile pieces of beef the wound site for these fish species (p> 0.05) (Figure 1A-B),
heart, sausage, fruit (acerola and guava), cheese and sweetened wheat although other studies have shown that circle hooks cause more
dough were used for P. brachypomus. The volunteers were free to superficial perforations than J-hooks (Pacheco et al., 2011, Lennox et
choose the type of bait and when they would use it. Fishing took al., 2015). We also found that 7.47% (n=8) of the wounds were
place over 45 days, occurring once a week between 7:00 am and classified as deep in C. kelberi, which yielded the only fish death in
11:00 am. In order to simulate authentic CandR practices, the the experiment, while 1.12% (n=2) were classified as deep for P.
volunteers included both experienced and inexperienced fishers who brachypomus.
were free to adopt individual fishing tactics. However, they were
restricted to the following types of hooks: barbless “J” (JS) Unlike the current study, Lennox et al. (2015) found a greater
(Gamakatsu®, size 4.0), barbed “J” (JC) (Pinnacle®, size 4.0), barbed frequency of deep wounds in L. macrochirususing J-hooks than with
wide gap (WG) (Pinnacle®, 4.0) and barbed circlehook (CC) circle hooks. This result was attributed to the circular shape of the
(Kenzaki®, size 4.0). The average number of fishers per day was 6.2 hook which tends to lodge in the in the mouth or jaw and prevents
± 0.9, with an average effort of 3.5 ± 0.4 hours/day, totaling 157 hours penetration of the esophagus, throat, gills or other deep tissue.The
of fishing. large mouth opening and strike voracity of C. kelberimay explain why
hook type did not affect perforation location (Gomiero and Braga,
The following parameters were recorded whenever a fish was caught: 2003; Holley et al., 2008; Barroco, Freitas and Lima, 2018), while
fight time (time from when the fish was hooked until its removal from oral morphology and the presence of molariform teeth may explain
the water), hook location, occurrence and type of bleeding and the similar findings for P. brachypomus (Cooke et al., 2003). Previous
time needed to remove the hook from the fish. Hook location was studies have shown that circle hooks cause less frequent deep
categorized as: (i) buccal or mandibular surface; (ii) intermediate perforations in certain fish species, such as Hemirammphus
perforation in the gills, operculum or eyes or (iii) deep perforation in brasiliensis (Prince, Ortiz and Venizelos, 2002), Thunnus thynnus
the pharynx, esophagus or intestine (Cooke et al., 2003). Bleeding was (Skomal et al., 2007), Thunnus obesus and Thunnus albacares
classified as “no bleeding” (no evidence of bleeding), “moderate (Pacheco et al., 2011) and Lepomis macrochirus (Lennox et al.,
44642 International Journal of Development Research, Vol. 11, Issue, 02, pp.44640-44644, February, 2021

2015). However, circle hooks did not prove advantageous for guidelines are needed for different fish species. Hook type had no
individuals of Lepomis macrochirus and Lepomis gibbosus (Cooke et effect onhook removal time in the “easy” (p ≥ 0.30) and “average”(p ≥
0.11) categories for C. kelberi (Figure 2A).

Figure 1. Wound classification (superficial, intermediate and deep) and percent Figure 3. Bleeding type (no bleeding, moderate bleeding and chronic bleeding) and
occurrence for barbed circle hooks, barbed J-hooks, barbless J-hooks and barbed percent occurrence with barbed circle hooks, barbed J-hooks, barbless J-hooks and
wide gap hooks for (A) Cichla kelberi and (B) Piaractus brachypomus. Results for the barbed wide gap hooks for (A) Cichla kelberi and (B) Piaractus brachypomus. Results
barbless J-hook were not shown in A since this hook was not evaluated for C. kelberi. for the barbless J-hook were not shown in “A” since this hook was not evaluated for
The bars represent the percentage of each injury category in the animals (n = 107, C. C. kelberi. The bars represent the percentage of each wound category in the animals
kelberi and n = 177, P. brachypomus). The data were compared by Fisher’s Exact test (n = 107, C. kelberi and n = 177, P. brachypomus). The data were compared by
at 5% probability. Fisher’s Exact test at 5% probability.

Figure 2. Hook removal (easy, average and difficult) and percentage of occurrence
with barbed circle hooks, barbed J-hooks, barbless J-hooks and barbed wide gap
hooks for (A) Cichla kelberi and (B) Piaractus brachypomus. Results for the barbless Figure 4. Healing (fully healed, partially healed and unhealed) and percent
J-hook were not shown in “A” since this hook was not evaluated for C. kelberi. The occurrence from barbed circle hooks, barbed J-hooks, barbless J-hooks and barbed
bars represent the percentage of each injury category in the animals (n = 107, C. wide gap hooks for (A) Cichla kelberi and (B) Piaractus brachypomus. The bars
kelberi and n = 177, P. brachypomus). Distinct lowercase letters indicate significant represent the percentage of each would category in the fish (n=107, C. kelberi and
differences between the “easy”, “average” and “difficult” categories, as shown by n=177, P. brachypomus). Distinct lowercase letters indicate significant differences
Fisher’s Exact test at 5% probability. within between the “fully healed”, “partially healed” or “unhealed” categories, as
shown by Fisher's Exact test, at 5% probability.
al., 2003). The results of these studies and those of the current one
show that hook effects may differ by fish species, especially due to
differences in anatomy-morphology and dentition that directly However, barbed J-hooks were more frequent in the “difficult”
influence eating habits. Therefore, different catch-and-release category than were barbed circle hooks for C. kelberi (p = 0.02)
44643 Caroliny Fátima Chaves da Paixão et al. Catch-and-release fishing of tucunaré (cichla kelberi) and pirapitinga (piaractus
brachypomus): hook type vs post-catch fish health

(Figure 2A). Cooke et al. (2003) also found that difficult withdrawals
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