EE2035: Electronic Circuits

Chapter 0: Introduction & Review

Nguyen Khanh Loi, M.Eng.

[email protected]
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 Course Overview
• Chapter 0: Introduction & Review
• Chapter 1: Operational amplifier (Op-Amp)
• Chapter 2: Review BJT, FET
• Chapter 3: Multistage Amplifiers
– Bi-polar Junction Transistor (BJT)
– Field Effect Transistor (FET)
• Chapter 4: Frequency Response
• Chapter 5: Feedback
• Chapter 6: Power Amplifiers

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 Assessment
• Labs/Practices: 20%
• Projects/Simulations/Homework/Quiz: 15%
• Midterm Exam: 15%
• Final Exam: 50%.
References
• Sedra/Smith, “Microelectronic Circuits”, 6th edition,
Oxford University Press, 2012.
• D. Neamen, “Microelectronics Circuit Analysis and
Design”, 4th edition, McGraw Hill
• T.F. Bogart, “Electronic Devices and Circuits”, 6th
edition, Pearson, 2004.

• Tools: Orcad, Pspice, Proteus

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 Group assessment (15%)
• Group: 5 students/group

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 Kirchhoff’s Current Law
Kirchoff’s current law states that the sum of the currents into a node (junction)
must be equal to zero. That is

Example 1:
If I1=900mA, I2=-600mA, and I3=-600mA. What is I4?

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 Conventional Current
A flow of current in a wire is a flow of negatively charged electrons. That is,
from the negative terminal to the positive in an electric circuit.
In EE we always use conventional current which is the direction of flow of
positively charged particles.
For this reason, the direction of conventional current flow is the direction
opposite to the electron flow. That is, it is from the positive terminal to the
negative.
The convention was established well before the discovery of electrons.
 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law
The sum of the voltages around a closed loop of an electric circuit must equal
zero.

Current is 1A
 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law
Example 2: Determine nodal voltages and branch currents in the following
circuit:

A C

B D
 Nodal Analysis
In simple circuits: the rules for combining resistors in series and
parallel are often sufficient for circuit analysis.

In complicated circuits: we need more powerful techniques and the circuit

can only be analyzed by solving sets of simultaneous equations based on
Kirchoff’s Current or Voltage Laws (KCL or KVL)
à Nodal Analysis
 Nodal Analysis
a b
 Nodal Analysis
a b

Matrix form:

à
 Nodal Analysis
Example 3:

à
 SIGNALS

Two alternative representations of a signal source:

(a) the Thévenin form; (b) the Norton form.
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Thévenin Equivalent Circuit

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 Thévenin Equivalent Circuit
Example 4:

RL

B
 Thévenin Equivalent Circuit
Example 4:
 Norton Equivalent Circuit
Thévenin equivalent circuit based on voltage sources can be converted to a
Norton equivalent circuit based on current sources. Both circuits behave
identically in an electrical sense

Example 5:
 Example 5
Two expensive devices are to be connected as shown in following figure. For
correct operation, the voltage across devices X and Y should be 4V and 2V
respectively. In addition to this, the operating currents of X and Y are 1.5mA and
1mA respectively. As a circuit designer, you are required to determine the values
of R1 and R2 that will ensure correct operation.
 AMPLIFIERS

• Linearity – is a property of an amplifier that ensures a

signal is not “altered” from amplification
• Distortion – is any unintended change in output

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 SIGNAL AMPLIFICATION

• Voltage amplifier – is used to boost voltage

levels for increased resolution.
• Power amplifier – is used to boost current
levels for increased “intensity”.
output / input relationship for amplifier
  
vo (t) = Av vi (t)

voltage gain

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 AMPLIFIER CIRCUIT SYMBOL

(a) Circuit symbol for amplifier. (b) An amplifier with a common terminal
(ground) between the input and output ports.

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 VOLTAGE AMPLIFIERS
model of amplifier input terminals
  model of amplifier output terminals
Ri 𝑅$
output voltage = 𝑣! = (𝐴"! 𝑣# )
input voltage = vi = (v s ) 𝑅$ + 𝑅!
 R +R open−ckt
source  i
 s
output output and
volt. load
source and voltage
input resistances
resistances

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 VOLTAGE AMPLIFIERS
• Ideal amplifier model – is function of vs and Avo
only!!
– It is assumed that Ro << RL…
– It is assumed that Ri >> Rs…
non-ideal model
ideal model

key characteristics of ideal voltage amplifier model = high input

impedance, low output impedance
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 VOLTAGE AMPLIFIERS
• Ideal amplifier model – is function of vs and Avo
only!!
– It is assumed that Ro << RL…
– It is assumed that Ri >> Rs…

Ri RL
vo = Avov s = Avov s
Ri + Rs RL + Ro 
  model
ideal
non-ideal model

key characteristics of ideal voltage amplifier model = source

resistance RS and load resistance RL have no effect on gain
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 VOLTAGE AMPLIFIERS
• In real life, an amplifier is not ideal and will not
have infinite input impedance or zero output
impedance.
• Cascading of amplifiers, however, may be used
to emphasize desirable characteristics.
§ first amplifier – high Ri medium Ro
§ last amplifier – medium Ri low Ro
§ aggregate – high Ri low Ro

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 AMPLIFIER TYPES
voltage amplifier current amplifier

transconductance amp. transresistance amp.

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 AMPLIFIER TYPES
v0 Ri = ¥ i0 Ri = 0
Av 0 = with Av 0 = with
vi i0 =0
Ro = 0 ii v0 =0
Ro = ¥

voltage amplifier current amplifier

transconductance amplifier transresistance amplifier

i0 Ri = ¥ v0 Ri = 0
Gm = with Rm = with
vi v0 =0
Ro = ¥ ii i0 =0
Ro = 0
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DETERMINING RI AND RO
• Input resistance: Observe vi and ii, calculate via
Ri = vi / ii
• Output resistance:

• Remove source voltage (such that vi = ii = 0)

• Apply voltage to output (vx)
• Measure negative output current (-io)
• Calculate via Ro = -vx / io
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 Exercises
Exercise 1: Use Nodal Analysis to determine the nodal voltages in the circuit in
following figure and hence determine the branch currents i1, i2, i3, i4, i5.
 Exercises
Exercise 2: Find the Thevenin equivalent for the circuit of following figure
 Exercises
Exercise 3: Use nodal analysis to determine the voltages V1 and V2 in Figure
 Exercises
Exercise 4: Use Thevenin’s Theorem to find the current Ix in the circuit of
following figure as a function of R.