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This page intentionally left blank
Digital Television Systems

Digital television is a multibillion-dollar industry with commercial systems now being

deployed worldwide. In this concise yet detailed guide, you will learn about the
standards that apply to fixed-line and mobile digital television, as well as the underlying
principles involved, such as signal analysis, modulation techniques, and source and
channel coding.
The digital television standards, including the MPEG family, ATSC, DVB, ISDTV,
DTMB, and ISDB, are presented to aid understanding of new systems in the market and
reveal the variations between different systems used throughout the world. Discussions
of source and channel coding then provide the essential knowledge needed for designing
reliable new systems.Throughout the book the theory is supported by over 200 figures and
tables, whilst an extensive glossary defines practical terminology. Additional background
features, including Fourier analysis, probability and stochastic processes, tables of
Fourier and Hilbert transforms, and radiofrequency tables, are presented in the book’s
useful appendices.
This is an ideal reference for practitioners in the field of digital television. It will
also appeal to graduate students and researchers in electrical engineering and computer
science, and can be used as a textbook for graduate courses on digital television systems.

Marcelo S. Alencar is Chair Professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering,

Federal University of Campina Grande, Brazil. With over 29 years of teaching and
research experience, he has published eight technical books and more than 200
scientific papers. He is Founder and President of the Institute for Advanced Studies in
Communications (Iecom) and has consulted for several companies and R&D agencies.
Digital Television Systems
MARCELO SAMPAIO DE ALENCAR
Federal University of Campina Grande
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo

Cambridge University Press

The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK
Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York

www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521896023
© Cambridge University Press 2009

This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the

provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part
may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published in print format 2009

ISBN-13 978-0-511-51714-3 eBook (EBL)

ISBN-13 978-0-521-89602-3 hardback

Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy

of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication,
and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain,
accurate or appropriate.
For
Silvana, Thiago, Raphael and Marcella
 Contents

List of figures page xiii

List of tables xviii
List of contributors xx
Preface xxi
Acknowledgments xxiii

1 Fundamentals of digital television 1

1.1 Digital television 1
1.2 High-definition television 1
1.3 The digital programming platform 3
1.4 Interactivity 5
1.4.1 Interactive services 6
1.4.2 Television on mobile phones 8
1.5 Return channel for digital television 9
1.6 Digital television standards 11
1.6.1 The DVB-T standard 13
1.6.2 The ATSC standard 15
1.6.3 The ISDB-T standard 17
1.6.4 The ISDTV standard 19
1.6.5 The DTMB standard 20
1.6.6 Ultrahigh-definition television 22
1.7 Television receivers 22

2 Audio and video coding 25

2.1 Introduction 25
2.2 Source coding 27
2.3 The source coding process 28
2.4 Signal sampling 29
2.4.1 Sampling of the video signal 31
2.5 The quantization process 32
2.6 Development of the model for the quantizer 35
2.6.1 Quantization of a Gaussian signal 37
2.6.2 Quantization of the video signal 38
viii Contents

2.7 The encoding process 38

2.8 Video encoding standards 41
2.8.1 The MPEG-1 standard 41
2.8.2 The MPEG-2 standard 41
2.8.3 The MPEG-4 standard 42
2.8.4 The H-264 standard 43

3 Fundamentals and standards of video and audio compression 44

3.1 An overview of audio and video compression 44
3.2 General concepts and fundamentals 45
3.3 The MPEG-4 standard 46
3.3.1 The MPEG-4 Visual standard 50
3.3.2 The MPEG-4 video encoding process 54
3.4 ITU-T H.264/AVC 57
3.4.1 History of H.264 58
3.4.2 Comparison of H.264/AVC standard with other standards 64

4 Channel coding for digital television 65

4.1 Introduction 65
4.2 Cyclic codes 65
4.2.1 Bose–Chaudhury–Hocquenghem (BCH) codes 67
4.2.2 Reed–Solomon (RS) codes 68
4.2.3 Low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes 69
4.3 Decoding cyclic codes 70
4.3.1 Algebraic decoding 70
4.4 Soft-decision decoding 74
4.4.1 The decoding of LDPC codes 74
4.5 Convolutional codes 75
4.5.1 Basic concepts 75
4.5.2 Non-recursive convolutional codes 76
4.5.3 Recursive systematic convolutional (RSC) codes 80
4.5.4 Representation of convolutional codes 83
4.5.5 Decoding convolutional codes 86
4.6 Concatenated codes 86
4.7 Error correction in digital television standards 87
4.7.1 Digital Video Broadcast Terrestrial (DVB-T) system 87
4.7.2 Digital Video Broadcast Satellite (DVB-S) system 89
4.7.3 Digital Video Broadcast Satellite (DVB-S2) system 89
4.7.4 Digital Video Broadcast Cable (DVB-C) system 90
4.7.5 Digital Video Broadcast Hand-held (DVB-H) system 90
4.7.6 Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC) 90
4.7.7 Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting (ISDB) 91
4.7.8 International System for Digital Television (ISDTV) 91
 Contents ix

4.7.9 Chinese Digital Television Terrestrial Broadcasting

(DTMB) system 91
4.7.10 Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification (DOCSIS) 92
4.7.11 Digital Multimedia Broadcasting (DMB) 93

5 Digital and analog transmission systems 94

5.1 Introduction 94
5.2 Amplitude modulation (AM) 94
5.2.1 Random signals and AM 96
5.2.2 Digital AM signal 99
5.2.3 Suppressed carrier amplitude modulation (AM-SC) 101
5.2.4 AM-VSB modulation 101
5.2.5 Amplitude demodulation 102
5.2.6 Performance of AM 103
5.3 Quadrature amplitude modulation (QUAM) 104
5.3.1 Single sideband amplitude modulation (AM-SSB) 105
5.3.2 Quadrature amplitude demodulation 107
5.3.3 Performance evaluation of SSB 108
5.3.4 Digital quadrature modulation (QAM) 108
5.4 Angle modulated systems 110
5.4.1 Angle modulation with random signals 111
5.4.2 Angle modulation with digital signal 115

6 Advanced Television Systems Committee standard (ATSC) 118

6.1 Introduction 118
6.2 Overview of the system 122
6.2.1 Source encoding and compression 123
6.2.2 Multiplexing of services and transport 124
6.2.3 Transmission system 124
6.2.4 Basic features of the video system 125
6.3 Transmission modes 126
6.3.1 Terrestrial transmission mode (8-VSB) 126
6.3.2 Terrestrial transmission mode (16-VSB) 132
6.3.3 Satellite transmission mode 132
6.4 Standard for interactivity 134
6.4.1 Java TV 136

7 Digital video broadcasting (DVB) 137

7.1 Introduction 137
7.1.1 Application fields of the DVB technologies 137
7.2 System features 139
7.2.1 Baseband processing – MPEG-2 139
x Contents

7.2.2 DVB transmission 141

7.3 Transmission standards 144
7.3.1 DVB-T 144
7.3.2 DVB-H 147
7.3.3 DVB-S2 149
7.3.4 DVB and Internet 150
7.4 Interactivity 151
7.4.1 DVB-RCT 152
7.5 Middleware 153
7.5.1 Multimedia Home Platform (MHP) 153

8 International Services Digital Broadcasting for Terrestrial

Television Broadcasting (ISDB) 155
8.1 Introduction 155
8.2 ISDB transmission 155
8.3 The transmission process 158
8.4 The channel encoding 161
8.4.1 Remultiplexing of the transport stream 162
8.4.2 Outer coding 162
8.4.3 Division of the transport stream in hierarchic layers 163
8.4.4 Power dispersion 163
8.4.5 Delay correction 164
8.4.6 The byte interleaver 164
8.4.7 Inner coding 165
8.5 Modulation 166
8.5.1 OFMD 166
8.5.2 Mapping 168
8.5.3 Time interleaving 173
8.5.4 Frequency interleaving 175
8.5.5 Frame composer 175

9 International System for Digital Television (ISDTV) 178

9.1 Introduction 178
9.2 Reference model for a terrestrial DTV system 180
9.3 Source coding 181
9.3.1 Video coding 182
9.3.2 Audio coding 184
9.3.3 Data coding 188
9.4 Transport layer 189
9.4.1 MPEG-2 Systems Layer 191
9.5 Transmission and reception 193
9.5.1 BST-OFMD 194
9.6 Middleware 196
9.6.1 Ginga middleware 196
 Contents xi

9.7 Interactivity channel 198

9.7.1 WiMAX 200

10 Digital terrestrial television multimedia broadcasting (DTMB) 202

10.1 Introduction 202
10.2 Scrambler 203
10.3 Forward error correction (FEC) code 204
10.3.1 Low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes 204
10.4 Signal constellation and mapping 205
10.5 Interleaving 206
10.6 Frame structure 207
10.6.1 Frame header 207
10.6.2 Frame body 208
10.7 Time-domain synchronous orthogonal frequency division
multiplexing (TDS-OFDM) 209
10.7.1 System model for TDS-OFDM 209
10.8 Post-baseband processing 211
10.9 Receiver design 211

Appendix A Evolution of television standards 213

A.1 The beginning of image broadcasting 213
A.2 The beginning of color broadcast 214
A.3 The PAL standard 215
A.4 The SECAM standard 217
A.5 The NTSC standard 218

Appendix B Signal analysis 219

B.1 Introduction 219
B.2 Fourier transform 219
B.3 Properties of the Fourier transform 224
B.4 The Nyquist theorem 229
B.5 Fourier transform in two dimensions 231
B.6 Discrete Fourier transform (DFT) 232
B.7 Discrete cosine transform (DCT) 233
B.8 The Hilbert transform 234
B.9 Useful Fourier transforms 235
B.10 Two-dimensional Fourier transforms 241
B.11 Use of the radiofrequency spectrum 242

Appendix C Random signals and noise 245

C.1 The autocorrelation function 245
C.1.1 Properties of the autocorrelation function 246
xii Contents

C.2 The power spectral density 246

C.2.1 Properties of the power spectral density 247
C.3 Linear systems 249
C.3.1 Expected value of output signal 249
C.3.2 The response of linear systems to random signals 250
C.4 Analysis of the digital random signal 252
C.4.1 Autocorrelation of the digital signal 253
C.4.2 Spectrum of the digital signal 254
C.5 Noise 255
C.5.1 Noise in modulated systems 258

Glossary 259
References 268
Index 279
Figures

1.1 Set of standards in a digital television system for land

broadcasting (Graciosa, 2006) 2
1.2 Comparison of aspect ratios 4:3 and 16:9 2
1.3 Basic structure of the elements of
middleware (MC/MCTFINEP/FUNTTEL, 2004) 4
1.4 Set-top box model 5
1.5 Model of interactive digital television system 6
1.6 Model for a generic system of interactive services (Reimers, 2005b) 10
1.7 Standard options for digital television 12
1.8 DVB standard architecture 14
1.9 DVB standard scheme (TELECO, 2006) 14
1.10 Architecture of the ATSC standard 16
1.11 Scheme of the ATSC standard (TELECO, 2006) 16
1.12 Architecture of the ISDB standard 18
1.13 Scheme of the ISDB standard (TELECO, 2006) 18
1.14 Architecture of the ISDTV standard 20
1.15 Architecture of the DTMB standard 21
2.1 Generic communication system 26
2.2 Generic model for a source encoding system 29
2.3 Pulse amplitude modulation: (a) original signal; (b) sampled signal;
(c) pulse train 30
2.4 (a) Signal spectrum; (b) Spectrum of the PAM signal 30
2.5 Quantization scheme 32
2.6 Signal to quantization noise ratio (SQNR) 33
2.7 The non-uniform quantizer 34
2.8 Curves of compression and expansion 35
2.9 Characteristic function of the quantizer 36
2.10 Quantization noise spectrum for an input Gaussian signal 37
2.11 Flowchart of an APCM 39
2.12 Flowchart of a DPCM 40
2.13 ADPCM encoder 40
2.14 ADPCM decoder 40
3.1 Components of a typical image/video transmission system 46
3.2 MPEG-4 documents 48
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