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Data Communication and Network Lab-2 Report

The lab report focuses on data communication and networking, specifically analyzing TCP packets and ICMP protocols using tools like Wireshark and Tracert. It details the examination of IP header fields, ICMP packet structures, and responses to ping and traceroute requests to a specific website. The findings highlight the significance of various fields in packet communication and the identification of network delays and routing paths.

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SHIVAM KUMAR
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3 views

Data Communication and Network Lab-2 Report

The lab report focuses on data communication and networking, specifically analyzing TCP packets and ICMP protocols using tools like Wireshark and Tracert. It details the examination of IP header fields, ICMP packet structures, and responses to ping and traceroute requests to a specific website. The findings highlight the significance of various fields in packet communication and the identification of network delays and routing paths.

Uploaded by

SHIVAM KUMAR
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EEL7200 :

Data Communication and Networking


Lab Report

Name: ADITYA PRATAP SINGH


Roll Number: M24EEI019
Program: Intelligent Communication System
2
Chapter 1

Lab-2

1.1 Objective
Ping, Tracert, and ICMP

1.2 Problem-1
From the Wireshark capture, select a TCP packet and then describe the relevant fields in the IP
header and their usefulness or meaning.

Solution 1(a): Analysis of the IP header fields from a selected TCP packet in a Wireshark cap-
ture. The fields are described along with their meanings and importance in network communication.

IP Header Fields:

• Version: 4 (IPv4)
Indicates that this is an IPv4 packet.

• Header Length: 20 bytes (5)


Specifies the length of the IP header in 32-bit words (5 words = 20 bytes).

• Differentiated Services Field: 0x00


Used for Quality of Service (QoS); here, it is set to the default value (CS0, Not-ECT).

• Total Length: 52 bytes


Specifies the total length of the IP packet, including the header and payload.

• Identification: 0xa1d6 (41430)


Uniquely identifies the packet to help in reassembly of fragmented packets.

• Flags: 0x2 (Don’t Fragment)


Indicates fragmentation rules:

– Reserved bit: Not set.


– Don’t Fragment: Set (Prevents fragmentation).
– More Fragments: Not set (Last fragment or unfragmented).

• Fragment Offset: 0
Indicates the position of this fragment in the original datagram. Here, no fragmentation is
done.

3
4 CHAPTER 1. LAB-2

• Time to Live (TTL): 128


Specifies the maximum number of hops before the packet is discarded.

• Protocol: 6 (TCP)
Indicates that the transport layer protocol used is TCP.

• Header Checksum: 0x0000 (Unverified)


Used for error checking of the IP header. In this case, validation is disabled.

• Source Address: 10.23.40.192


Denotes the sender’s IP address.

• Destination Address: 23.76.157.107


Denotes the recipient’s IP address.

Conclusion The IP header fields provide crucial information for packet routing, delivery, and
error handling in a network. The examined packet shows a TCP connection attempt with no frag-
mentation and a TTL of 128.

1.3 Problem-2
Ping to the website: www.inria.fr

• a.)
Observe the ICMP packets transferred and specify why the ICMP packets do not have any
source and destination port

• b.)
Examine one of the ICMP requests and specify the type and code

• c.)
What other fields are present in the ICMP packet (only) and mention the uses of these fields

• d.)
What is the type and code of the reply packet
1.3. PROBLEM-2 5

• e.)
Does ICMP echo request and reply packets have the same fields

Solution 2: To perform this task:- A ping request was sent to www.inria.fr, and the ICMP
packets were captured and analyzed.

Solution 2a.)
ICMP does not use source and destination ports because it is a network-layer protocol used for diag-
nostic purposes rather than transport-layer communication. Unlike TCP and UDP, which manage
end-to-end communication, ICMP operates at the IP layer and is used for control messages such as
echo requests and replies.

Solution 2b.)
The captured ICMP request packet has:

• Type: 8 (Echo Request)

• Code: 0 (Standard ping request)

Solution 2c.)
Apart from the standard IP header, the ICMP packet contains:

• Type and Code: Determines the ICMP message category (e.g., Echo Request/Reply, Desti-
nation Unreachable, etc.)

• Checksum: Used for error detection

• Identifier: Helps in matching requests and replies

• Sequence Number: Used to track multiple ping requests and responses

• Data: Contains optional payload data


6 CHAPTER 1. LAB-2

Solution 2d.)
The captured ICMP reply packet has:

• Type: 0 (Echo Reply)

• Code: 0 (Standard ping response)

Solution 2e.)
Both ICMP echo request and reply packets have the same fields, including type, code, checksum,
identifier, sequence number, and data. The key difference is in the Type field, where the request
has Type 8 and the reply has Type 0.

1.4 Problem-3
Tracert to the website www.inria.fr

• a.)
Examine the ICMP response for the first request. What is the type and code? Explain why?

• b.)
Examine the last ICMP response? Does it comprise of an error? How does it vary from response
received in Question 2(a)

• c.)
From the latencies discovered from the tracert program, is there a link whose delay is signifi-
cantly longer than others? On the basis of their router names or IP addresses can you guess
the location of the routers and what kind of link this could possibly be.

Solution 3a.)

The first request receives a ”Time Exceeded” response because the initial hop has a TTL of 1,
meaning it expires before reaching the destination. The router at this hop replies with ICMP Type
11.

Solution 3b.)

If the traceroute is successful:


1.4. PROBLEM-3 7

• The last response should be ICMP Type 0 (Echo Reply), meaning the destination was reached.

No, it does not comprise an error. In 2(a), the ICMP response was from an intermediate hop (Type
11, Code 0). Here, it should either be an Echo Reply (successful) or an error message (failure to
reach the destination).

Solution 3c.) Examining the latencies discovered from the tracert program, a significant delay
was observed in the link between hop 8 (180.149.48.18) and hop 11 (180.149.48.32). Hops 9 and 10
did not respond, which is common for security reasons.
The delay increases significantly from hop 8 (approximately 33-41 ms) to hop 11 (168-185 ms).
This suggests that the connection likely traverses a long-distance backbone network, such as a sub-
marine cable or an international fiber-optic link.
Further analysis of the router locations indicates:

• Hop 8 (180.149.48.18) belongs to an Indian ISP, NKN South Universities.

• Hop 11 (180.149.48.32) is also part of NKN South Universities.

• Hop 12 (62.40.125.214 - nkn.mx1.gen.ch.geant.net) belongs to GÉANT, a high-speed


academic network in Geneva, Switzerland.

• Subsequent hops pass through France (Paris) before reaching the final destination.

The observed delay is likely caused by the transition from the Indian network to an international
backbone, such as an undersea fiber-optic cable linking India to Europe.

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