Year/Section: III /A & B Branch: CSE

Subject : Cloud Computing

Unit-1

1. Describe Distributed System in Cloud Computing?

Ans: Distributed System is a collection of autonomous computer systems that are physically
separated but are connected by a centralized computer network that is equipped with
distributed system software. The autonomous computers will communicate among each
system by sharing resources and files and performing the tasks assigned to them.

Example of Distributed System:

Any Social Media can have its Centralized Computer Network as its Headquarters and
computer systems that can be accessed by any user and using their services will be the
Autonomous Systems in the Distributed System Architecture.

 Distributed System Software: This Software enables computers to coordinate their

activities and to share the resources such as Hardware, Software, Data, etc.

 Database: It is used to store the processed data that are processed by each Node/System
of the Distributed systems that are connected to the Centralized network.
 As we can see that each Autonomous System has a common Application that can have its
own data that is shared by the Centralized Database System.

 To Transfer the Data to Autonomous Systems, Centralized System should be having a

Middleware Service and should be connected to a Network.

 Middleware Services enable some services which are not present in the local systems or
centralized system default by acting as an interface between the Centralized System and
the local systems. By using components of Middleware Services systems communicate
and manage data.

 The Data which is been transferred through the database will be divided into segments or
modules and shared with Autonomous systems for processing.

 The Data will be processed and then will be transferred to the Centralized system through
the network and will be stored in the database

Characteristics of Distributed System:

 Resource Sharing: It is the ability to use any Hardware, Software, or Data anywhere in
the System.
 Openness: It is concerned with Extensions and improvements in the system (i.e., How
openly the software is developed and shared with others)
 Concurrency: It is naturally present in Distributed Systems, that deal with the same
activity or functionality that can be performed by separate users who are in remote
locations. Every local system has its independent Operating Systems and Resources.
 Scalability: It increases the scale of the system as a number of processors communicate
with more users by accommodating to improve the responsiveness of the system.
 Fault tolerance: It cares about the reliability of the system if there is a failure in
Hardware or Software, the system continues to operate properly without degrading the
performance the system.
 Transparency: It hides the complexity of the Distributed Systems to the Users and
Application programs as there should be privacy in every system.
 Heterogeneity: Networks, computer hardware, operating systems, programming
languages, and developer implementations can all vary and differ among dispersed
system components

Advantages of Distributed System:

 Applications in Distributed Systems are Inherently Distributed Applications.
 Information in Distributed Systems is shared among geographically distributed users.
 Resource Sharing (Autonomous systems can share resources from remote locations).
 It has a better price performance ratio and flexibility.
 It has shorter response time and higher throughput.
 It has higher reliability and availability against component failure.
 It has extensibility so that systems can be extended in more remote locations and also
incremental growth.

Applications Area of Distributed System:

 Finance and Commerce: Amazon, eBay, Online Banking, E-Commerce websites.

 Information Society: Search Engines, Wikipedia, Social Networking, Cloud Computing.

 Cloud Technologies: AWS, Salesforce, Microsoft Azure, SAP.

 Entertainment: Online Gaming, Music, youtube.

 Healthcare: Online patient records, Health Informatics.

 Education: E-learning.

 Transport and logistics: GPS, Google Maps.

 Environment Management: Sensor technologies.

 2. Describe High Performance Cluster Computing?

Ans:
Cluster computing is a collection of tightly or loosely connected computers that work
together so that they act as a single entity. The connected computers execute operations all
together thus creating the idea of a single system. The clusters are generally connected
through fast local area networks (LANs)

Cluster Computing

Why is Cluster Computing important?

1. Cluster computing gives a relatively inexpensive, unconventional to the large server or

mainframe computer solutions.

2. It resolves the demand for content criticality and process services in a faster way.

3. Many organizations and IT companies are implementing cluster computing to augment

their scalability, availability, processing speed and resource management at economic
prices.

4. It ensures that computational power is always available.

 5. It provides a single general strategy for the implementation and application of parallel
high-performance systems independent of certain hardware vendors and their product
decisions

A Simple Cluster Computing Layout

Types of Cluster computing :

1. High performance (HP) clusters :

HP clusters use computer clusters and supercomputers to solve advance computational problems.
They are used to performing functions that need nodes to communicate as they perform their
jobs. They are designed to take benefit of the parallel processing power of several nodes.

2. Load-balancing clusters :

Incoming requests are distributed for resources among several nodes running similar programs or
having similar content. This prevents any single node from receiving a disproportionate amount
of task. This type of distribution is generally used in a web-hosting environment.

3. High Availability (HA) Clusters :

HA clusters are designed to maintain redundant nodes that can act as backup systems in case any
failure occurs. Consistent computing services like business activities, complicated databases,
customer services like e-websites and network file distribution are provided. They are designed
to give uninterrupted data availability to the customers.

Classification of Cluster :

1. Open Cluster :

IPs are needed by every node and those are accessed only through the internet or web. This type
of cluster causes enhanced security concerns.

2. Close Cluster :
The nodes are hidden behind the gateway node, and they provide increased protection. They
need fewer IP addresses and are good for computational tasks.

Cluster Computing Architecture :

 It is designed with an array of interconnected individual computers and the computer

systems operating collectively as a single standalone system.

 It is a group of workstations or computers working together as a single, integrated

computing resource connected via high speed interconnects.

 A node – Either a single or a multiprocessor network having memory, input and output
functions and an operating system.

 Two or more nodes are connected on a single line or every node might be connected
individually through a LAN connection

Cluster Computing Architecture

Components of a Cluster Computer :

1. Cluster Nodes

2. Cluster Operating System

3. The switch or node interconnect

 4. Network switching hardware

Cluster Components

Advantages of Cluster Computing :

1. High Performance :

The systems offer better and enhanced performance than that of mainframe computer networks.

2. Easy to manage :

Cluster Computing is manageable and easy to implement.

3. Scalable :

Resources can be added to the clusters accordingly.

4. Expandability :

Computer clusters can be expanded easily by adding additional computers to the network.
Cluster computing is capable of combining several additional resources or the networks to the
existing computer system.

5. Availability :
The other nodes will be active when one node gets failed and will function as a proxy for the
failed node. This makes sure for enhanced availability.

6. Flexibility :

It can be upgraded to the superior specification or additional nodes can be added.

Disadvantages of Cluster Computing :

1. High cost :

It is not so much cost-effective due to its high hardware and its design.

2. Problem in finding fault :

It is difficult to find which component has a fault.

3. More space is needed :

Infrastructure may increase as more servers are needed to manage and monitor.

Applications of Cluster Computing :

 Various complex computational problems can be solved.

 It can be used in the applications of aerodynamics, astrophysics and in data mining.

 Weather forecasting.

 Image Rendering.

 Various e-commerce applications.

 Earthquake Simulation.

 Petroleum reservoir simulation.

3. Describe Grid Computing?

Ans: Grid Computing can be defined as a network of computers working together to

perform a task that would rather be difficult for a single machine. All machines on that
network work under the same protocol to act as a virtual supercomputer. The task that they
work on may include analyzing huge datasets or simulating situations that require high
computing power. Computers on the network contribute resources like processing power and
storage capacity to the network.

Grid Computing is a subset of distributed computing, where a virtual supercomputer

comprises machines on a network connected by some bus, mostly Ethernet or sometimes the
Internet. It can also be seen as a form of Parallel Computing where instead of many CPU
cores on a single machine, it contains multiple cores spread across various locations. The
concept of grid computing isn’t new, but it is not yet perfected as there are no standard rules
and protocols established and accepted by people.

Working:
A Grid computing network mainly consists of these three types of machines

1. Control Node: A computer, usually a server or a group of servers which administrates

the whole network and keeps the account of the resources in the network pool.

2. Provider: The computer contributes its resources to the network resource pool.

3. User: The computer that uses the resources on the network.

When a computer makes a request for resources to the control node, the control node gives
the user access to the resources available on the network. When it is not in use it should
ideally contribute its resources to the network. Hence a normal computer on the node can
swing in between being a user or a provider based on its needs. The nodes may consist of
machines with similar platforms using the same OS called homogeneous networks, else
machines with different platforms running on various different OSs called heterogeneous
networks. This is the distinguishing part of grid computing from other distributed computing
architectures.

For controlling the network and its resources a software/networking protocol is used
generally known as Middleware. This is responsible for administrating the network and the
control nodes are merely its executors. As a grid computing system should use only unused
resources of a computer, it is the job of the control node that any provider is not overloaded
with tasks.

Another job of the middleware is to authorize any process that is being executed on the
network. In a grid computing system, a provider gives permission to the user to run anything
on its computer, hence it is a huge security threat to the network. Hence a middleware should
ensure that there is no unwanted task being executed on the network.

The meaning of the term Grid Computing has changed over the years, according to “The
Grid: Blueprint for a new computing infrastructure” by Ian Foster and Carl Kesselman
published in 1999, the idea was to consume computing power like electricity is consumed
from a power grid. This idea is similar to the current concept of cloud computing, whereas
now grid computing is viewed as a distributed collaborative network. Currently, grid
computing is being used in various institutions to solve a lot of mathematical, analytical, and
physics problems.

Advantages of Grid Computing:

1. It is not centralized, as there are no servers required, except the control node which is just
used for controlling and not for processing.

2. Multiple heterogeneous machines i.e. machines with different Operating Systems can use
a single grid computing network.

3. Tasks can be performed parallelly across various physical locations and the users don’t
have to pay for them (with money).

Disadvantages of Grid Computing:

1. The software of the grid is still in the involution stage.

2. A super-fast interconnect between computer resources is the need of the hour.

3. Licensing across many servers may make it prohibitive for some applications.

4. Many groups are reluctant with sharing resources.

5. Trouble in the control node can come to halt in the whole network.
 4. Describe Virtualization in Cloud Computing?

Ans:

Virtualization is a technique how to separate a service from the underlying physical

delivery of that service. It is the process of creating a virtual version of something like computer
hardware. It was initially developed during the mainframe era. It involves using specialized
software to create a virtual or software-created version of a computing resource rather than the
actual version of the same resource. With the help of Virtualization, multiple operating systems
and applications can run on the same machine and its same hardware at the same time, increasing
the utilization and flexibility of hardware.

In other words, one of the main cost-effective, hardware-reducing, and energy-saving techniques
used by cloud providers is Virtualization. Virtualization allows sharing of a single physical
instance of a resource or an application among multiple customers and organizations at one time.
It does this by assigning a logical name to physical storage and providing a pointer to that
physical resource on demand. The term virtualization is often synonymous with hardware
virtualization, which plays a fundamental role in efficiently delivering Infrastructure-as-a-
Service (IaaS) solutions for cloud computing. Moreover, virtualization technologies provide a
virtual environment for not only executing applications but also for storage, memory, and
networking.

Virtualization

 Host Machine: The machine on which the virtual machine is going to be built is known as
Host Machine.

 Guest Machine: The virtual machine is referred to as a Guest Machine.

Work of Virtualization in Cloud Computing
Virtualization has a prominent impact on Cloud Computing. In the case of cloud computing,
users store data in the cloud, but with the help of Virtualization, users have the extra benefit of
sharing the infrastructure. Cloud Vendors take care of the required physical resources, but
these cloud providers charge a huge amount for these services which impacts every user or
organization. Virtualization helps Users or Organisations in maintaining those services which
are required by a company through external (third-party) people, which helps in reducing costs
to the company. This is the way through which Virtualization works in Cloud Computing.
Benefits of Virtualization

 More flexible and efficient allocation of resources.

 Enhance development productivity.

 It lowers the cost of IT infrastructure.

 Remote access and rapid scalability.

 High availability and disaster recovery.

 Pay peruse of the IT infrastructure on demand.

 Enables running multiple operating systems.

Drawback of Virtualization

 High Initial Investment: Clouds have a very high initial investment, but it is also true
that it will help in reducing the cost of companies.

 Learning New Infrastructure: As the companies shifted from Servers to Cloud, it

requires highly skilled staff who have skills to work with the cloud easily, and for this,
you have to hire new staff or provide training to current staff.

 Risk of Data: Hosting data on third-party resources can lead to putting the data at risk, it
has the chance of getting attacked by any hacker or cracker very easily

5. Explain meaning the terms of Cloud and Cloud Computing?

Ans: Cloud Computing is the delivery of computing services such as servers, storage,
databases, networking, software, analytics, intelligence, and more, over the Cloud (Internet).
Cloud Computing provides an alternative to the on-premises datacentre. With an on-premises
datacentre, we have to manage everything, such as purchasing and installing hardware,
virtualization, installing the operating system, and any other required applications, setting up the
network, configuring the firewall, and setting up storage for data. After doing all the set-up, we
become responsible for maintaining it through its entire lifecycle.

But if we choose Cloud Computing, a cloud vendor is responsible for the hardware purchase and
maintenance. They also provide a wide variety of software and platform as a service. We can
take any required services on rent. The cloud computing services will be charged based on usage.
The cloud environment provides an easily accessible online portal that makes handy for the user
to manage the compute, storage, network, and application resources. Some cloud service
providers are in the following figure.

6. Explain Cloud Based Services Offering?

Ans: Cloud Computing can be defined as the practice of using a network of remote servers
hosted on the Internet to store, manage, and process data, rather than a local server or a
personal computer. Companies offering such kinds of cloud computing services are
called cloud providers and typically charge for cloud computing services based on usage.
Grids and clusters are the foundations for cloud computing.

Most cloud computing services fall into five broad categories:

1. Software as a service (SaaS)

2. Platform as a service (PaaS)

3. Infrastructure as a service (IaaS)

4. Anything/Everything as a service (XaaS)

5. Function as a Service (FaaS)

Software as a Service(SaaS)

Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) is a way of delivering services and applications over the Internet.
The SaaS applications are sometimes called Web-based software, on-demand software, or
hosted software.

Platform as a Service
PaaS is a category of cloud computing that provides a platform and environment to allow
developers to build applications and services over the internet.

Thus, the development and deployment of the application take place independent of the
hardware

Infrastructure as a Service

Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) is a service model that delivers computer infrastructure on an

outsourced basis to support various operations.

It is also known as Hardware as a Service (HaaS).

It simply provides the underlying operating systems, security, networking, and servers for
developing such applications, and services, and deploying development tools, databases, etc.

Anything as a Service

It is also known as Everything as a Service. Most of the cloud service providers nowadays
offer anything as a service that is a compilation of all of the above services including some
additional services.

Function as a Service

FaaS is a type of cloud computing service. It provides a platform for its users or customers to
develop, compute, run and deploy the code or entire application as functions.Customer does
not have clue about any servers which is why they do not need to maintain the server hence it
is serverless architecture.

7.Difference between Cloud Computing and Grid Computing?

Ans:

Cloud Computing:
Cloud Computing is a Client-server computing architecture. In cloud computing, resources are
used in centralized pattern and cloud computing is a high accessible service. It is a pay and use
business means, in cloud computing, the users pay for the use
Grid Computing:
Grid Computing is a Distributed computing architecture. In grid computing, resources are used
in collaborative pattern, and also in grid computing, the users do not pay for use.

Let’s see the difference between cloud and grid computing which are given below:

S.NO Cloud Computing Grid Computing

Cloud computing is a Client-

1. While it is a Distributed computing architecture.
server computing architecture.

Cloud computing is a
2. While grid computing is a decentralized executive.
centralized executive.
S.NO Cloud Computing Grid Computing

In cloud computing, resources While in grid computing, resources are used in

3.
are used in centralized pattern. collaborative pattern.

It is more flexible than grid

4. While it is less flexible than cloud computing.
computing.

In cloud computing, the users While in grid computing, the users do not pay for
5.
pay for the use. use.

Cloud computing is a high

6. While grid computing is a low accessible service.
accessible service.

It is highly scalable as While grid computing is low scalable in

7.
compared to grid computing. comparison to cloud computing.

It can be accessed through

8. While it is accessible through grid middleware.
standard web protocols.

Cloud computing is based on

9. Grid computing is based on application-oriented.
service-oriented.

Grid computing uses service like distributed

Cloud computing uses service
10. computing, distributed pervasive, distributed
like IAAS, PAAS, SAAS.
information.