A Project Report on

“4G Technology ”

Submitted By:
1.Anushka Umesh Bhaat 3314
2.Niyati Gulab Khandare 3328
3.Rashmi Dayanand Pandey 3343
4.Gauri Laxmikant Purohit 3349

Guided By:
Prof. P. P. Deshpande

Submitted To:
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING
 GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC HINGOLI

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education, Mumbai

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that, Miss. 1. Anushka Umesh Bhaat 2.Niyati Gulab Khandare
, 3.Rashmi Dayanand Pandey, 4.Gauri Laxmikant Purohit Roll No. 3314, 3328,
3343, 3349 of Sixth Semester of Diploma in Computer Engineering of
Government Polytechnic Hingoli has completed the Micro Project satisfactorily
in course Emerging Trends Information Technology (22618) for the academic
year 2024-25 as prescribed in the curriculum.

Place : Hingoli Enrollment No: : 2211630147, 2211630166,

2211630183, 2211630190

Date : / /2025

Course Coordinator HOD Principal

Prof. P. P. Deshpande Prof. N. S Jadhao Prof. B.P. Deosarker
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL
EDUCATION, MUMBAI
MICRO PROJECT

Progress Report / Weekly Report

Name of the Project: 4G Technology Course: Program: Emerging
Trends Information Technology (22618) Computer Engineering (CO6I)
Roll No : 3314, 3328, 3343, 3349

Sign of
Week Duratio n
Date Work / Activity Performed the
No in
Faculty
Hrs.
10/01/25
1 1/2 Collecting Information
10/01/25
1/4 Collecting Images regarding project
2
15/01/25
2 Analyzing its Future Scope
3
17/01/25
1/2 Preparing the Project Report Format
4
22/01/25 4 Adding the collected information in the report
5
24/01/25 Adding the images in the report
2
6
29/01/25
2 Reformatting the Report
7
07/02/25
8 2 Preparing the indexes of the report
12/02/25 1 Making Final Changes in the Report
9
21/02/25 Reviewing the report again and eliminating the
1/4 mistakes
10
24/02/25
1 Finalizing the Micro-Project
11

- Submitting Report to the teacher

12
 Teacher’s Evaluation Sheet for Micro Project
Course Title and Code: - Emerging Trends Information Technology (22618)

Title of the Project: 4G Technology

Group No: -

COs addressed by the Micro Project:

Describe Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Deep Learning

CO a:
Interpret loT concepts
CO b:
Compare Models Of Digital Forensic Investigation.
CO c:
Describe Evidence Handling Procedures.
CO d:
Describe Ethical Hacking Process.
CO e:
Detect Network, Operating System and application vulnerabilities
CO f:

Marks:-

Marks obtained
Marks for by the Total
Roll No. Name Of Student Group Work individual Marks
(06) based on viva (10)
(04)
3314 Anushka Umesh Bhaat
3328 Niyati Gulab Khandare
3343 Rashmi Dayanand Pandey
3349 Gauri Laxmikant Purohit

Name and designation of Faculty : Prof. P.P.Deshpande

Lecturer,Computer Engg. Dept.

Signature:
Action plan: -

Name of the
Planned responsible
Planned
Details of activity finish date Team
start date
Member
Sr. No.
Collecting Information 10/01/25 15/01/25 Niyati G. Khandare
1
Collecting Images 10/01/25 17/01/25 Rashmi D. Pandey
2
Searching About project 15/01/25 22/01/25 Gauri L. Purohit
3
Collecting Information regarding 17/01/25 24/01/25 Anushka U. Bhaat
4 ItsArchitecture
22/01/25 29/01/25 Niyati G. Khandare
Finding the advantages
5
24/01/25 07/02/25 Rashmi D. Pandey
Analyzing its Future Scope
6
29/01/25 12/02/25 Gauri L. Purohit
Searching its real-life applications
7
07/02/25 21/02/25 Anushka U. Bhaat
Preparing the Project Report Format
8
Adding the collected information in 12/02/25 24/02/25 Niyati G. Khandare
9 thereport
Adding the images in the report 21/02/25 28/02/25 Rashmi D. Pandey
10
Reformatting the Report 24/02/25 04/03/25 Gauri L. Purohit
11
Preparing the indexes of the report 28/02/25 04/03/25 Anushka U. Bhaat
12
Making Final Changes in the Report 04/03/25 07/03/25 Niyati G. Khandare
13
Reviewing the report again 04/03/25 07/03/25 Rashmi D. Pandey
14 andeliminating the
mistakes
07/03/25 07/03/25 Gauri L. Purohit
15 Finalizing the Micro-Project
All members
Submitting Report to the teacher
16
 Resources Required: -

SR. Name of the Resources Specification Quantity Remark

No.
Computer(i3-i5
1 Computer System preferable).RAM 1
mimimun 2GB and
onwards,

1
2 Hardware personal i3-i5 preferable
computer

Actual Procedure Followed: -

1. Collecting Information
2. Collecting Images
3. Searching About project
4. Collecting Information regarding Its Architecture
5. Preparing the Project Report Format
6. Adding the collected information in the report
7. Adding the images in the report
8. Reformatting the Report
9. Preparing the indexes of the report
10. Making Final Changes in the Report
11. Reviewing the report again and eliminating the mistakes
12. Finalizing the Micro-Project
13. Submitting Report to the teacher

6
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is my great pleasure to acknowledge my research guide Prof. P. P. Deshpande

lecturer in Government Polytechnic, Hingoli, Her valuable guidance, constant inspiration,
unending support helped me a lot of focus my views in proper perspective.

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Prof. N.S. Jadhao for their valuable
guidance, support, and encouragement throughout this project. Their expertise, insight, and
advice have been instrumental in helping me to overcome challenges and achieve success. I
am truly grateful for their leadership and mentorship, which have been essential to my growth
and development asa professional. Thank you for your unwavering commitment to excellence
and for being an inspiration to us all.

Our sincere and whole hearted thanks Prof. B. P. Deosarkar, principal Government
Polytechnic, Hingoli for inspiring us to achieve highest goal. Last but not least I am also
thankful to my parents and friends who helped me a lot in finalizing the project within limited
time frame. Thank you.

Name of the student :

1.Anushka Umesh Bhaat 3314

2.Niyati Gulab Khandare 3328
3.Rashmi Dayanand Pandey 3343
4.Gauri Laxmikant Purohit 3349

7
 ABSTRACT

Third-generation (3G) mobile networks face a new rival: so-called 4G. And, astonishingly,
the new networks may even be profitable. Alvin Toffler, an eminent futurologist, once said,
"THE FUTURE ALWAYS COMES TOO FAST, BUT IN THE WRONG ORDER". The
state of wireless telecoms is a classic example. Even as 3G mobile networks are being
switched on around the world, a couple of years later than planned, attention is shifting to
what comes next: a group of newer technologies that are, inevitably, being called Fourth
Generation Mobile Networks (4G), 4G is all about an integrated, global network that's based
on an open systems approach.

The goal of 4G is to replace the current proliferation of core cellular networks with a single
worldwide cellular core network standard based on IP for control, video, packet data, and
VoIP. This integrated 4Gmobile system provides wireless users an affordable broadband
mobile access solutions for the applications of secured wireless mobile Internet services with
value-added QoS. This paper gives the reasons for the evolution of 4G, though 3G has not
deployed completely. And then gives the information on the structure of the transceiver for
4G followed by the modulation techniques needed for the 4G. Later this gives the
information about the 4G processing Finally concludes with futuristic views for the quick
emergence of this emerging technology.

8
 INDEX

Sr. Content Page No.

No.
1. INTRODUCTION 10

2. THE FOURTH GENERATION 15

3. 4G PROCESSING 19

4. APPLICATION 21

5. ADVANTAGEST OF 4G 24
6. LIMITATIONS 24

7. CONCLUSION 25

8. REFERNCES 25

9
 Welcome to the 4G:
Welcome to the 4G The term 4G is used broadly to include several types of broadband
wireless access communication systems, not only cellular telephone systems. One of the
terms used to describe 4G is MAGIC-Mobile multimedia anytime anywhere Global mobility
support integrated wireless solution and customized personal service. The fourth generation
of mobile networks will truly turn the current mobile phone networks, in to end to end IP
based networks If 4G is implemented correctly, it will truly harmonise global roaming.

1.INTRODUCTION
While 3G hasn't quite arrived, designers are already thinking about 4G technology. With it
comes challenging RF and baseband design headaches. Cellular service providers are slowly
beginning to deploy third-generation (3G) cellular services. As access technology increases,
voice, video, multimedia, and broadband data services are becoming integrated into the same
network. The hope once envisioned for 3G as a true broadband service has all but dwindled
away. It is apparent that 3G systems, while maintaining the possible 2-Mbps data rate in the
standard, will realistically achieve 384-kbps rates. To achieve the goals of true broadband
cellular service, the systems have to make the leap to a fourth-generation (4G) network.

This is not merely a numbers game. 4G is intended to provide high speed, high capacity, low
cost per bit, IP based services. The goal is to have data rates up to 20 Mbps, even when used
in such scenarios as a vehicle traveling 200 kilometers per hour. The move to 4G is
complicated by attempts to standardize on a single 3G protocol. Without a single standard on
which to build, designers face significant additional challenges

10
HISTORY
The history and evolution of mobile service from the 1G (first generation) fourth generation
are discussed in this section. Table 1 presents a short history of mobi telephone technologies.
This process began with the designs in the 1970s that have become known as 16. The earliest
systems were implemented based on analog technology and the basic cellular structure of
mobile communication. Many fundamental problems were solved by these early systems.
Numerous incompatible analog systems were placed in service around the world during the
1980s. The 2G (second generation) systems designed in the 1980s were still used mainly for
voice applications but were based on digital technology, including digital signal processing
techniques. These 2G systems provided circuit-switched data. communication services at a
low speed. The competitive rush to design and implement digital systems led again to a
variety of different and incompatible standards such as GSM (global system mobile), mainly
in Europe; TDMA (time division multiple access) (IS-54/IS-136) in the U.S.; PDC (personal
digital cellular) in Japan; and CDMA (code division multiple access) (IS-95), another U.S.
system. These systems operate nationwide or internationally and are today's mainstream
systems, although the data rate for users in these system is very limited. During the 1990s,
two organizations worked to define the next, or 3G, mobile system, which would eliminate
previous incompatibilities and become a truly global system. The 3G system would have
higher quality voice channels, as well as broadband data capabilities, up to 2 Mbps.
Unfortunately, the two groups could not reconcile their differences, and this decade will see
the introduction of two mobile standards for 3G. In addition, China is on the verge of
implementing a third 3G system. An interim step is being taken between 2G and 3G, the
2.5G. It is basically an enhancement of the two major 2G technologies to provide increased
capacity on the 2G RF (radio frequency) channels and to introduce higher throughput for data
service, up to 384 kbps. A very important aspect of 2.5G is that the data channels are
optimized for packet data, which introduces access to the Internet from mobile devices,
whether telephone, PDA (personal digital assistant), or laptop. However, the demand for
higher access speed multimedia communication in today's society, which greatly depends on
computer communication in digital format, seems unlimited. According to the historical
indication of a generation revolution occurring once a decade, the present appears to be the
right time to begin the research on a 4G mobile communication system.

11
Symbols:

1xRTT = 2.5G CDMA data service up to 384 kbps

AMPS advanced mobile phone service

CDMA code division multiple access

EDGE enhanced data for global evolution

FDMA = frequency division multiple access

GPRS = general packet radio system.

GSM = global system for mobile

NMT Nordic mobile telephone

PDC personal digital cellular

PSTN public switched telephone network

TACS total access communications system

TDMA time division multiple access

WCDMA wideband CDMA

12
What is 4G?
4G takes on a number of equally true definitions, depending on who you are talking to.
simplest terms, 4G is the next generation of wireless networks that will replace 3G networks.
sometimes in future. In another context, 4G is simply an initiative by academic R&D labs to
move beyond the limitations and problems of 3G which is having trouble getting deployed
and meeting its promised performance and throughput. In reality, as of first half of 2002, 4G
is a conceptual framework for or a discussion point to address future needs of a universal
high speed wireless network that will interface with wire line backbone network seamlessly.

VISION OF 4G
This new generation of wireless is intended to complement and replace the 3G systems,
perhaps in 5 to 10 years. Accessing information anywhere, anytime, with a seamless
connection to a wide range of information and services, and receiving a large volume of
information, data, pictures, video, and so on, are the keys of the 4G infrastructures. The
future 4G infrastructures will consist of a set of various networks using IP (Internet protocol)
as a common protocol so that users are in control because they will be able to choose every
application and environment. Based on the developing trends of mobile communication, 4G
will have broader bandwidth, higher data rate, and smoother and quicker handoff and will
focus on ensuring seamless service across a multitude of wireless systems and networks. The
key concept is integrating the 4G capabilities with all of the existing mobile technologies
through advanced technologies. Application adaptability and being highly dynamic are the
main features of 4G services of interest to users. These features mean services can be
delivered and be available to the personal preference of different users and support the users'
traffic, air interfaces, radio environment, and quality of service. Connection with the network
applications can be transferred into various forms and levels correctly and efficiently. The
dominant methods of access to this pool of information will be the mobile telephone, PDA,
and laptop to seamlessly access the voice communication, high-speed information services,
and entertainment broadcast services. Figure 1 illustrates elements and techniques to support
the adaptability of the 4G domain. The fourth generation will encompass all systems from
various networks, public to private; [2]

13
4G MOBILE COMMUNICATIONSYSTEMS

International Mobile Telecommunications' 2000(IMT-2000) and the Universal. Mobile

Telecommunications System (UMTS) will be among the first 3G mobile communication
systems to offer wireless wideband multimedia services using the Internet protocol. Two
important technological changes will facilitate this advancement. The first change is a shift
from last-generation radio-access technologies such as the global system for mobile (GSM)
communication, CDMA One (an IS-95 code division multiple access standard), and personal
digital cellular (PDC) toward more sophisticated systems with higher data-transfer rates such
as the enhanced data. fourth-generation mobile communication systems will combine
standardized streaming with arrange unique services to provide high-quality content that
meets the specific needs of the rapidly growing mobile market. GSM environment (EDGE),
wideband CDMA (WCDMA), and cdma2000.As Figure 1 illustrates, the second important
technology shift is from a vertically integrated to a horizontally layered service environment.
A horizontally layered4G service network seamlessly integrates Internet protocol transport
into a mobile service environment with a variety of access networks, opening up many new
opportunities for IP-based mobile applications. For example, mobile terminals will be able to
access existing Internet content through protocols and mark up languages such as WAP and
WML that are optimized for wireless application scenarios. 4Gmobile communications will
have transmission rates up to 20 Mbps higher than of 3G. The technology is expected to be
available by the year 2010. 4G is being developed with the following objectives: 1. Speeds up
to 50 times higher than of 3G. However, the actual available bandwidth of 4G is expected to
be about 10 Mbps.2. Three-dimensional virtual reality imagine personal video avatars and
realistic holograms, and the ability to feel as if you are present at an event even if you are not.
People, places, and products will be able to interact as the cyber and real world's merge.

14
2.THE FOURTH GENERATION

4G mobile communications will have transmission rates up to 20 Mbps-higher than of 3 The

technology is expected to be available by the year2010. Presently, NTT Do Como ar Hewlett-
Packard are on their agenda to make it available by the year 2006.4G is being developed with
the following objectives: 1. Speeds up to 50 times higher than of 3G.However, the actual
available bandwidth of 4G is expected to be about 10 Mbps.2. Three-dimensional virtual
reality-imagine personal video avatars and realistic holograms, and the ability to feel as if you
are present at an event even if you are not. People, places, and products will be able to
interact as the cyber and real world's merge.3. Increased interaction between corroborating
technologies; the smart card in your phone will automatically pay for goods as you pass a
linked payment kiosk, or will tell your car to warm-up in the morning as your phone has
noted you leaving the house. Ericsson and the University of California are jointly researching
CDMA wireless access technology, advanced antenna systems, next-generation mobile
Internet, quality of service, power amplifier technology, and wireless access networks. Other
4G applications include high-performance streaming of multimedia content based on agent
technology and scalable media coding methods.

4G will solve problems like limited bandwidth in 3G when people are moving and
uncertainty about the availability of bandwidth for streaming to all users at all times. One of
the key. requirements is to realise a wireless 4G IP-based access system. The ultimate
objective is to create a protocol suite and radio communication schemes to achieve broadband
mobile Communication in 4G wireless systems. Anew protocol suite for 4G wireless systems
Supported by Department of Defense (DOD) contains:

1. Transport-layer protocols

2. Error-control protocols

3. Medium-access protocol

4. Mobility management

5. Simulation test bed

6. Physical test bed

15
Motivation for 4G Research Before 3G Has Not Been Deployed?

 3G performance may not be sufficient to meet needs of future high-performan

applications like multi-media, full-motion video, wireless teleconferencing. We need
network technology that extends 3G capacity by an order of magnitude.
 There are multiple standards for 3G making it difficult to roam and interoperate
across. networks. we need global mobility and service portability
 3G is based on primarily a wide-area concept. We need hybrid networks that utilize
both wireless LAN (hot spot) concept and cell or base-station wide area network
design.
 We need wider bandwidth
 Researchers have come up with spectrally more efficient modulation schemes that can
not be retrofitted into 3G infrastructure
 We need all digital packet networks that utilize IP in its fullest form with converged
voice and data capability.

Comparing Ket Parameters of 4G with 3G

3G 4G

(including2.5G,sub3G)
Major Requirement Driving Predominantly voice driven Converged data and voice
Architecture. data was always add on over IP
Network Architecture Wide area cell-based Hybrid-Integration of
Wireless LAN (WiFi,
Bluetooth) and wide area
Speeds 384 Kbps to 2 Mbps 20 to 100 Mbps in mobile
mode
Frequency Band Dependent on country or Higher frequency bands (2-8
continent (1800-2400 MHz) GHz)
Bandwidth 5-20 MHz 100 MHz (or more)
Switching Design Basis Circuit and Packet All digital with packetized
voice
Access Technologies W-CDMA, 1xRTT, Edge OFDM and MC-CDMA
(Multi Carrier CDMA)
Forward Error Correction Convolutional rate 1/2, 1/3 Concatenated coding scheme
Component Design Optimized antenna Smarter Antennas, software
design, multi-band adapters multiband and wideband
radios
IP A number of air link All IP (IP6.0)
protocols, including IP 5.0

16
What is needed to Build 4G Networks of Future?
To achieve a 4G standard, a new approach is needed to avoid the divisiveness we've seen the
3G realm. One promising underlying technology to accomplish this is multicarrier
modulation (MCM), a derivative of frequency-division multiplexing. Forms of multicarrier
systems are currently used in digital subscriber line (DSL) modems, and digital audio/video
broadcast (DAB/DVB), MCM is a baseband process that uses parallel equal bandwidth sub
channels to transmit information. Normally implemented with Fast Fourier transform (FFT)
techniques, MCM's advantages include better performance in the inter symbol interference
(ISI) environment, and avoidance of single-frequency interferers. However, MCM increases
the peak-to-average ratio (PAVR) of the signal, and to overcome ISI a cyclic extension or
guard band must be added to the data.

Cyclic extension works as follows: If N is the original length of a block, and the channel's
response is of length M, the cyclically extended symbol has a new length of N +M-1. The
image presented by this sequence, to the convolution with the channel, looks as if it was
convolved with a periodic sequence consisting of a repetition of the original block of N.
Therefore, the new symbol of length N M 1 sampling periods has no ISI. The cost is an
increase in energy and encoded bits added to the data. At the MCM receiver, only N samples
are processed, and M1 samples are discarded, resulting in a loss in signal-to-noise ratio
(SNR) as shown in Equation 1.

SNR tomt 10 log ((N+M-1)/N) db….(1)

Two different types of MCM are likely candidates for 4G as listed in Table 1. These include
multicarrier code division multiple access (MC-CDMA) and orthogonal frequency division
multiplexing (OFDM) using time division multiple access (TDMA). MC-CDMA is actually
OFDM with a CDMA overlay. Similar to single-carrier CDMA systems, the users are
multiplexed with orthogonal codes to distinguish users in MC-CDMA. However, in MC-
CDMA, each user can be allocated several codes, where the data is spread in time or
frequency. Either way, multiple users access the system simultaneously. In OFDM with
TDMA, the users are allocated time intervals to transmit and receive data. As with 3G
systems, 4G systems have to deal with issues of multiple access interference and timing.

17
* Why OFDM?

OFDM overcomes most of the problems with both FDMA and TDMA (ie ICI and ISI).
OFDM splits the available bandwidth in to many narrow band channels. The carriers for each
channel are orthogonal to one another allowing them to be spaced very close together, with
no overhead as in the FDMA. Because of this there is no great need for users to be time
multiplexed as in TDMA, thus there is no overhead associated with switching between the
users. Each carrier in an OFDM signal has a very narrow bandwidth (ie. 1 K Hz), thus the
resulting symbol rate is low. This results in signal having a high tolerance to multipath delay
spread, as a delay spread must be very long to cause ISI (i.e. >500 µsec).

THE 4G TRANSCEIVER:

The structure of a 4G transceiver is similar to any other wideband wireless transceiver.

Variances from a typical transceiver are mainly in the baseband processing. A multicarrier
modulated signal appears to the RF/IF section of the transceiver as a broadband high PAVR
signal. Base stations and mobiles are distinguished in that base stations transmit and
receive/decode more than one mobile, while a mobile is for a single user. A mobile may be a
cell phone, a computer, or other personal communication device.

The line between RF and baseband will be closer for a 4G system. Data will be converted
from analog to digital or vice versa at high data rates to increase the flexibility of the system.
Also, typical RF components such as power amplifiers and antennas will require
sophisticated signal processing techniques to create the capabilities needed for broadband
high data rate signals. Figure 1 shows a typical RF/IF section for a transceiver. In the transmit
path in phase and quadrature (I&Q) signals are unconverted to an IF, and then converted to
RF and amplified for transmission. In the receive path the data is taken from the antenna at
RF, filtered, amplified, and down converted for baseband processing. The transceiver
provides power control, timing and synchronization, and frequency information. When
multicarrier modulation is used, frequency information is crucial. If the data is not
synchronized properly the transceiver will not be able to decode it.

18
3.4G PROCESSING:

Figure 2 shows a high-level block diagram of the transceiver baseband processing section.
Given that 4G is based on a multicarrier technique, key baseband components for the
transmitter and receiver are the FFT and its inverse (IFFT). In the transmit path the data is
generated, coded, modulated, transformed, cyclically extended, and then passed to the RF/IF
section. In the receive path the cyclic extension is removed, the data is transformed, detected,
and decoded. If the data is voice, it goes to a vocoder. The baseband subsystem will be
implemented with a number of ICs, including digital signal processors (DSPs),
microcontrollers, and ASICs. Software, an important part of the transceiver, implements the
different algorithms, coding, and overall state machine of the transceiver. The base station
could have numerous DSPs. For example, if smart antennas are used, each user needs access
to a DSP to perform the needed adjustments to the antenna beam.

19
RECEIVER SECTION:
4G will require an improved receiver section, compared to 3G, to achieve the desired.
performance in data rates and reliability of communication. As shown in Equation 2,
Shannon's Theorem specifies the minimum required SNR for reliable communication:

SNR 2C/W (3)

Where C is the channel capacity (which is the data rate), and BW is the bandwidth For 3G,
using the 2-Mbps data rate in a 5-MHz bandwidth, the SNR is only 1.2 dB. In 4G,
approximately 12-dB SNR is required for a 20-Mbps data rate in a 5-MHz bandwidth. This
shows that for the increased data rates of 4G, the transceiver system must perform
significantly better than 3G. The receiver front end provides a signal path from the antenna to
the baseband processor. It consists of a band pass filter, a low-noise amplifier (LNA), and a
down converter. De-pending on the type of receiver there could be two down conversions (as
in a super-heterodyne receiver), where one down conversion converts the signal to an IF. The
signal is then filtered and then down converted to or near baseband to be sampled.

The other configuration has one down conversion, as in a homodyne (zero IF or ZIF)
receiver, where the data is converted directly to baseband. The challenge in the receiver
design is to achieve the required sensitivity, intermodulation, and spurious rejection, while
operating at low power.

BASEBAND PROCESSING:

The error correction coding of 4G has not yet been proposed, however, it is known th 4G will
provide different levels of QoS, including data rates and bit error rates. It is likely that a form
of concatenated coding will also be used, and this could be a turbo code as used in 3G, or a
combination of a block code and a convolution code. This increases the complexity of the
baseband processing in the receive section. 4G baseband signal-processing components will
include ASICS, DSPs, microcontrollers, and FPGAs. Baseband processing techniques such as
smart antennas and multi-user detection will be required to reduce interference.

MCM is a baseband process. The subcarriers are created using IFFT in the transmitter, and
FFT is used in the receiver to recover the data. A fast DSP is needed for parsing and
processing the data. Multi-user detection (MUD) is used to eliminate the multiple access
interference (MAI) present in CDMA systems [3].

20
TRANSMITTER SECTION:

As the data rate for 4G increases, the need for a clean signal also increases. One way to
increase capacity is to increase frequency reuse. With the wider bandwidth system and high
PAVR associated with 4G, it will be difficult to achieve good performance without help of
linearity techniques (for example, predistortion of the signal to the PA). To effectively
accomplish this task, feedback between the RF and baseband is required. The algorithm to
perform the feedback is done in the DSP, which is part of the baseband data processing.
Power control will also be important in 4G to help achieve the desired performance; this
helps in controlling high PAVR different services need different levels of power due to the
different rates and QoS levels required. processing section of the transmit chain, the signal is
encoded, modulated, transformed using an IFFT, and then a cyclic extension is added.
Dynamic packet assignment or dynam frequency selection are techniques which can increase
the capacity of the system. Feedbac from the mobile is needed to accomplish these
techniques. The baseband processing will have to be fast to support the high data rates. [3]

4.APPLICATIONS

MOBILE STREAMING CHALLENGES

The widespread implementation of mobile streaming services faces two major challenges:
access network and terminal heterogeneity, and content protection.

Heterogeneity

In the future, we will have access to a variety of mobile terminals with a wide range of
display sizes and capabilities. In addition, different radio-access networks will make multiple
maximum-access link speeds available. Because of the physical characteristics of cellular
radio networks, the quality and, thus, the data rate of an ongoing connection will also vary,
contributing to the heterogeneity problem. One way to address heterogeneity is to use
appropriately designed capability exchange mechanisms that enable the terminal and media
server to negotiate mobile terminal and mobile network capabilities and user preferences.
This approach lets the server send multimedia data adapted to the user's mobile terminal and
the network. For example, a user accessing a specific service via a WCDMAnetwork could
get the content delivered at a higher bitrate than someone using a general packet radio service
or GSM network. Similarly, when a person using a mobile Multimedia terminal with a built-

21
in low quality speaker plugs in a high-fidelity headphone; a dynamic capability exchange
takes place, upgrading the transmission to a high-quality audio stream for the remainder of
the session. A related problem is how to efficiently deliverstreamedmultimedia content over
various radio-access networks with different transmission conditions. This is achievable

STREAMING STANDARDIZATION

4G multimedia applications. In addition to mobile addresses other applications such as are

less complex than for conversational services, audio compression/decompression software in
endusercommon standardized format because it is unlikely equipment will help reduce
terminal costs. Expensive than setting up content for several formatted text into mobile
multimedia applications. Furthermore, preparing and providing content in one Future. Using
standardized components such as Internet Streaming Media Alliance (ISMA) and the
messaging services can include text, images, audio, Mobile streaming services in particular
require a multimedia protocol stacks and codecs video and proprietary Internet streaming
formats in the near proprietary streaming solutions individually. We must receiving
multimedia messages, Multimedia service. This service integrates simultaneously
playingSeveral organization and industry groups including the short video clips, or video-
stream URLs.standardized format is less time consuming and Streaming services as an
important building block of streaming standardization, it is also require to that mobile
terminals will be able to support all the need for standardization of streaming services. The
protocols and terminals for streaming applications. There are some standard specifies both
protocols andto address mobile streaming standardization. Video, audio, images, and video
conferencing and services for composing and We have to use the mobile packet-switched
streaming which require media input devices and encoders. Wireless Multimedia Foru
(WMF) have recognized

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To enable interoperability between content servers, especially when inter working with
MMS, the standard specifies using MPEG-4 as an optional file format for storing media on
the server. The standardization process selected individual codes on the basis of both
compression efficiency and complexity. When combined using the SMIL presentation
description language, the codes enable rich multimedia presentations and applications,
including video, audio, slideshows, and Multilanguage subtitling. Figure 3 shows the logical
components and data flow in a block diagram of a Streaming Standardization mobile-
streaming terminal, including the individual codec's and presentation control. The network
transmits the data and passes it to the application from Standard format link Layer. The
application demultiplexes the data and distributes it to the corresponding video and audio
decoders. The Multimedia Streaming. Technology In 4g Mobile Communication Systems
streaming standard offers the possibility of creating presentations in which several media
elements such as video, audio, images, and formatted text play at the same time. SMIL, an
XML-based presentation language developed by the World Wide Web Consortium, is the
glue that combines these different elements to create an interactive multimedia presentation.
SMIL is HTML with additional notions of tin and temporal behaviour . Thus, it can describe
a media screen and control the placement media elements in space and time. The streaming
client interprets the SMIL scene description and uses it to control the spatial layout and
synchronization in the multimedia presentation. The standard specifically uses the SMIL 2.0
Basic Language Profile as well as the Event Timing, Meta Information, and Media Clipping
modules. The additional modules add functionality such as changes in the presentation
schedule based on user interaction (Event Timing), sending eta information about the
multimedia data (Metain formation), and rendering only parts of a transmitted media stream
(Media Clipping). In addition, a streaming client can support the Pre fetch Control module,
which lets the content creator include hints about when to start a media stream.

VIRTUAL NAVIGATION AND TELEGEOPROCESSING:-

You will be able to see the internal layout of a building during an emergency rescue. This
type of application is some time referred to as 'telegeoprocessing'.[3]

TELEMEDICINE:-

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A paramedic assisting a victim of a traffic accident in a remote location could access medical
records (X-rays) and establish a video conference so that a remotely based surgeon could
provide 'on-scene' assistance.[3]

CRISIS MANAGEMENT APPLICATION

In the event of natural disasters where the entire communications infrastructure is in disarray,
restoring communications quickly is essential. With wideband wireless mobile
communications, limited and even total communication capability (including Internet and
video services) could be set up within hours instead of days or even weeks required at present
for restoration of wire line communications.[3]

5.ADVANTAGES OF 4G:-

1. Support for interactive multimedia services like teleconferencing and wireless Internet.

2. Wider bandwidths and higher bitrates.

3. Global mobility and service portability.

4. Scalability of mobile network.

5. Entirely Packet-Switched networks.

6. Digital network elements.

7. Higher band widths to provide multimedia services at lower cost(up to 100 Mbps).

8. Tight network security[4]

6.LIMITATIONS:-

Although the concept of 4G communications shows much promise, there are still limitations.
that must be addressed. A major concern is interoperability between the signaling techniques
that are planned for use in 4G (3XRTT and WCDMA).

Cost is another factor that could hamper the progress of 4G technology. The equipment
required to implement the next-generation network are still very expensive.

A Key challenge facing deployment of 4G technologies is how to make the network

architectures compatible with each other. This was one of the unmet goals of 3G.

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7.CONCLUSION

System designers and services providers are looking forward to a true wireless broadband
cellular system, or 4G. To achieve the goals of 4G, technology will need to improve
significantly in order to handle the intensive algorithms in the baseband processing and the
wide bandwidth of a high PAVR signal. Novel techniques will also have to be employed to
help the system achieve the desired capacity and throughput. High-performance signal
processing will have to be used for the antenna systems, power amplifier, and detection of the
signal. A number of spectrum allocation decisions, spectrum standardization decisions,
spectrum availability decisions, technology innovations, component development, signal
processing and switching enhancements and inter-vendor cooperation have to take place
before the vision of 4G will materialize. We think that 3G experiences good or bad,
technological or business-will be useful in guiding the industry in this effort. To sketch out a
world where mobile devices and services are ubiquitous and the promise of future fourth
generation (4G) mobile networks enables things only dreamed of, we believe that 4G will
probably become an IP-based network today.

8.REFERNCES
 http://www.seminarprojects.com/Thread-4g-mobile-communication-system-a-
seminar-report#ixzz1ZzgENYWK
 http://www.flarion.com/
 http://www.net/http://magazine.com4.www.ist-wsi.org/
 http://www.nttdocomo.com/

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