International Conference on Communication and Signal Processing, July 28 - 30, 2020, India

Backup Protection Scheme to Prevent

Unintended Relay Operation During
Voltage Stress and Load Encroachment
Kasimala Venkatanagaraju and Monalisa Biswal


Abstract—Third operating zone (zone-3) of distance relay is the same due to their balanced phenomenon. To address these
primary cause behind the Indian power system blackout occurred issues with the conventional distance relay, experts from the
in 2012. Due to the inherent settings of the third protective zone, industry and academics are introduced several techniques.
it is severely exposed to system stress conditions such as voltage
instability and load encroachment. The similar incident is also
An increased reactive power demand, decreases system
experienced when a three-phase fault occurs during system stress voltage and a change in system condition brings the system to
conditions. To address these issues and to limit propagation of voltage stress condition. During voltage stress phenomenon the
cascaded events lead to a blackout, a supervisory technique based impedance measured by the relay is less than the setting value
on superimposed positive sequence current (SPSC) is proposed in and encroaches third zone resulting relay maloperation, which
this paper. The proposed technique is activated only when the can be noticed from Fig. 1. To mitigate this issue, an adaptive
scope of third zone maloperation exists. The amplitude of SPSC is
zero during any operating conditions of the power system and technique is proposed by using the rate of change of voltage
significantly high during a fault. This helps to detect a three- [3]. A voltage stability index [4] and synchrophasor based
phase fault and discriminate it from system stress conditions. voltage instability monitoring index [5] are proposed for
Simulations and performance of the proposed technique are predicting voltage instability. However, these may fail to
carried out on the IEEE 39 bus test system by using detect a fault during voltage instability condition. In [6], steady
EMTDC/PSCAD and MATLAB software.
and transient state components through state diagram are
utilized to discriminate fault from other power system events.
Index Terms—Blackout, distance protection, third zone,
voltage stress, load encroachment, security, reliability However, it is difficult to extract high-frequency transient
components precisely during parallel feeders switching. An
active power-based approach is described in [7], which may
I. INTRODUCTION fail to detect high-resistance fault. Rate of change of voltage
and current magnitudes are presented in [8], but such a
B LACKOUTS threaten the security of the power supply
and experience massive social, economic and
environmental damage around the globe [1]. Although
technique may maloperate during heavy load switching.

resilience of the power grid is strengthened by adapting X (Ω) Line

advanced monitoring, control and protection systems still, the impedance
Load
blackout condition is unavoidable. One of the main reasons impedance
behind this is the false operation of the protective relay. From Fault trajectory
the blackouts literature, it is found that the maloperation of
third zone of distance relay is one of the root causes for the Zone-3
cascaded events lead to blackout. Over the years, third zone Stressed event
Zone-2 trajectory
maloperation have contributed to various major blackouts
namely India blackout in 2012 and Canada blackout in 1965 Zone-1
and 1996 [2]. The major sources for distance relay
maloperation are system stress conditions such as voltage R (Ω)
stress and load encroachment. Thus, makes the third zone gets
stress heavily due to its inherent settings and prone to
maloperation. Besides, occurrence of third-zone three phase Fig. 1. Impedance trajectories during fault and system stress conditions
fault during either of such conditions can also experience the
During heavy load situation, the protection zones with the
longest reach suffer from encroachment problem and hence
Kasimala Venkatanagaraju and Monalisa Biswal are with the Department
of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Raipur 492010,
relay maloperate. To prevent this problem, an adaptive
CG, India ([email protected], [email protected]). protection scheme based on steady-state security analysis is

978-1-7281-4988-2/20/$31.00 ©2020 IEEE 0130

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propounded in [9]. A methodology suggested in [10] utilizes where, k1, k2, k3 and t1, t2, t3 are reach and time setting
synchrophasor data to distinguish three-phase fault from load parameters. ZPL and ZALL are the impedance of protected line
encroachment. Even though all these methods are efficient in (PL) and adjacent longest line (ALL).
fault detection but still, the existing issues such as latency, B. Phasor Estimation using DFT
packet drop and failure GPS system cannot be avoided.
Let us consider voltage and current signals as continuous
Very few of the algorithms [11]-[21] are capable of
and sinusoidal signals
discriminating three-phase fault from system stress events.
Synchrophasor data based technique [11]-[13], the maximum
v(t ) A cos (2S ft  M ) (4)
value of transient monitoring function and the phase angle of
the positive sequence impedance [14], wavelet transform
i(t ) B cos (2S ft  T ) (5)
based approach [15], wide-area measurement system based
methods [16]-[17], decision tree based technique [18],
where, A and B are the amplitudes of signals, f-signal
superimposed component based two-dimensional decision
frequency, and φ and θ are phase angles of the signals.
plane [19] and an integrated approach [20]-[21] are proposed
Sampling of v(t) and i(t) with the sampling frequency of fs are
with fixed threshold setting. expressed as follows.
In this paper, a superimposed positive sequence current
(SPSC) based supervisory technique is introduced to v(k ) A cos (2S fkTs  M) (6)
(i) supervise the conventional distance relaying scheme under
system stress conditions, (ii) provide exact discrimination
i(k ) B cos (2S fkTs  T ) (7)
between the system stress events and three-phase fault, and
(iii) avoid propagation of cascaded events which is the root
where Ts 1 f s 1 Nf0 is time interval between samples, f0 is the
cause of major blackouts. This technique employs
superimposition concept over the fault and pre-fault positive system frequency i.e. 50 Hz, and N is the window size. In
sequence current (PSC) signals for determining the amplitude relaying application, DFT is widely used for phasors
of SPSC component. It avoids threshold setting for the events estimation. Because it provides faster and accurate
calculations. The DFT is of signals v(k) and i(k) gives voltage
detection and discrimination. Thus, helps to block and unblock
and current phasors. They are expressed as
the relay operation under system balanced conditions and
three-phase fault. The performance of the proposed technique N 1
¦ v(k ) e j(2S N )kn
1
is evaluated only for three phase fault during system stress Vn n 0,1,......., N (8)
N
conditions and found to be accurate. k 0
The remaining sections of this paper are arranged as
N 1
follows. Section II describes the proposed methodology.
¦ i(k ) e j(2S N )kn
1
In n 0,1,......., N (9)
Conduction of simulation studies and discussions on executed N
k 0
results are presented in Section III. At last, Section IV
concludes the paper. C. Sequential Components Estimation
Let us consider Vabc and Iabc are the phasor values of phases
II. PROPOSED METHODOLOGY a, b, and c respectively. The sequential components V012 and
In this section, the detailed discussion about distance relay I012 can be estimated as follows.
zone setting are reviewed. Afterwards, procedures for the
ª1 1 1 º
estimation of voltage and current phasors using discrete 1« 2»
Fourier transform (DFT), and their positive sequence V012 « 1 D D » u Vabc (10)
3« »
2
components are provided. Besides, the SPSC component ¬«1 D D ¼»
estimation and fault detection criteria are described.
ª1 1 1º
A. Conventional Distance Relay Setting Parameters
1« 2»
For the operation of a conventional distance relay, certain I 012 «1 D D » u Iabc (11)
3« »
2
parameters need to be predefined. As per Central Electricity ¬«1 D D »¼
Authority (CEA) report, the reach and time delay settings for
each protective zone are defined as follows. where, D 1‘1200 . From (10) and (11), the positive sequence
voltage and current components are represented as V1 and I1.
Zone-1: k1 0.8 u ZPL and t1 0s (1)
1ª
V1 Va  DVb  D 2Vc º» (12)
Zone-2: k2 1.2 u ZPL and t2 0.35 s (2) 3 «¬ ¼

1ª
Zone-3: k3 1.2 u (ZPL  ZALL ) and t3 1s (3) I1 I a  D I b  D 2 I c º» (13)
3 ¬« ¼

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Then, the positive sequence impedance Z1 is estimated as III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The performance of the proposed supervisory technique has
V1‘M1
Z1 (14) been evaluated under three-phase fault during voltage stress
I1‘T1
and load encroachment. The IEEE 39-bus test system as
D. Estimation of SPSC Component depicted in Fig. 3 is simulated using PSCAD/EMTDC. The
For analyzing the system balanced conditions or faults, operating voltage, frequency, length and impedance of each
positive sequence components are utilized due to the absence transmission line are considered as 400 kV, 50 Hz, 215 km,
of negative and zero sequence components. Let us consider and (0.03293+j0.3184) Ω/km, respectively. The current
pre-fault and fault PSCs during system stress conditions as I1P transformer (CT) and potential transformer (PT) are employed
and I1F. So, using both the pre-fault and post fault current the for measuring line voltages and currents. The ratios of both CT
amplitude of SPSC component can be estimated as follows and PT are preferred as 1000:1 A, 440 kV: 110 V. A distance
'I1 I1F  I1P (15) relay R with the quadrilateral characteristics is located at bus
26 to protect the line under study. The parameters of each
E. Fault Detection and Discrimination Criteria protective zone are set with k1 = 55.05 Ω, t1 = 0 s;
Whenever the impedance trajectory encroaches the third k2 = 82.58 Ω, t2 = 0.35 s and k3 = 165.17 Ω, t3 = 1 s,
zone region, the proposed technique will activate immediately respectively. A three-phase fault ‘F’ is simulated on line 27-17
and start to estimate the amplitude of SPSC component. The and it comes under the third zone of ‘R’. The time-step for
fault detection and discrimination criteria are defined as simulation is set to 50 μs and input variables exported to
follows. MATLAB for the execution of proposed technique.
Z1  k3 and 'I1 0 stress event has occurred (16)
G8
Z1  k3 and 'I1 z 0 three-phase fault has occurred (17) 37 28
G10 26 29
R
As per (17), if the relay detected any three-phase fault in third 25
30 38
zone then the timer will enable to count elapsed time delay t3.
24 G9
Once it exceeds the t3 and Z1 is still less than k3 then the relay 27
will issue TRIP command to the respective circuit breaker. As 2 F
18
a result, faulted line is isolated from the interconnected system. 1 G6
LOAD
The flow chart for the proposed supervisory technique is G1 17 16
35
shown in Fig. 2. 3 LOAD
15
39 14
4 LOAD 21 22
va vb vc ia ib ic Proposed Technique
5 12
6 19
Estimate voltage & current Estimate current phasors 7 23
13
phasors using DFT using DFT 8 11
10 20 3 3
9 31
Estimate sequential Estimate positive sequence G7
34 G4
components currents (I1P and I1F) G2 32

G3 G5
Estimate positive sequence Estimate 'I1
impedance (Z1)
Fig. 3. IEEE 39-bus New England test system

Is Is A. Voltage Stress Condition

No Yes No
Z1 within ΔI1 ≠ 0 Stepwise increment in reactive power is applied at busses
zone-3
16, 18, and 27 seen in Fig. 3 for developing voltage stress
Yes condition. The time step for every increment from 1.5 s to 4.5s
Enable timer is 0.5 s. Then, a three-phase fault F is created at 5 s. Voltage
stress results a significant impact on line currents which are
Is monitored at relay location R. Fig. 4 shows the estimated
No Yes No
Z1 still within Delay elapsed current phasors (Ia, Ib and Ic) using full cycle DFT under this
zone-3 scenario. As it depicts, incremental amplitude change in all the
Yes current phasors is symmetric and noteworthy.
TRIP During voltage stress condition, the impedance trajectory
takes a path towards third zone and enters at 4 s as shown in
Fig. 5. The impedance (Z1) measured by R at various intervals
Fig. 2. Proposed supervisory backup protection algorithm

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are tabulated in Table I. It is observed that Z1 is less than third The fault PSC (I1F) is superimposed on the pre-fault PSC (I1P)
zone setting k3. In such a case, the relay R misconceived that and resultant SPSC component ( 'I1 ) is shown in Fig. 6(c). As
the occurred event as a fault and initiate trip signal. It causes it depicted, the amplitude of SPSC becomes zero during
unintended relay operation. Besides, occurrence of a fault F voltage stress and more than zero during fault. It is noteworthy
during voltage stress resulting further decrement in Z1. The that three-phase fault is detected at t = 5.002 s. As per the
associated impedance trajectory as indicated with dotted line proposed logic, the relay R blocked its operation up to third
in Fig. 5 is also stayed within third zone. This causes the relay zone time delay i.e. 1 s. Later, it confirmed that Z1 is still less
R unable to recognize the actual fault and voltage stress events than its third zone setting k3 and then issued TRIP command at
due to their symmetric phenomenon. Consequently, the relay t = 6.002 s as shown in Fig. 6(d). From the simulated results, it
will maloperate. is confirmed that the proposed technique is resistant to voltage
stress condition and it can be able to discriminate three-phase
fault from voltage stress condition.
Phase-a
Ia (kA)

TABLE I
IMPEDANCE SEEN BY THE RELAY (R) UNDER DIFFERENT INTERVALLS
S. No. R (Ω) X (Ω) Z1 (Ω) Time (s) Status
1. 64.05 150.7 163.74 4.00 Z1 < k 3
2. 62.40 148.5 161.07 4.50 Z1 < k3
3. 59.29 144.1 155.82 5.00 Z1 < k3
Phase-b 4. 39.12 101.6 108.87 5.01 Z1 < k3
5. 11.30 82.43 83.20 5.02 Z1 < k3
Ib (kA)

6. 8.817 84.4 84.85 5.49 Z1 < k3

7. 8.84 85.03 85.48 5.90 Z1 < k3
8. 8.849 85.23 85.68 6.01 Z1 < k 3
9. 8.848 86.03 86.48 6.45 Z1 < k3

Phase-c
I1P (kA)
Ic (kA)

(a)
I1F (kA)

Time (s)

Fig. 4. Estimated current phasors available at relay (R) location under a

three-phase fault during voltage stress (b)
│Δ I1│ (kA)

Z1 at t = 4 s

(c)
X (Ω)

TRIP

(d)
Time (s)
R (Ω)
Time (s)
Fig. 6. Response of the proposed technique under voltage stress. (a) Pre-
Fig. 5. Trajectory of Z1 passing through zone-3 quadrilaterals under three- fault PSC. (b) PSC during fault. (c). SPSC component. (d) Trip signal
phase fault during voltage stress
B. Load Encroachment (LE)
To avoid such unintended operations, supervisory logic is The phenomenon of LE is developed by exposing the load
incorporated with the conventional approach. Computation of busses 16, 18 and 27 as shown in Fig. 3 to heavy loading
the proposed technique is initiated when the impedance condition. It means, the active power demand at those busses
trajectory enters into the third zone i.e. at 4 s. The pre-fault is gradually increased for every 0.1 s from 2 s to 4.9 s so as to
and fault PSCs are shown in Figs. 6(a) and (b) respectively. satisfy the NERC emergency loading condition. After that a

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fault F is created at 5.1 s. Fig. 7 shows the current phasors Ia, From Table II, it can be noticed that the Z1 is less than k3
Ib and Ic, respectively. and the same is continued up to t = 5.1 s. In such a condition
During heavy loading condition, the positive sequence the relay R may maloperate. The dotted line in Fig. 8
impedance (Z1) trajectory slowly moves in the direction of represents fault trajectory of Z1. After t = 5.1 s both the
third zone boundary and encroaches at 3.65 s as shown in trajectories lies inside the third zone. At that instant the relay R
Fig. 8. The position of Z1 trajectory at different instants is gets confused due to symmetric phenomena of both the events
summarized in Table II. and fails to unblock its operation.
In order to prevent such maloperation, the conventional
relaying scheme adopted this supervisory logic. At t = 3.65 s,
Phase-a
the proposed technique is activated for computing the
Ia (kA)

amplitude of SPSC component. Results of the proposed

technique are depicted in Fig. 9.

I1P (kA)
Phase-b
Ib (kA)

(a)

I1F (kA)

Phase-c
(b)
Ic (kA)

│Δ I1│ (kA)

Time (s) (c)

Fig. 7. Estimated current phasors available at relay (R) location under a
three-phase fault during load encroachment
TRIP

Z1 at t = 3.65 s (d)
Time (s)

Fig. 9. Response of the proposed method under a three-phase fault during

X (Ω)

load encroachment. (a) Pre-fault PSC. (b) PSC during fault. (c). SPSC
component. (d) Trip signal

The estimated PSC under fault during load encroachment

(I1F) as shown in Fig. 9(b) is superimposed on a pre-fault PSC
R (Ω) (I1P) as shown in Fig. 9(a) for getting the resultant SPSC
Time (s)
component ( 'I1 ) as shown in Fig. 9(c). As it depicted, the
Fig. 8. Trajectory of Z1 passing through zone-3 quadrilaterals under a three- value of 'I1 under load encroachment is appeared to be zero.
phase fault during load encroachment
So, the relay R should be blocked its operation. This helps to
TABLE II avoid unintended relay operation under heavily loaded
IMPEDANCE SEEN BY THE RELAY (R) UNDER DIFFERENT INTERVALLS condition. Whereas in three phase fault the value of 'I1
S. No. R (Ω) X (Ω) Z1 (Ω) Time (s) Status becomes high and greater than zero. So that the fault F is
1. 114.6 83.24 141.64 3.65 Z1 < k 3 detected exactly at t = 5.102 s. Afterwards, relay R must be
2. 108.7 84.35 137.58 4.00 Z1 < k3
3. 100.8 86.61 132.89 4.50 Z1 < k3 wait until t3 and recheck the position of Z1 trajectory as per the
4. 91.58 84.97 124.92 5.10 Z1 < k3 supervisory logic. From Fig. 8 and Table II it is found that
5. 24.28 101.4 104.26 5.50 Z1 < k3 trajectory of Z1 (dotted line) is travelled inside the third zone
6. 24.61 103.0 105.89 6.15 Z1 < k 3
7. 24.72 103.8 106.70 6.45 Z1 < k3 and Z1 seen by relay R is also less than k3.

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