C1 English Vocabulary

Society, Education and Work

English Significado Example
internship prácticas profesionales She did an internship at a
law firm.
self-employed autónomo/a He is self-employed as a
web developer.
promotion ascenso She got a promotion after
one year.
deadline fecha límite We must meet the deadline.
overtime horas extra He worked overtime last
weekend.
unemployment desempleo Unemployment is rising.
remote work trabajo remoto Remote work became
common after 2020.
scholarship beca She received a scholarship
for university.
tutor tutor My tutor helped me
improve.
curriculum plan de estudios The curriculum was
updated.
assessment evaluación Final assessment includes a
project.
qualifications titulaciones He has the qualifications for
the job.
dropout abandono escolar The school is trying to
reduce dropouts.
job satisfaction satisfacción laboral Job satisfaction is key to
retention.
contract contrato I signed a new contract
yesterday.
income ingreso Her income has increased.
resignation renuncia He handed in his
resignation.
flexible hours horario flexible She enjoys her flexible
hours.
maternity leave baja por maternidad She is on maternity leave.
freelancer freelancer She works as a freelancer in
design.
Environment and Sustainability
English Significado Example
biodiversity biodiversidad Protecting biodiversity is
essential.
climate change cambio climático Climate change affects us
all.
global warming calentamiento global Global warming causes sea
levels to rise.
carbon footprint huella de carbono Flying increases your
carbon footprint.
deforestation deforestación Deforestation threatens
many species.
sustainability sostenibilidad We must promote
sustainability.
renewable energy energía renovable Renewable energy is the
future.
recycling reciclaje Recycling reduces pollution.
pollution contaminación Pollution harms marine life.
solar panels paneles solares Solar panels reduce
electricity bills.
eco-friendly ecológico We use eco-friendly
packaging.
overfishing sobrepesca Overfishing endangers fish
stocks.
waste management gestión de residuos Waste management is
crucial.
natural resources recursos naturales We must conserve natural
resources.
greenhouse gases gases de efecto invernadero Cars emit greenhouse gases.
organic farming agricultura orgánica Organic farming is more
sustainable.
environmentally friendly respetuoso con el medio Use environmentally
ambiente friendly products.
extinction extinción Many species face
extinction.
water scarcity escasez de agua Water scarcity affects
millions.
compost compostaje We compost our food waste.
Education and Learning
English Significado Example
curriculum plan de estudios The curriculum includes
science and literature.
lifelong learning aprendizaje permanente Lifelong learning is essential
in modern careers.
exam-oriented centrado en exámenes Some schools are too
exam-oriented.
assignment tarea I submitted my assignment
last night.
tuition fees tasas de matrícula Tuition fees have increased
recently.
lecture clase magistral The professor gave an
inspiring lecture.
scholarship beca She received a scholarship
for her studies.
student loan préstamo estudiantil He’s paying off his student
loan.
academic achievement logro académico Academic achievement is
highly valued.
degree título universitario She holds a degree in
Engineering.
enrolment matrícula Enrolment starts in
September.
dropout abandono escolar The dropout rate has
decreased.
extracurricular extraescolar She takes part in
extracurricular activities.
syllabus programa de estudios The syllabus covers 10
topics.
resit repetir examen He had to resit the exam.
distance learning aprendizaje a distancia Distance learning has
become popular.
tutorial clase práctica We had a useful tutorial on
grammar.
term trimestre The term begins in October.
plagiarism plagio Plagiarism is a serious
offense.
assessment evaluación Continuous assessment is
used instead of final exams.
Health and Lifestyle
English Significado Example
balanced diet dieta equilibrada A balanced diet is key to
good health.
mental health salud mental Mental health is equally
important.
stress management gestión del estrés Meditation helps with stress
management.
fitness condición física She goes to the gym to
maintain her fitness.
junk food comida basura He avoids junk food.
obesity obesidad Obesity is a growing
concern.
nutrition nutrición Proper nutrition is essential
for development.
lifestyle estilo de vida She changed her lifestyle
completely.
workout rutina de ejercicio I do a workout every
morning.
chronic illness enfermedad crónica Diabetes is a chronic illness.
immune system sistema inmunológico A strong immune system
fights disease.
check-up revisión médica I go for a check-up every
year.
sleep hygiene higiene del sueño Good sleep hygiene
improves focus.
wellbeing bienestar We should prioritise
wellbeing.
healthcare atención médica Healthcare should be
accessible to all.
prevention prevención Prevention is better than
cure.
treatment tratamiento He is undergoing treatment.
recovery recuperación Her recovery was quick.
infection infección He caught a viral infection.
symptom síntoma Fever is a common
symptom.
Technology and the Media
English Significado Example
social media redes sociales Social media connects
people globally.
fake news noticias falsas Fake news spreads quickly.
cybersecurity ciberseguridad Cybersecurity is a top
priority.
streaming transmisión en línea Streaming has replaced
cable TV.
device dispositivo He bought a new electronic
device.
data breach violación de datos The company faced a data
breach.
privacy privacidad Online privacy is under
threat.
AI inteligencia artificial AI is transforming
industries.
machine learning aprendizaje automático Machine learning is used in
apps.
algorithm algoritmo The algorithm personalises
your feed.
viral viral The video went viral.
content creator creador de contenido She works as a content
creator.
app aplicación He designed a new app.
cloud computing computación en la nube Cloud computing allows
remote work.
influencer influencer The influencer promoted
the product.
screen time tiempo de pantalla My screen time is too high.
digital literacy alfabetización digital Digital literacy is essential
today.
software software The software needs
updating.
hardware hardware He fixed the hardware issue.
update actualización My phone needs an update.
Travel and Tourism
English Significado Example
itinerary itinerario Our itinerary includes five
cities.
accommodation alojamiento We booked our
accommodation early.
passport pasaporte I renewed my passport.
customs aduana We passed through customs.
boarding pass tarjeta de embarque Show your boarding pass.
luggage equipaje Her luggage got lost.
tourist attraction atracción turística The Eiffel Tower is a top
tourist attraction.
guidebook guía de viaje I bought a guidebook.
sightseeing turismo We spent the day
sightseeing.
souvenir recuerdo I bought a souvenir.
travel insurance seguro de viaje Don’t forget travel
insurance.
trip viaje The trip was amazing.
excursion excursión We went on an excursion.
destination destino Paris is a popular
destination.
hostel albergue They stayed in a hostel.
resort complejo turístico We booked a resort by the
beach.
tourism turismo Tourism is vital to the
economy.
cultural heritage patrimonio cultural Rome is full of cultural
heritage.
holidaymaker veraneante / turista Holidaymakers enjoyed the
sun.
eco-tourism ecoturismo Eco-tourism promotes
nature conservation.
Society and Global Issues
English Significado Example
inequality desigualdad Social inequality is a global
issue.
immigration inmigración Immigration policies are
controversial.
poverty pobreza Poverty remains a
challenge.
gender gap brecha de género We must reduce the gender
gap.
discrimination discriminación They fought against
discrimination.
activism activismo Youth activism is powerful.
freedom of speech libertad de expresión Freedom of speech is a
right.
civil rights derechos civiles They protested for civil
rights.
racism racismo Racism must be eliminated.
homelessness personas sin hogar Homelessness is rising in
cities.
consumerism consumismo Consumerism affects the
environment.
social media addiction adicción a redes sociales Social media addiction is
increasing.
censorship censura The government imposed
censorship.
violence violencia We need to prevent
violence.
corruption corrupción Corruption damages trust.
human rights derechos humanos They defend human rights.
disability discapacidad Access for people with
disabilities is essential.
volunteering voluntariado Volunteering improves
communities.
community comunidad She works to support her
community.
youth unemployment desempleo juvenil Youth unemployment is a
concern.
Phrasal Verbs – 20 Examples
Phrasal Verb Significado Example
carry out llevar a cabo They carried out the
experiment.
set up fundar / establecer She set up a new company.
turn down rechazar He turned down the job
offer.
bring up mencionar / sacar un tema She brought up an
interesting question.
give in ceder He finally gave in to the
pressure.
run out of quedarse sin We ran out of paper.
come up with idear She came up with a great
solution.
look after cuidar de He looks after his little
sister.
get along with llevarse bien con They get along with each
other.
drop out abandonar (estudios) He dropped out of college.
take over asumir el control She took over the business.
bring about provocar The changes brought about
positive results.
call off cancelar The meeting was called off.
cut down on reducir He cut down on sugar.
back up respaldar Please back up your files.
go through pasar por She went through a hard
time.
put off posponer They put off the decision.
make up inventar / reconciliarse She made up a story.
take up empezar una actividad He took up painting.
look forward to esperar con ganas I look forward to the
holidays.
Idioms – 20 Common Expressions
Idiom Significado Example
a blessing in disguise algo bueno disfrazado de Losing that job was a
malo blessing in disguise.
beat around the bush irse por las ramas Stop beating around the
bush and tell me.
hit the nail on the head dar en el clavo You hit the nail on the head.
cost an arm and a leg costar un ojo de la cara That bag cost an arm and a
leg.
let the cat out of the bag revelar un secreto She let the cat out of the
bag.
once in a blue moon muy raramente We see each other once in a
blue moon.
under the weather sentirse mal I'm feeling under the
weather.
call it a day dar por terminado Let's call it a day and go
home.
burn the midnight oil trabajar hasta tarde She burned the midnight oil
before the test.
the ball is in your court te toca decidir Now the ball is in your
court.
on thin ice en una situación arriesgada He’s on thin ice with the
boss.
pull someone’s leg tomar el pelo Are you pulling my leg?
break the ice romper el hielo A good joke helps break the
ice.
a piece of cake muy fácil That exam was a piece of
cake.
back to the drawing board empezar de nuevo We failed. Back to the
drawing board.
barking up the wrong tree equivocarse de objetivo You’re barking up the wrong
tree.
in the same boat en la misma situación We’re all in the same boat.
jump the gun adelantarse They jumped the gun with
the launch.
speak of the devil hablando del rey de Roma Speak of the devil! He just
arrived.
the tip of the iceberg la punta del iceberg This problem is just the tip
of the iceberg.
Useful Writing Phrases (C1) – 20 Examples
Phrase Significado Example
It is widely believed that... Se cree ampliamente que... It is widely believed that
education is the key to
success.
There is no doubt that... No hay duda de que... There is no doubt that
climate change is real.
One of the main advantages Una de las principales One of the main advantages
is... ventajas es... is flexibility.
Another significant factor Otro factor importante es... Another significant factor is
is... cost.
It can be argued that... Se puede argumentar que... It can be argued that public
transport should be free.
From my perspective... Desde mi punto de vista... From my perspective, the
benefits outweigh the
drawbacks.
In recent years, there has En los últimos años ha In recent years, there has
been... habido... been an increase in online
learning.
Despite the drawbacks... A pesar de los Despite the drawbacks, it is
inconvenientes... a viable solution.
To begin with,... Para empezar,... To begin with, we must
understand the problem.
In conclusion,... En conclusión,... In conclusion, the evidence
supports this policy.
All things considered,... Considerando todo,... All things considered, this is
the best option.
The evidence suggests that... La evidencia sugiere que... The evidence suggests that
changes are needed.
Taking everything into Teniendo todo en cuenta,... Taking everything into
account,... account, we recommend
approval.
Ultimately,... En última instancia,... Ultimately, the decision lies
with the public.
This highlights the Esto resalta la importancia This highlights the
importance of... de... importance of early
education.
Given these points,... Dados estos puntos,... Given these points, it seems
necessary to act.
In light of the above,... A la luz de lo anterior,... In light of the above, we
suggest a revision.
It is essential to consider... Es esencial considerar... It is essential to consider
environmental impact.
This essay will explore... Este ensayo explorará... This essay will explore the
pros and cons of tourism.
To sum up,... Para resumir,... To sum up, both options
have merit.
Connectors (C1) – 40 Linkers and Discourse Markers
Connector Meaning (Spanish)
however sin embargo
moreover además
nevertheless no obstante
in contrast en cambio / por el contrario
as a result como resultado
in addition además
therefore por lo tanto
on the one hand por un lado
on the other hand por otro lado
furthermore además / es más
consequently en consecuencia
in conclusion en conclusión
despite a pesar de
although aunque
even though aunque / incluso si
provided that siempre que / con tal de que
as long as mientras / siempre que
in order to para / con el fin de
due to debido a
owing to debido a / a causa de
hence por eso / por lo tanto
thus así que / por consiguiente
besides además / aparte de eso
meanwhile mientras tanto
nonetheless sin embargo / no obstante
in short en resumen
all in all en general / en conjunto
for example por ejemplo
for instance por ejemplo
likewise igualmente / del mismo modo
similarly de manera similar
by contrast en contraste
to some extent hasta cierto punto
to sum up para resumir
above all sobre todo
as a matter of fact de hecho
that is to say es decir
otherwise de lo contrario
still aún así / sin embargo
not only... but also no solo... sino también
Pasiva
Estructura en inglés Traducción al español
The cake was eaten by John El pastel fue comido por
John
The windows are cleaned Las ventanas se limpian
every week cada semana
The movie will be watched La película será vista esta
tonight noche
The letter had been sent La carta había sido enviada
Mistakes were made Se cometieron errores
The road is being repaired La carretera está siendo
reparada
A decision has been made Se ha tomado una decisión
The room will be decorated La habitación será decorada
tomorrow mañana
The documents were signed Los documentos fueron
firmados
A new law is being Se está discutiendo una
discussed nueva ley
The car has been stolen El coche ha sido robado
A book was given to me Se me dio un libro
The project was completed El proyecto fue completado
on time a tiempo
The guests were welcomed Los invitados fueron
warmly recibidos calurosamente
The thief was caught El ladrón fue atrapado
The wall was painted blue La pared fue pintada de azul
A new hospital is being built Se está construyendo un
nuevo hospital
The report has just been El informe acaba de ser
finished terminado
She was offered a Le ofrecieron un ascenso
promotion
The song is played often La canción se reproduce a
menudo
Inversión
Never have I seen such a Nunca he visto un atardecer
beautiful sunset tan hermoso
Rarely does she miss a Rara vez falta a una reunión
meeting
Not only did he win, but he No solo ganó, sino que
also broke a record también batió un récord
Hardly had they left when it Apenas se habían ido
started to rain cuando empezó a llover
Seldom do we go out these Rara vez salimos estos días
days
Little did I know about it Poco sabía yo sobre eso
Nowhere have I found such En ningún lugar he
kindness encontrado tanta
amabilidad
Only after the meeting did I Solo después de la reunión
understand entendí
Scarcely had he arrived Apenas había llegado
when the phone rang cuando sonó el teléfono
No sooner had she spoken Apenas ella habló cuando él
than he interrupted interrumpió
Under no circumstances Bajo ninguna circunstancia
should you open that door deberías abrir esa puerta
On no account must this be Por ningún motivo debe
forgotten olvidarse esto
In no way is this acceptable De ninguna manera es esto
aceptable
Not until now have I No fue hasta ahora que me
realized the truth di cuenta de la verdad
Only then did he Solo entonces entendió
understand
At no time did they say we En ningún momento dijeron
were late que llegamos tarde
Only by chance did I meet Solo por casualidad la
her encontré
Not for a second did I doubt Ni por un segundo lo dudé
it
Only with practice will you Solo con práctica mejorarás
improve
No way will I go there again De ninguna manera volveré
allí
Expresión
As a matter of fact De hecho
To be honest Para ser sincero
In my opinion En mi opinión
As far as I know Hasta donde yo sé
To tell the truth A decir verdad
Frankly speaking Francamente
It seems to me that Me parece que
I believe that Creo que
From my point of view Desde mi punto de vista
To put it simply Para decirlo simplemente
Let me be clear Déjame ser claro
As I see it Como lo veo
To my knowledge Según mi conocimiento
To be fair Para ser justos
I would say that Yo diría que
I suppose that Supongo que
If I’m not mistaken Si no me equivoco
Honestly Honestamente
The way I see it Tal como lo veo
Apparently Aparentemente
Condicional

If I had known, I would have Si lo hubiera sabido, habría

come venido
If I were you, I would study Si yo fuera tú, estudiaría
more más
Unless you hurry, you'll A menos que te des prisa,
miss the train perderás el tren
Provided that it doesn't rain, Siempre que no llueva,
we'll go hiking iremos de excursión
If you work hard, you'll Si trabajas duro, tendrás
succeed éxito
If he called, I didn’t hear it Si llamó, no lo oí
Were I rich, I’d travel the Si fuera rico, viajaría por el
world mundo
If I had more time, I would Si tuviera más tiempo, te
help you ayudaría
If she studies, she will pass Si estudia, aprobará
Had I known, I would have De haberlo sabido, habría
acted differently actuado diferente
If they had arrived earlier, Si hubieran llegado antes,
we could have gone podríamos haber ido
If I had wings, I would fly Si tuviera alas, volaría
If you see him, tell him Si lo ves, dile
Should you need help, call Si necesitas ayuda, llámame
me
If you don’t try, you’ll never Si no lo intentas, nunca lo
know sabrás
If I were taller, I could reach Si fuera más alto, podría
it alcanzarlo
Even if it rains, we’ll go Aunque llueva, iremos
If it hadn’t rained, we would Si no hubiera llovido,
have gone habríamos ido
Supposing he refuses, what Suponiendo que se niegue,
will you do? ¿qué harás?
If not for your help, I Si no fuera por tu ayuda, no
wouldn’t have made it lo habría logrado