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Standard Operating Procedures
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Sampling Procedure 02 1 of 25

Sampling Procedure

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Document Revision History

Affected
Date Description of Change By
Pages
st
00 01 Mar 1998 First Issue All MPS
01 29th April 2012 Total Update All MPS
nd
02 02 Apr 2020 Total Update with new skeleton All MPS

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Table of Contents
1. General: ....................................................................................................................................................4
2. Purpose: ...................................................................................................................................................4
3. Policy: .......................................................................................................................................................4
4. General Recommendations........................................................................................................................4
5. PVT Sampling (Oil / Condensate) ...............................................................................................................6
5.1 Required Equipment (Oil / Condensate) ....................................................................................................6
5.2 Cylinder Preparation (Oil / Condensate)....................................................................................................7
5.3 PVT Sampling Procedures (Oil / Condensate) ............................................................................................7
5.4 Operating Instructions for Sample Receivers: ............................................................................................9
5.4.2 Receiver definition: ..................................................................................................................................9
5.4.3 Pre-charge definition: ..............................................................................................................................9
5.5 General Preparation for Sampling:........................................................................................................... 10
5.6 General Pre-Charging Pvt Sample Receiver: ............................................................................................. 10
5.7 General PVT Sampling Procedures: .......................................................................................................... 11
6. PVT Sampling (Gas) ................................................................................................................................ 13
6.1 Required Equipment (Gas): ..................................................................................................................... 13
6.2 Sampling Procedures (Gas): .................................................................................................................... 13
6.3 General Gas Sampling Procedures: ......................................................................................................... 14
6.4 Gas Sample Receiver [ Luxfer Gas M3719] ............................................................................................... 15
6.4.1 Cylinder Evacuating Procedure: ............................................................................................................. 15
6.4.2 Gas Sampling Sketch ............................................................................................................................. 16
7. Measuring Gas Specific Gravity (): .......................................................................................................... 17
8. Measuring Liquid Specific Gravity (S.G.) ................................................................................................. 18
9. Measuring Basic Sediments & Water (BS&W) .......................................................................................... 19
10. Measuring Water Salinity (Chlorides) ..................................................................................................... 20
11. Measuring Viscosity .............................................................................................................................. 21
12. Measuring Cloud/Pour Point.................................................................................................................. 22
13. Measuring Resistivity of Water .............................................................................................................. 23
14. Dragger Pump (H2S / CO2):.................................................................................................................... 24

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1. General:
Sampling is normally operational requirements by client representative, testing programs and while
clean up or testing operations. Sampling could include but not limited to check water cut, to collect
well head samples (oil and water), PVT pressurized samples (oil and gas), to measure API degree, to
measure gas specific gravity, to check H2S & CO2 gas content. Certain safety precautions are must to
be followed while performing sampling.

2. Purpose:
This procedure is established to provide guidelines to properly perform sampling.

3. Policy:
This procedure covers all type of sampling standard operating procedures

4. General Recommendations
General recommendations are to be followed while performing sampling

1. Mercury is prohibited to be utilized while sampling as inhaling its vapours would inter to
blood and cause bad effects to human body as it is poisons.
2. Special precautionary measure shall be considered while sampling with the presence of
Hydrogen Sulfide gas (H2S). While sampling, transporting, cleaning, inspecting and
storing of PVT Cylinders.

NOTE: No chemical injection (e.g. methanol, glycol) should take place upstream of
choke manifold or sampling points.

3. Wear personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gas mask, safety glasses to avoid
splashing against the eyes and gloves to protect the skin from liquid.
4. Avoid to have any source of ignition during the sampling operation.
5. Liners to sampling cylinders must be as short as possible. Two ¼” ss tubing with ¼”
fittings are provided in the sampling kit. One for gas and one for oil sampling.
6. Proper and complete purging or flushing of ¼” SS Tubing before sampling is necessary to
make sure that the sample is representative of the separator fluid Vessel.
7. Sample Cylinders must be clean and dry.
8. PVT (oil and gas) cylinders are to be certified and pressure tested, valid for at least six
months, considering shipment period.
9. Duplicate or triplicate PVT samples: It is recommended that three samples of each phase
(oil and gas) to be taken. As redundancy if sample leaks or other losses and to allow
cross checking of samples in the Laboratory.
10. Proper information to be provided on each Sample Cylinder, including client name, well
number, type of fluid, date, time, location of sample, pressure, temperature and flow
rates and choke size and well head pressure.

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The Laboratory PVT study of the sample can be carried out properly, only if all the
information obtained during the well test is written down carefully.

Note: If measurement was not obtained or was unknown. Enter N/A for “Not
applicable”.
11. Any observation about unusual fluid characteristics, problems during sampling … etc.
should be mentioned and submitted in “Remarks”.
12. Original or hard copy of the surface sampling data sheet must be enclosed, inside
transparent protective envelope, along with the sample cylinder Box in order to be sent
to PVT laboratory or to PVT store.
13. A copy of well test report should be sent to the PVT laboratory. Along with the
transported detailed documents.
14. Sampling Report Data Sheet must include, method of fluid transfer, scaled quantities,
approximate remaining materials in the sample Cylinder, and reporting any event, in
which might lead to one sample is less reliable than others.
15. Hydrocarbon liquid (oil), PVT sample cylinder must never be left over filled. A gas cap of
at least 10% by volume is compulsory as safety factor to allow sample storage and/or
transportation safely “considering liquid expansion would increase sample cylinder
pressure”.
16. Checking of Sample Cylinder prior to shipment. immediately after the sampling is been
performed and once the ¼” SS tubing have been disconnected. A leak test must be done
on the cylinder valves by immersing them into a bucket full of water and/or spray soup
liquid on the body and threads. If the test shows no leaks, the valves outlets are to be
sealed and fitted with protector plugs. Finally, Cylinder End Protectors are installed and
laid down inside the shipment box.
17. If a leaking valve is detected for an Oil/Condense sample, the sample is invalid and
sampling should be repeated. A leaking gas sample should likewise be rejected, unless
the leak was cured before any significant quantity of gas has been lost. (Pressure still
within 2% difference of separator pressure).
18. It is prohibited to re-use a contaminated Cylinder following a miscarried sample.
19. It is recommended to fill up a 5 gal. (20 liters) jerrycan with flashed separator or Tank oil
and to give it to client for further analysis.
20. For transportation purposes, the Cylinder is placed into a special Transportation
Container Box (Together with surface sampling sheet).

Note: For small leaks which are difficult to find with immersion under water, then a gas
leak detection fluid such as ‘SNOOP’ should be used.

21. When pressure test is completed, close sampling manifold valve. Open fully cylinder inlet
valve and observe pressure drop on gauge to verify that gas can enter the Cylinder.
22. Crack open gas sampling manifold valve to allow sampling to commerce.

Note: Write down the start time of each sample.

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23. Open or close gas sampling manifold valve slightly to control rate of sampling to cylinder
fills up. This pressure will take +/- 30 minutes to complete.

Note: Never attempt to open fully the sampling manifold valve, otherwise gas would flash
inside the cylinder, causing to lose some of the Hydrocarbon fluid characteristics and
properties.

24. When pressure stabilized on pressure gauge. Completely close cylinder inlet valve.

Note: Write down the completion time of each sample.

25. Close gas sampling manifold valve. And close cylinder valve.
26. Bleed off +/- 30 psi from line between sampling manifold valve and cylinder inlet.
27. Crack Open cylinder inlet valve and check if pressure on gauge has returned to +/- separator
pressure. If not, then sample is BAD i.e. not properly filled.
28. Re-open sampling manifold valve to resume sampling till fully charge gas cylinder.
29. Record final pressure of gas sample cylinder.
30. Record temperature of gas sample cylinder.
31. Close all valves and disconnect all lines.
32. Gas Cylinder inlet valve should be plugged (ensure plug has Teflon seal fitted).
33. Leak check by immersion in water, the sample cylinder two valves or by soap spray.
34. Complete filling sample data sheet for each sample cylinder.

Note: If sample is taken as a combination oil/condense and gas sample. Then details of
both sample Cylinders should be entered on data sheet.

5. PVT Sampling (Oil / Condensate)

5.1 Required Equipment (Oil / Condensate)

1. Mercury Free, Oil Sample Cylinder (690ml).

2. Enough volume of pre-charging liquid (10% by volume Glycol-Water mixture).
3. Hydraulic Pump, Pneumatic operated (Haskel Pump).
4. Compressed Air, along with hose and fitting.
5. Measuring cylinders, clean and transparent 1,000 CC Graduated Cylinder.
6. ¼” SS length liner (¼” Stainless Steel Tubing).
7. ¼” SS sampling manifold with proper isolation valves (3,000 psig CWP).
8. Panel pressure gauges (0.0 – 2,000 psig).
9. Bulb thermometers (0.0 - 250 F).
10. ¼” SS Suitable fittings from sample manifold to cylinder valves.
11. ¼” NPT Suitable grub screws / plugs for cylinder valves.
12. Suitable oil sampling manifold.

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5.2 Cylinder Preparation (Oil / Condensate)

If oil/condense, PVT Sample Cylinders are not filled with (glycol-water) mixture prior to shipping
for site location. To pre-charge you must follow down below procedures.

1. Ensure that PVT sample cylinders is filled with (glycol-water) mixture prior to shipping for
site location.
2. To pre-charge place the PVT sample cylinder, securely on a cylinder stand with a spill
tray underneath.
3. Connect a short length of liner to secondary inlet valve.
4. Open fully the product inlet valve for safe air-liquid displacement.

Note: Measure carefully the expected volume of the sample Cylinder.

5. Start pumping the (glycol-water) mixture.

5.3 PVT Sampling Procedures (Oil / Condensate)

1. NOTE: No chemical injection (e.g. methanol, glycol), should take place upstream of
choke manifold or sampling points.
2. Note this procedure shall be completed along with gas pair sample.
3. Ensure Cylinder is pre-charged and is marked available.
4. Note Cylinder TX No.
5. Place sample cylinder on stand.
6. Hook-up liner to sample point and flush liquid into measuring cylinder to ensure
oil/condensation at that point not contaminated by gas/water.
7. Hook-up sampling equipment.
8. Choose a suitable pressure gauge for current separator pressure. Hook-up liner loosely
to Inlet valve on Cylinder.
9. Purge and flush oil/condensation through liner against product inlet valve.
10. Tighten top fitting to ensure liner is filled with fresh Hydrocarbon fluid from the sampling
point.
11. Open product HC inlet valve fully
12. Slowly crack open secondary inlet valve, till (glycol-water) mixture starts dripping to
1,000 cc measuring cylinder. dripping rate of +/-20 ml per minute.

Note: Pressure gauge on sampling manifold would read cylinder pressure.

13. Write down the start time of PVT sample.

14. Control the rate of flow by adjusting secondary inlet valve to ensure sample is collected
at +/-20 ml per min.

Note: Carefully handle pressure gauge, not to drop down.

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15. Remember this PVT sample shall be taken in conjunction with Gas sample. In order to
obtain a presentable PVT samples, collecting both at same (start & end).
16. Depending on Cylinder size, allow a suitable volume space to draw down a gas cap (10%
of total sample container).
17. Once oil sample collected, and contains required amount of liquid. Close the filling
product inlet valve.
18. Write down the end time of PVT sample.
19. Write down the volume of mixture (10% glycol-water) at measuring cylinder.
20. Close sampling manifold valves & bleed off the same.
21. Disconnect ¼” SS liner from the Cylinder.
22. Plug Product Inlet Valve to prevent sample leakage.
23. Slowly crack Secondary Inlet Valve to draw down the required water up to 10% gas cap.

Note: The Cylinder pressure might drop down depending on reservoir characteristics
of Gas Oil Ratio (GOR).

24. Completely close Secondary Inlet Valve and agitate Cylinder.

Note: The Cylinder pressure might rise slightly due to associated gas.

25. Once pressure stabilized write down final pressure and temperature. This is for
laboratory purposes when it comes to recombine the gas and oil/condensation sample
for PVT analysis.
26. Carefully disconnect manifold, collecting any droplets of (10% glycol-water) mixture for
accuracy.
27. Record (10% glycol-water) mixture volume in measuring cylinder.
28. Place a plug to Secondary Inlet Valve and check integrity & seal of both plugs at Product
Inlet and Secondary Inlet Valves.
29. Fix Cylinder Plastic (PVC) protective caps at both ends.
30. Complete all paperwork and prepare for the next PVT sample if required.

Sample receiver Pro-Light, Ti-690-64 MB.

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5.4 Operating Instructions for Sample Receivers:

5.4.1 Liquid cylinders type and service:

Item Liquid Cylinder Type MAWP Volume

(Bar g) (ml)
1 Pro-Light Ti-690-30 MB 690 299
2 Pro-Light Ti-690-64 MB 690 629
3 Pro-Light BC-690-64 MB 690 629
4 Pro-Light BC-690-100 MB 690 981
5 Pro-Light Ti-690-100 MB 690 981
6 Pro-Light Ti-690-250 MB 690 2501
7 Pro-Light Ti-690-400 MB 690 4001

Item Service Description

1 UN 1267 Petroleum Crude Oil
2 UN 1075 Petroleum gases, liquefied
3 UN 1954 Compressed gases,
flammable, No.’s.
4 UN 1971 Natural Gas, compressed
5 UN 1066 Nitrogen, compressed
6 Formation Water with dissolved salts
water in various quantities and
compositions.

5.4.2 Receiver definition:

The receiver is a portable single piston sample receiver with internal mixing ball, double product
inlet connections and one back-pressure connection. The double INLET connection is suitable as
flush connection. Connections are furnished with "Mini-valves" with 1/8" AE W125.

5.4.3 Pre-charge definition:

Before sampling starts, the sample receiver must be pre-charged with a back- pressure slightly
higher than actual system line pressure. Suitable back-pressure medium is inert gas.
Caution: Methods using Mercury are Prohibited.

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5.5 General Preparation for Sampling:

Fig. 1 presents a single piston sample receiver as prepared for transportation. Valve A is the
Product Inlet Valve. The piston is displayed in backed up position, where the internal mixing ball
is captured in its sphere cavity.

Before the sample receiver is connected to any process system, it must be pre-charged, as
described below:

Remove blind plugs from one inlet and the secondary connection (if installed) (Fig.2, ref.
positions marked A and B). Ensure that the valves A and B are in open position. Carefully feeding
compressed air (approx. 0,5barg) through the open inlet connection on valve A, the piston will
move to the secondary end of the sample receiver.

Product side Secondary side

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

5.6 General Pre-Charging Pvt Sample Receiver:

Recommended procedure for pre-charging the sample receivers prior to sampling is based on
pre-filling with an inert gas or liquid.

Keep the valves A and B open. Through valve B, the sampling receiver can be filled with the
desired type of back-pressure medium. During this operation, the piston will move towards the
product end. Valve A (product end) is kept open in order to relieve air from product end.
Reference Fig. 3.

Product side Secondary side

Fig. 3

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Sampling Procedure 02 11 of 25

When the piston has been moved to start position at product end, the back-pressure must be set
to the desired value, normally slightly more than sample pressure. When necessary back-
pressure is established, valve A and B is closed.

The supply line for the secondary side can then be disconnected and the sample receiver is ready
for sampling. Reference Fig. 4.

Product side Secondary side

Fig. 4

5.7 General PVT Sampling Procedures:

1 To ensure a high-quality sample the sample receiver must be purged before sampling.
2 Before the sample receiver is connected to the sample point, ensure that the back-
pressure is higher than sample supply pressure if gas is used as back-pressure medium.

Follow the instruction below:

I. Connect the pre-charged sample receiver to the actual sample point. If the second inlet
connection will be connected to drain, also remove the remaining blind plug and connect
it. Open valve A and the flow from the sample point and purge the system either by
opening the valve on the drain or loosen the blind plug until a stable liquid flow free of
air bubbles is established.

II. The cylinder is now ready for sampling, ref. Fig. 5. Sampling is controlled by carefully
draining out back-pressure medium through valve B. The sample volume should not
exceed 80-90 % of cylinder volume.

Product side Secondary side

Fig. 5

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PVT SAMPLING SKETCH

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6. PVT Sampling (Gas)

6.1 Required Equipment (Gas):

1. Vacuumed gas Cylinder (20L)

2. Suitable ¼” SS liner length (1/4” JIC Synflex Hose)
3. ¼” gas sampling manifold
4. pressure gauges (3000 psig)
5. Bulb thermometer
6. ¼” reducer between sample manifold and Cylinder valves
7. Suitable ¼” plugs for gas Cylinder valves.

NOTES:
 To fix Pressure gauge at sample manifold.
 Tape Thermometer to gas Cylinder around bulb (e.g. Silver seal etc.)
 Sample liners should be kept as short as possible.
 Rubber seals should be inspected and new seals fitted if required.

6.2 Sampling Procedures (Gas):

1. Note that this procedure shall be completed along with oil pair sample.
2. Before connecting the sample receiver to the sample point, check that the receiver is
under vacuum by fixing a vacuum pressure gauge (if not, by placing thump finger on top
of inlet valve and slightly open and close the valve ‘feeling’ to feel and confirm a vacuum),
indicating that gas cylinder is ready for usage otherwise hook up to a vacuum pump.
3. If Cylinder is good and vacuum, then record TX No.
4. Identify gas sampling point at top of gas line and hook up sampling liner.
5. Flush sampling liner prior to hook-up to sampling manifold to blow down air.
6. Hook-up sampling manifold loosely to Cylinder and sampling liner to manifold.
7. Purge line from separator sample point through crossover from manifold to Cylinder.

Note: To ensure a high-quality sample the sampling liner must be purged before sampling.

8. Make sure the other end of the cylinder valve is closed and plugged.
9. Connect the evacuated sampling receiver to the actual sampling point liner.
10. Choose a suitable pressure gauge for current separator pressure.
11. Tighten up cross-over (allow liner to pressure up to separator pressure)
12. Gradually open fully separator sample point to pressure test sampling liner and manifold
connected to Cylinder inlet valve.
13. Observe pressure gauge pressure reading 0.0 psig.
14. The cylinder is now ready for sampling. Slowly open the cylinder valve and control.
15. Maintain sampling speed for 20-30 minutes then close the cylinder valve.

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16. When gas sampling is completed, close separator sample point at manifold. Open fully
cylinder inlet valve and check pressure gauge to read similar pressure of separator.
Otherwise, re-adjust valve and resume sampling.
17. If completed. Close sample inlet valve, close separator main sapling point.
18. Bleed the liner, disconnect the cylinder and tighten the blind plug on sample inlet valve.
19. Leak test on both cylinder plugs using soap foaming soap spray.
20. Write down all required information as per data sheet sticker.
21. Ensure to place the documents with the cylinder.

6.3 General Gas Sampling Procedures:

1. Great care should apply to obtain a representable gas sample along with the associated
oil sample.
2. It is important to record all details accurately on the surface sampling data sheet.
2. A sample should be taken by a competent operator and carried out according to
standard methods and with due regard to personal safety considerations.
3. The choice of sampling point for gas samples may vary according to well head/separator
conditions at the time of sampling.
4. Liquid carry-over at separator gas line should be minimized.

NOTE: No chemical injection (e.g. methanol, glycol)

should take place upstream of choke manifold or sampling points.

6. Liners through which samples will be collected should be kept as short as practical.
7. A gas sample is usually taken in conjunction with an oil/condense sample possibly with
the use of a dual sample manifold if two gas samples are required per one liquid sample.
All companions Cylinder TX Nos. should be marked on the data sheets for recombination
at the laboratory.
8. Duration of sample could vary between 20-40 minutes depending on separator pressure.
9. Correct labeling of sample Cylinders is important so that the laboratory technicians can
identify each associated sample.

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6.4 Gas Sample Receiver [ Luxfer Gas M3719]

Before the gas sampling receiver is connected to any process system, the receiver must be evacuated, as
described below.

1/4" NPT 1/4" NPT

6.4.1 Cylinder Evacuating Procedure:

1. Remove ¼” blind plug from one side of the cylinder.

2. Connect the vacuum pump to ¼” NPT port and open the valve.
3. Run the vacuum pump to evacuate the cylinder.
4. When the pressure reach’s 0.1 mbar. Close the valve.
5. Switch Off the pump and disconnect from the cylinder.
6. Put back the blind Plug to cylinder valve.
7. Now the cylinder is ready for sampling job.

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6.4.2 Gas Sampling Sketch

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7. Measuring Gas Specific Gravity ():

To measure gas specific gravity, a representable Separator Gas sample is normally collected from
the upper point of gas line on test separator using a bladder or stainless-steel sample Cylinder
with two isolation valves. Then it will be connected to gravitometer Ranarex to measure SG.

1. Connect ¼” SS liner tubing to top part of separator gas line.

2. Flush or purge SS liner with separator gas, to ensure no air contamination.
3. Once sample line is been “blown down”, place bladder over SS liner end fitting, or connect
the sample SS Cylinder.
4. Crack opens the isolating valve on the sample liner and fill the bladder or Cylinder.

NOTE: Do no over-pressurize the bladder (0-15psig) as it is not a pressurized device

and will rupture if excess pressure is applied.

5. Vent the gas in the bladder or Cylinder in order to flush and purge the container.
6. Repeat steps 3 and 4, at least two times to purge the bladder or cylinder.
7. Fill the bladder or Cylinder with gas and measure the specific gravity using the Ranarex
gravitometer.
8. Connect Ranarex to 110V/220V electric source.
9. Put selector valve on “O” position
10. Unlock pointer and adjust to 0.0 scale
11. Change selector valve on “L” position if gas SG lower than (1.0) or “H” for SG more than
(1.0). Mostly “L” is sufficient.
12. Connect the bladder / cylinder to Ranarex inlet valve at flow meter.
13. Crack open valve to adjust flow in middle of flow glass.
14. Observe pointer ready, whenever stable “record gas SG” e.g. 0.750
15. Whenever completed, close bladder / cylinder valve.
16. Disconnect bladder / cylinder
17. Put selector valve on “O” position
18. Monitor scale going back to 0.0
19. Lock pointer and adjust to 0.0 scale
20. Off electric source.

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8. Measuring Liquid Specific Gravity (S.G.)

1. Purge through the oil sample line on the separator until the contents of the line has been
displaced twice.
2. Collect a sample from the oil line on the separator into a measuring cylinder.

NOTE:
a) The cylinder should have enough height to allow for a 1” clearance between the
bottom of the hydrometer and the base of the measuring cylinder.
b) The I.D of the cylinder should be at least 1” greater than the O.D of the hydrometer.

3. Allow any foam on the top of the sample to settle (or skin off) and place the sample in an area
free from air currents.
4. Lower the hydrometer carefully into the sample to a point 2 of the smallest divisions above that
at which it will float.
5. Release the hydrometer.
6. When the hydrometer comes to a rest, the gravity should be read at the point at which the
surface of the sample cuts the scale.

NOTE: The hydrometer should not touch the side of the measuring cylinder.
If the scale cannot be read properly, deduct 0.1 from the reading.

7. Take the temperature of the sample and note results on the data sheet.

NOTE: It is preferable to use a hydrometer that combines the thermometer and hydrometer
functions.

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Surface Well Testing Document Number:
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Standard Operating Procedures
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Sampling Procedure 02 19 of 25

9. Measuring Basic Sediments & Water (BS&W)

1. For heavy crude oil sample, Pour 50ml of solvent into a clean 100ml centrifuge tube (if
required).
2. Add 1 to 3 drops of de-emulsifier and shake tube to mix until solvent and de-emulsifier
are well mixed solution.

NOTE: This step would only be done when emulsion presents with heavy crude oil.

3. Pour in 50ml of crude oil into the pervious solution to become 100ml in total.
4. Shake one more time the centrifuge tube by hand for several minutes to mix thoroughly
the sample with de-emulsifier solution (if used).
5. Repeat this procedure for a second centrifuge tube if enough collected sample.
6. As required, heat the centrifuge tubes in a water bath until the sample temperature
reaches 140°F.
7. Once the sample is been heated, shake again and place in the centrifuge kit.

NOTE: When shaking the sample, ensure that none of the sample is spilled out.

8. Switch on the centrifuge kit and spin the sample for approximately 3-10 minutes.
9. Read the BS&W content on the tube (scale 0-100ml).

NOTE: Read to the nearest 0.05ml (between 0.1ml and 1ml) and to the nearest 0.1ml
when over 1ml and multiply by (2).

10. If two samples being collected, add the percentages together to achieve the average
true BS&W value, dividing by (2).

NOTE:
1) If only one sample is taken then the result should be multiplied by two
since 50% the sample was solvent (100/50=2).

2) If the sample is not mixed with solvent (e.g. light crude oil or condense)
the percentage of BS&W should be read directly. If two samples are taken
average is to be considered, dividing by (2).

11. On completion of the test, all devices should be washed and cleaned to be ready for the
next measurement.

NOTE: On HP/HT wells, no samples should be taken from upstream of the choke
manifold apart from monophasic samples.

On every well test always be aware of potential hazards, whenever sampling from upstream of
the choke manifold. The potential of valve washout etc. Accordingly, ensure to fix double valves.

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Standard Operating Procedures
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Sampling Procedure 02 20 of 25

10.Measuring Water Salinity (Chlorides)

1. Pipette 1.00ml water sample into the titration dish and dilute to 40 or 50ml with distilled
water.
2. Add four or five drops of potassium chromate indicator solution.
3. Add standard silver nitrate solution from an automatic drette or a pipette dropwise and
slowly, while continuously stirring with a stirring rod, until the sample color just turns
from yellow to orange or brick red.
4. The number of ml of standard silver nitrate used to obtain this end point is multiplied by
10,000 when 0.01g silver nitrate solution is used or by 1,000 when the 0.001g silver
nitrate solution is used to obtain parts per million (ppm) of chloride (Cl) iron.

Result:

The salinity, salt content in the sample is expressed in parts per million chloride (ppm Cl),
Multiply by 1.65 to get (ppm NaCl).

Recommendations:

1. The volume of sample may be adjusted to use more practical volumes of standard silver
nitrate, not to exceed 10.00ml, when the salt content is lower or greater than usual, if
other than 1.00 ml of sample is used, divide the result obtained in step 4 by the number
of ml of sample used to obtain the correct concentration.
2. If the sample is alkaline prior to dilution in step 1, it should be made colorless to
phenolphthalein using N/10 sulfuric acid.
3. If the filtrate deeply colored that the end point cannot be seen in the diluted sample, the
following procedure may be used. Add 1N nitric acid to a measured volume of the
sample. Add 1N nitric acid to a measured volume of the original filtrate until the color
changes to tan. Add a small quantity of chloride-free powdered activated charcoal, stir
thoroughly and filter, wash with distilled water, collecting the washings with the first
filtrate until the volume reaches 50ml. Add and excess of powdered C.P. calcium
carbonate so that some remains un-dissolved and proceed with step 2 of the procedure.
4. If sulfides are present, as indicated by a brownish black precipitate, take a new sample.
Add 1ml of 1N nitric acid, and 2 ml of potassium chromate indicator, If it is necessary
also to remove thinner, it can be done at this point, starting with sentence 3 of step 3
above. If removal of thinner is not necessary, add 1 gram of powdered C.P. calcium
carbonate, calcium carbonate dilute to 50 ml and proceed with step 3 of the procedure.

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 Issue Date:
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Surface Well Testing Document Number:
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Standard Operating Procedures
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Sampling Procedure 02 21 of 25

11. Measuring Viscosity

The viscometer is a battery powered unit which has various size cups for various ranges of
viscosities. Beside each range on the readout there is a number in which refers to each individual
cup.

1. Pour some oil into the test container and select a cup suitable for the estimated viscosity.
2. Once the required range is been found, the viscosity can be read from the scale in centipoise
(CP).

NOTE:
 If the meter goes off scale, replace with another cup.
 Always measure oi temperature when reading viscosity i.e. 15 CP @ 90°F.

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Standard Operating Procedures
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Sampling Procedure 02 22 of 25

12. Measuring Cloud/Pour Point

The cloud / pour point equipment consists of test jars, cork stoppers and a bath.

1. Pour a sample of oil in four test jars and place them in ice bath/container.
2. Let the samples cool down until the oil is thick and does not move or pour when the jars
are tilted.
3. Remove the jars from the fridge/ice and place in warm or hot water bath.
4. Keep monitoring the temperature and tilting the samples.
5. The pour point temperature is the temperature at which the fluid first starts to pour or
flow.

NOTE:
 A fridge could be used if available (mud loggers’ fridge).
 Warm water is better for a gradual increase in temperature and a more
accurate determination of pour point.
 Once a pour point temperature is been recorded, it will probably be more
accurate on subsequent tests, as a more gradual increase in temperature can
be affected around the known pour point temperature.

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 Issue Date:
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Surface Well Testing Document Number:
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Standard Operating Procedures
Rev. No. Page No.
Sampling Procedure 02 23 of 25

13.Measuring Resistivity of Water

1. Fill the cell with fluid, carefully to remove air bubbles (thoroughly purge the chamber
three times wetting the surface).
2. Connect the cell to the Resistivity Meter.
3. Push black button and adjust for full scale reading on the meter.
4. While keeping the black button pressed, push the red button.
5. The reading on the meter is the resistivity of the fluid (if testing mud, wait 3 to 5 minutes
to take the reading, to allow the cell and mud to reach temperature equilibrium).
6. Record the resistivity reading and the temperature of the cell.
7. Remove the cell and clean with distilled water.

NOTE:
 A pipe cleaner can be used to remove particles of mud that cannot be
flushed out with water.
 When cleaning the cell use only fresh or distilled water to clean the cell,
DO NOT use any type of solvent.
 If using a pipe cleaner, be careful not to scratch the inner surface of the
cell.

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Standard Operating Procedures
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Sampling Procedure 02 24 of 25

14. Dragger Pump (H2S / CO2):

1. Select tube of correct type and range.

2. Squeeze Dragger pump body by hand to compress the bellows and insert unbroken tube
into valve orifice.
3. Release hand and observe bellows still compressed, as it is holding.
4. Collect gas sample bladder / stainless steel cylinder.
5. Break opens both ends of the Dragger tube.
6. Compress body to expel air from bellows and insert tube in valve opening (ensure arrow
on tube to the pump opening).
7. Once tube secure in valve aperture, release bellows and allow chain to go taut.
8. Repeat compression / relaxation sequence as required for n times.
9. Once all compression / relaxation sequences completed, remove the bladder and tube
from the valve aperture and read off the discoloration from tube against the relevant
scale.
10. For MERCAPTANS replace step 8 / with the following:-
11. Once the sample has been sucked through the tube n times, the tube should be broken
at the breaking point (between the two dots) so that the inner reagent ampoule breaks.
12. Shake out the contents of the ampoule in the direction of the indicating layer and suck
the solution through the layer.
13. Consideration should be given on every well test as to the need to sample for H2S & CO2
upstream of the choke manifold. Gas samples will be the same downstream of the choke
manifold and if the valve washout occurs the choke can be closed in or diverted to other
choke.

NOTE:
 If bellows do not expand then integrity of bellows is assured.
 If bellows expand then the bellows are leaking. REPLACE the bellows
 Ensure bladder / cylinder is adequately purged to obtain a representative sample.
 The sample must be atmospheric as Dragger tube, if the sample bladder contains
pressure this will create an artificially higher reading.
 Check arrow on tube sides for correct end to install
 Arrow indicates direction of flow (from sample to tester pump).
 The chain MUST be allowed to go taut for a correct reading to be obtained, This is
because the volume of the bellows is a calibrated amount which is related to the
reagent used in the tubes and any differing volume will cause errors.
 The value of n is indicates on the tube and will be dependanton the tube and scale
used (for multi scale tubes).
 The indicating layer should be completely wetted by the solution.
 Take care that the contents of the ampoule do not enter the pump.
 For HP/HT wells. No samples for H2S & CO2 should be taken from upstream of
choke manifold.

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 Issue Date:
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Surface Well Testing Document Number:
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Standard Operating Procedures
Rev. No. Page No.
Sampling Procedure 02 25 of 25

Draeger Tubes & Pump:

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