Q1)Introduction​

ans)Good morning/afternoon! My name is MD ATIF RAZA, and I am currently in my final year of

B.Tech at LNCTE, and pursuing computer science and engineering . I have a strong passion for
software development and problem-solving, with hands-on experience in full-stack development
using the MERN stack.

Over the past two years, I have worked on various projects, including a recruitment platform, a
hackathon management system, and a biodata collection system for community matchmaking.
Through these experiences, I have gained expertise in JavaScript, React.js, Node.js,
Express.js, MongoDB, and PHP. I have also worked with cloud services like AWS and
databases like MySQL and Firebase.

Apart from my technical skills, I enjoy solving coding problems and have a keen interest in web
technologies. I am always eager to learn and adapt to new technologies. I am excited about the
opportunity at Wipro, where I can apply my skills, contribute to meaningful projects, and
continue growing as a software engineer.

Q2)Challenges Faced in the project​

Ans)"During my projects, I faced several challenges that helped me grow as a developer. One of
the major challenges was handling complex data management efficiently in my MERN stack
projects. For example, in my biodata collection system, I had to optimize database queries in
MongoDB to handle a large volume of user data efficiently. Initially, some queries took too long,
so I optimized them using indexing and aggregation pipelines, which improved performance
significantly.

Another challenge was implementing secure user authentication in my projects, like the
hackathon management system. I had to ensure that user data remained safe while allowing
smooth login and signup processes. I overcame this by implementing JWT-based
authentication, password hashing using bcrypt, and proper API security measures.

I also faced challenges in making a recruitment process layout fully responsive. Since it had a
sequence of cards and arrows connecting them, adjusting the layout dynamically across
different screen sizes was tricky. I solved this by using CSS flexbox and grid along with media
queries to ensure smooth responsiveness.

These challenges taught me valuable lessons in performance optimization, security, and

responsive design, making me a better problem solver.

Q3)Your long term vision ​

Ans)As a fresher, my long-term goal is to grow as a skilled software engineer and keep
learning new technologies. Right now, I’m focused on improving my problem-solving
skills and gaining hands-on experience in real-world projects. In the next few years, I see
myself working on challenging projects, learning from experienced professionals, and
becoming really good at full-stack development.
Later on, I’d love to take on more responsibilities, maybe even lead a team or work on
innovative projects that make a real impact. I also want to keep up with the latest trends
in technology, like AI, cloud computing, and cybersecurity, so that I can stay relevant in
the industry.

Overall, my goal is to build a strong foundation in software development, contribute

meaningfully to my company, and grow both professionally and personally."

Q4)Favorite and least favorite subject ​

Ans)"My favorite subject is *Information and Web Technologies (IWT)* because I enjoy building
web applications and understanding how different technologies come together to create
interactive platforms. I love working with front-end and back-end technologies, optimizing
performance, and solving real-world problems through web development. That’s why I’ve also
done multiple projects related to it.**

**As for my least favorite subject, I’d say *Theory-heavy subjects like Software Project
Management*. While I understand its importance in planning and executing projects, I
personally enjoy hands-on coding and problem-solving more than theoretical frameworks and
documentation. However, I still make an effort to understand the key concepts because they are
essential for working in a structured development environment."**

Q5)5 features of java

Ans)Platform Independence – Java follows the "Write Once, Run Anywhere" (WORA) principle,
meaning Java programs can run on any system with a Java Virtual Machine (JVM), making it
highly portable.

Object-Oriented – Java is based on object-oriented programming (OOP) concepts like classes,

objects, inheritance, polymorphism, and encapsulation, which make code reusable and
maintainable.

Automatic Memory Management – Java has a built-in garbage collector that automatically
handles memory allocation and deallocation, reducing the chances of memory leaks.

Multithreading Support – Java allows multiple threads to run simultaneously, improving the
efficiency of applications, especially in tasks like gaming, animations, and real-time processing.

Security – Java provides built-in security features like bytecode verification, exception handling,
and access control mechanisms, making it a safe and reliable language for development.

Q6)Questions on oops ​
i)inheritance and its types
Ans)Inheritance is one of the fundamental concepts of Object-Oriented Programming (OOPs). It
allows a class (child class) to acquire the properties and behaviors of another class (parent
class). This promotes code reusability and helps in building a hierarchical relationship between
classes.

Types of Inheritance in Java:

Single Inheritance

One class inherits from another class.

Example:

class Parent {

void show() { System.out.println("This is Parent class"); }

class Child extends Parent {

void display() { System.out.println("This is Child class"); }

Multilevel Inheritance

A class inherits from another class, which is itself inherited from another class.

Example:

class GrandParent {

void grandParentMethod() { System.out.println("Grandparent class"); }

class Parent extends GrandParent {

void parentMethod() { System.out.println("Parent class"); }

class Child extends Parent {

void childMethod() { System.out.println("Child class"); }

}
Hierarchical Inheritance

One parent class is inherited by multiple child classes.

Example:

class Parent {

void parentMethod() { System.out.println("Parent class method"); }

class Child1 extends Parent {

void child1Method() { System.out.println("Child 1 method"); }

class Child2 extends Parent {

void child2Method() { System.out.println("Child 2 method"); }

Multiple Inheritance (Not Supported in Java with Classes)

Java does not support multiple inheritance with classes to avoid ambiguity issues.

However, it can be achieved using interfaces.

Example using Interfaces:

interface A {

void methodA();

interface B {

void methodB();

class C implements A, B {
 public void methodA() { System.out.println("Method A"); }

public void methodB() { System.out.println("Method B"); }

Hybrid Inheritance (Not Fully Supported in Java)

It is a combination of two or more types of inheritance.

Since Java doesn’t support multiple inheritance directly with classes, hybrid inheritance is
achieved using interfaces.

ii)Constructor and its types

Ans)A constructor is a special method in Java that is used to initialize objects. It is called
automatically when an object is created. The constructor name must be the same as the class
name, and it does not have a return type (not even void).

Types of Constructors in Java:

1. Default Constructor (No-Argument Constructor)

A constructor that takes no parameters.

It is automatically created by Java if no constructor is defined.

Used to initialize objects with default values.

Example:

class Student {

Student() { // Default constructor

System.out.println("Default Constructor Called");

public static void main(String[] args) {

Student obj = new Student(); // Calls the default constructor

}
}

Output:

Default Constructor Called

2. Parameterized Constructor

A constructor that takes arguments to assign values to object properties.

Used when we need to initialize an object with specific values at the time of creation.

Example:

class Student {

String name;

int age;

// Parameterized Constructor

Student(String n, int a) {

name = n;

age = a;

void display() {

System.out.println("Name: " + name + ", Age: " + age);

public static void main(String[] args) {

Student obj1 = new Student("Rahul", 22);

obj1.display();

Output:
Name: Rahul, Age: 22

3. Copy Constructor

A constructor that creates a new object by copying the values of another object.

Java does not provide a built-in copy constructor, so we create it manually.

Example:

class Student {

String name;

int age;

// Parameterized Constructor

Student(String n, int a) {

name = n;

age = a;

// Copy Constructor

Student(Student s) {

name = s.name;

age = s.age;

void display() {

System.out.println("Name: " + name + ", Age: " + age);

}
 public static void main(String[] args) {

Student obj1 = new Student("Rahul", 22);

Student obj2 = new Student(obj1); // Copying obj1 values into obj2

obj2.display();

Output:

Name: Rahul, Age: 22

4. Private Constructor

A constructor declared as private.

Used in Singleton Design Pattern to restrict object creation to one instance.

Example:

class Singleton {

private static Singleton instance; // Static instance

// Private Constructor

private Singleton() {

System.out.println("Singleton Constructor Called");

// Method to get the single instance

public static Singleton getInstance() {

if (instance == null) {

instance = new Singleton();

}
 return instance;

public static void main(String[] args) {

Singleton obj1 = Singleton.getInstance();

Singleton obj2 = Singleton.getInstance();

Output:

Singleton Constructor Called

(Even though we call getInstance() twice, the constructor runs only once, proving it's a
singleton.)

Key Points About Constructors:

✅ A constructor must have the same name as the class.

✅ It cannot have a return type (not even void).
✅ If no constructor is defined, Java provides a default constructor automatically.
✅ Constructors can be overloaded (i.e., multiple constructors with different parameters).
✅ The this keyword is used to call another constructor within the same class.
iii)Abstraction and virtual function

Ans)Abstraction and Virtual Function in Java

1. Abstraction in Java

Abstraction is an OOP concept that hides implementation details and shows only the necessary
functionality to the user. It helps in reducing complexity and increasing code reusability.

👉 In Java, abstraction is achieved using:

Abstract Classes (abstract keyword)

Interfaces (interface keyword)

Abstract Class in Java

An abstract class is a class that cannot be instantiated (i.e., you can't create objects of it).

It can have both abstract (unimplemented) and concrete (implemented) methods.

It is used when multiple classes share a common behavior but need different implementations.

Example:

abstract class Vehicle {

abstract void start(); // Abstract method (no body)

void display() { // Concrete method

System.out.println("This is a vehicle.");

class Car extends Vehicle {

void start() {

System.out.println("Car starts with a key.");

class Bike extends Vehicle {

void start() {

System.out.println("Bike starts with a self-start button.");

public class Main {

 public static void main(String[] args) {

Vehicle obj1 = new Car();

obj1.start(); // Output: Car starts with a key.

Vehicle obj2 = new Bike();

obj2.start(); // Output: Bike starts with a self-start button.

Interface in Java

An interface is a blueprint of a class that contains only abstract methods (until Java 8, where
default methods were introduced).

A class can implement multiple interfaces, unlike abstract classes.

Interfaces provide full abstraction because they don’t contain concrete methods (except
default/static methods).

Example:

interface Animal {

void sound(); // Abstract method

class Dog implements Animal {

public void sound() {

System.out.println("Dog barks");

class Cat implements Animal {

public void sound() {

 System.out.println("Cat meows");

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Animal obj = new Dog();

obj.sound(); // Output: Dog barks

Animal obj2 = new Cat();

obj2.sound(); // Output: Cat meows

2. Virtual Function in Java (Runtime Polymorphism)

A virtual function is a concept from C++ where a function is declared in a base class and
overridden in a derived class.

👉 In Java, all non-static methods are "virtual functions" by default.

Java uses method overriding to achieve the effect of virtual functions.

This enables Runtime Polymorphism (Dynamic Method Dispatch), where the method that gets
called is determined at runtime.

Example of Virtual Function (Method Overriding) in Java:

class Parent {

void show() { // Virtual function

System.out.println("This is Parent class");

class Child extends Parent {

 @Override

void show() { // Overriding the virtual function

System.out.println("This is Child class");

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Parent obj = new Child(); // Upcasting

obj.show(); // Output: This is Child class (Method overriding at runtime)

Q)Wrapper class​
ans)Wrapper Class in Java

Me:​
A Wrapper Class in Java is used to convert primitive data types (int, char, float, etc.) into
objects. Since Java is an object-oriented language, sometimes we need to work with objects
instead of primitive types—this is where wrapper classes come in.

For each primitive type, Java provides a corresponding wrapper class in the java.lang
package:

Primitive Type Wrapper Class

int Integer

char Character
 byte Byte

short Short

long Long

float Float

double Double

boolean Boolean

Example of Wrapper Class Usage

public class WrapperExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {

int num = 10; // Primitive data type

Integer obj = Integer.valueOf(num); // Boxing (Converting to Wrapper class)

System.out.println("Wrapper Object: " + obj);

int newNum = obj.intValue(); // Unboxing (Converting back to primitive)

System.out.println("Primitive Value: " + newNum);

}
Output:

Wrapper Object: 10

Primitive Value: 10

Autoboxing and Unboxing in Java

Me:​
Java provides autoboxing and unboxing to automatically convert between primitives and their
wrapper class objects.

●​ Autoboxing: Automatically converts a primitive value into its wrapper object.

●​ Unboxing: Automatically converts a wrapper object back into a primitive type.

Example:

public class AutoBoxingExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Integer obj = 20; // Autoboxing (int → Integer)

int num = obj; // Unboxing (Integer → int)

System.out.println("Autoboxed: " + obj);

System.out.println("Unboxed: " + num);

Output:

Autoboxed: 20

Unboxed: 20
Why Are Wrapper Classes Needed?

1.​ Used in Collections (like ArrayList, HashMap, etc.)​

○​ Collections in Java only store objects, not primitive types.

○​ Example: ArrayList<Integer> instead of ArrayList<int>.
2.​ Allows null values​

○​ Primitive types (int, float, etc.) cannot be null, but wrapper objects
(Integer, Float, etc.) can.
3.​ Utility Methods​

○​ Wrapper classes provide helpful methods like parseInt(), valueOf(), etc.

Interviewer: Can you give a real-life example?

Me:​
Sure!​
Think of a primitive type as raw materials (like iron rods). But to use them in construction,
we need to wrap them inside a concrete structure (objects). Similarly, wrapper classes wrap
primitive types to make them more useful in Java’s object-oriented environment.

(Why This Answer is Good for Wipro Interview?)

✅ Easy to Understand Explanation​

✅ Code Example with Autoboxing & Unboxing​
✅ Real-world Analogy​
✅ Explained Why It’s Useful in Java
Would you like me to simplify it further or add more examples? 😊
Q)Threading​
Ans)### **Threading in Java**

**Me:**
Threading in Java refers to the process of executing multiple tasks **simultaneously** within a
program. It helps in **multitasking** by allowing different parts of a program to run
**independently**, making applications faster and more efficient.

In Java, a **thread** is the smallest unit of execution. The **Java Thread Model** is based on
the concept of **multithreading**, which means running multiple threads **at the same time**
within a single program.

---

### **Why Use Threads?**

1. **Better CPU Utilization** – Uses system resources efficiently.

2. **Faster Execution** – Tasks run in parallel, improving speed.

3. **Responsive Applications** – Used in games, animations, and GUI applications (like Android
apps).

4. **Background Processing** – Helps in file downloading, video streaming, etc.

---

### **Ways to Create a Thread in Java**

There are **two main ways** to create threads in Java:

#### **1. Extending the `Thread` Class**

```java

class MyThread extends Thread {

public void run() {

System.out.println("Thread is running...");
 }

public class ThreadExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {

MyThread t1 = new MyThread(); // Creating a thread

t1.start(); // Starting the thread

```

**Output:**

```

Thread is running...

```

✅ Simple to implement
❌ Cannot extend another class because Java **does not support multiple inheritance**
---

#### **2. Implementing the `Runnable` Interface (Preferred Method)**

```java

class MyRunnable implements Runnable {

public void run() {

System.out.println("Thread is running...");
 }

public class RunnableExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Thread t1 = new Thread(new MyRunnable()); // Creating thread

t1.start(); // Starting the thread

```

✅ More flexible (can extend another class)

✅ Used in real-world applications like servers
---

### **Thread Lifecycle (States of a Thread)**

A thread goes through different states in its lifecycle:

1. **New** – Thread is created but not started yet.

2. **Runnable** – Thread is ready to run but waiting for CPU time.

3. **Running** – Thread is executing its task.

4. **Blocked/Waiting** – Thread is waiting for a resource to be available.

5. **Terminated** – Thread has completed its execution.

---

### **Interviewer: What is Multithreading?**

**Me:**

Multithreading means running **multiple threads concurrently** to improve efficiency. It helps in

performing **multiple tasks at the same time** instead of executing them **sequentially**.

Example:

- In a web browser, you can **download a file** while **browsing a website** at the same time.

- In a video game, **game logic, background music, and user input** all run as separate
threads.

---

### **Interviewer: What is Synchronization?**

**Me:**

When multiple threads **access the same resource**, there is a risk of data inconsistency.
**Synchronization** ensures that only **one thread at a time** can access a shared resource.

Example of Synchronization:

```java

class Counter {

private int count = 0;

public synchronized void increment() { // Synchronized method

count++;
 }

public int getCount() {

return count;

public class SyncExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Counter counter = new Counter();

// Multiple threads incrementing the counter

Thread t1 = new Thread(() -> {

for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++) counter.increment();

});

Thread t2 = new Thread(() -> {

for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++) counter.increment();

});

t1.start();

t2.start();

try {
 t1.join();

t2.join();

} catch (InterruptedException e) {

e.printStackTrace();

System.out.println("Final count: " + counter.getCount());

```

**Output:**

```

Final count: 2000

```

Without synchronization, the result could be **inconsistent** due to **race conditions**.

---

### **Interviewer: What is the difference between a Process and a Thread?**

| Feature | Process | Thread |

|---------|--------|--------|

| Definition | A running program | A small task within a process |

| Memory | Has separate memory | Shares memory with other threads in the process |

| Communication | Slow (uses IPC) | Fast (shared memory) |

| Creation | Takes more time | Takes less time |

| Example | Opening a browser | Multiple tabs in the browser |

---

### **Final Key Points for Wipro Interview**

✅ **Explained in Simple Terms**

✅ **Code Examples for Clarity**
✅ **Real-Life Examples (Games, Browsers, etc.)**
✅ **Comparison Table for Better Understanding**
Would you like me to add more details on any specific part? 😊
Q)Exception handling

Ans)### **Exception Handling in Java**

**Me:**

Exception Handling in Java is a **mechanism to handle runtime errors** so that the program
**doesn’t crash unexpectedly** and can continue execution smoothly.

---

### **What is an Exception?**

An **exception** is an **unexpected event** that occurs during program execution, which

**disrupts the normal flow** of instructions.
**Example of an Exception:**

```java

public class Example {

public static void main(String[] args) {

int a = 10, b = 0;

int result = a / b; // This will cause an exception

System.out.println("Result: " + result);

```

🔴 **Output:**
```

Exception in thread "main" java.lang.ArithmeticException: / by zero

```

Here, dividing by zero causes an **ArithmeticException**, leading to program termination.

---

### **Why Use Exception Handling?**

1. **Prevents Program Crashes** – Instead of stopping execution, we handle the error.

2. **Improves Code Maintainability** – Errors are managed systematically.

3. **Ensures Proper Resource Management** – Like closing database connections.

---
### **Handling Exceptions Using try-catch**

To handle exceptions, we use a **try-catch** block.

```java

public class TryCatchExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {

try {

int a = 10, b = 0;

int result = a / b; // Risky code

System.out.println("Result: " + result);

} catch (ArithmeticException e) {

System.out.println("Cannot divide by zero!");

System.out.println("Program continues...");

```

✅ **Output:**
```

Cannot divide by zero!

Program continues...

```

🔹 The program **doesn’t crash** because we handled the exception.

---

### **Types of Exceptions in Java**

Java has **two types of exceptions**:

#### **1. Checked Exceptions (Compile-time)**

- Exceptions that the compiler **forces you** to handle.

- Example: **FileNotFoundException, IOException**

- Occurs in file handling, database connections, etc.

✅ **Example:**
```java

import java.io.File;

import java.io.FileReader;

import java.io.IOException;

public class CheckedExceptionExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {

try {

File file = new File("test.txt");

FileReader fr = new FileReader(file); // May throw exception

} catch (IOException e) {

System.out.println("File not found!");

 }

```

---

#### **2. Unchecked Exceptions (Runtime)**

- Exceptions that occur **at runtime** and are **not checked by the compiler**.

- Example: **ArithmeticException, NullPointerException, ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException**

✅ **Example:**
```java

public class UncheckedExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {

String str = null;

System.out.println(str.length()); // NullPointerException

```

---

### **Using finally Block**

The **finally** block runs **whether an exception occurs or not**. It’s used to close resources
like files or databases.

```java

public class FinallyExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {

try {

int a = 5 / 0;

} catch (ArithmeticException e) {

System.out.println("Exception caught!");

} finally {

System.out.println("This will always execute.");

```

✅ **Output:**
```

Exception caught!

This will always execute.

```

---

### **Throw vs Throws in Java**

| **Feature** | **throw** | **throws** |

|------------|----------|-----------|

| **Purpose** | Manually throw an exception | Declare exceptions in method signature |

| **Usage** | Inside a method | In method declaration |

| **Example** | `throw new ArithmeticException("Error")` | `void myMethod() throws

IOException` |

✅ **Example of `throw`:**
```java

public class ThrowExample {

static void validate(int age) {

if (age < 18) {

throw new ArithmeticException("Not eligible to vote");

System.out.println("Eligible to vote");

public static void main(String[] args) {

validate(15); // This will throw an exception

```

✅ **Example of `throws`:**
```java
import java.io.*;

public class ThrowsExample {

static void readFile() throws IOException {

FileReader file = new FileReader("test.txt");

public static void main(String[] args) {

try {

readFile();

} catch (IOException e) {

System.out.println("File not found!");

```

---

### **Interviewer: Can you give a real-life example of exception handling?**

**Me:**

Sure! Imagine you are using an **ATM machine**:

- If you **enter the wrong PIN**, the machine **doesn’t crash**, it shows an error message
instead.
- If there are **insufficient funds**, the machine **handles the error gracefully** by showing a
proper message instead of stopping.

- This is **exception handling** in real life!

---

### **Key Takeaways for Wipro Interview**

✅ **Explained in Simple Terms**

✅ **Code Examples for Clarity**
✅ **Real-Life ATM Example**
✅ **Comparison of Throw vs Throws**
Would you like me to explain any part in more detail? 😊
Q)Normalization​
Ans)### **Normalization in DBMS**

**Me:**

Normalization in **Database Management System (DBMS)** is a process used to **organize

data efficiently** by eliminating **redundancy (duplicate data)** and ensuring **data integrity**. It
helps in minimizing **inconsistencies** and improving **performance** by dividing large tables
into smaller, related tables.

---

### **Why is Normalization Needed?**

1. **Reduces Data Redundancy** – Removes duplicate data.

2. **Improves Data Integrity** – Ensures accuracy and consistency.

3. **Easier Data Modification** – Updates, insertions, and deletions become easier.

4. **Minimizes Anomalies** – Prevents **insertion, update, and deletion anomalies**.

---

### **Types (Forms) of Normalization**

Normalization follows a step-by-step process called **normal forms (NF)**. The most commonly
used forms are **1NF, 2NF, 3NF, and BCNF**.

#### ** 🔹 1NF (First Normal Form) – Remove Repeating Data**

- **Each column should have atomic (indivisible) values**.

- **Each row should be unique**.

✅ **Example (Before 1NF – Unnormalized Table)**

| StudentID | Name | Subjects |

|-----------|--------|----------------|

|1 | Rahul | Math, Science |

|2 | Priya | English, Science |

🔴 **Problem:** Subjects contain **multiple values** in a single cell (not atomic).

✅ **After Applying 1NF**
| StudentID | Name | Subject |

|-----------|--------|---------|

|1 | Rahul | Math |

|1 | Rahul | Science |

|2 | Priya | English |

|2 | Priya | Science |

🔹 Now **each column has atomic values**, and data is properly structured.
---

#### ** 🔹 2NF (Second Normal Form) – Remove Partial Dependency**

**Rules for 2NF:**

1. Must be in **1NF**.

2. **No partial dependency** (i.e., a non-key column should depend on the entire primary key,
not just part of it).

✅ **Example (Before 2NF – Problem)**

| OrderID | ProductID | ProductName | CustomerID | CustomerName |

|---------|----------|-------------|------------|-------------|

|1 | P1 | Laptop | C1 | Alice |

|2 | P2 | Phone | C2 | Bob |

🔴 **Problem:**
- **ProductName depends only on ProductID**, not on OrderID.

- **CustomerName depends only on CustomerID**, not on OrderID.

- These **partial dependencies** lead to duplication.

✅ **After Applying 2NF**

**Product Table**

| ProductID | ProductName |

|----------|-------------|

| P1 | Laptop |

| P2 | Phone |

**Customer Table**

| CustomerID | CustomerName |

|------------|-------------|

| C1 | Alice |

| C2 | Bob |

**Orders Table**

| OrderID | ProductID | CustomerID |

|---------|----------|------------|

|1 | P1 | C1 |

|2 | P2 | C2 |
🔹 **Now, all non-key columns fully depend on the primary key**.
---

#### ** 🔹 3NF (Third Normal Form) – Remove Transitive Dependency**

**Rules for 3NF:**

1. Must be in **2NF**.

2. **No transitive dependency** (i.e., non-key columns should not depend on other non-key
columns).

✅ **Example (Before 3NF – Problem)**

| EmployeeID | Name | DepartmentID | DepartmentName |

|------------|------|-------------|---------------|

| 101 | John | D1 | IT |

| 102 | Mary | D2 | HR |

🔴 **Problem:**
- **DepartmentName depends on DepartmentID**, not on EmployeeID.

- This is a **transitive dependency** and can cause inconsistencies.

✅ **After Applying 3NF**

**Employee Table**

| EmployeeID | Name | DepartmentID |

|------------|------|-------------|

| 101 | John | D1 |

| 102 | Mary | D2 |

**Department Table**

| DepartmentID | DepartmentName |

|-------------|---------------|

| D1 | IT |

| D2 | HR |

🔹 **Now, each column depends only on the primary key**.

---

#### ** 🔹 BCNF (Boyce-Codd Normal Form) – Higher-Level 3NF**

- **Stronger version of 3NF**, removing any remaining anomalies.

- Used in **complex cases** where **multiple candidate keys** exist.

✅ **Example (Before BCNF – Problem)**

| StudentID | Course | Teacher |

|-----------|--------|----------|

|1 | Math | Mr. A |

|2 | Science | Mr. B |
|1 | Science | Mr. C |

🔴 **Problem:**
- **A teacher teaches only one course**, but this is not properly enforced.

✅ **After Applying BCNF**

**Student_Course Table**

| StudentID | Course |

|-----------|--------|

|1 | Math |

|2 | Science |

**Course_Teacher Table**

| Course | Teacher |

|--------|--------|

| Math | Mr. A |

| Science | Mr. B |

---

### **Interviewer: What are Anomalies in DBMS?**

**Me:**

Anomalies occur when a database is **not normalized**, leading to **data inconsistency**. The
three main anomalies are:
1. **Insertion Anomaly** – New data **cannot be added** without unnecessary data.

- Example: Cannot add a new **student** without assigning a **course**.

2. **Update Anomaly** – Updating one record requires updating **multiple places**.

- Example: Changing **teacher’s name** everywhere.

3. **Deletion Anomaly** – Deleting one record **accidentally removes** important data.

- Example: Deleting a **student** also removes the **entire course details**.

---

### **Final Key Points for Wipro Interview**

✅ **Explained in Simple Terms**

✅ **Real-Life Examples**
✅ **Step-by-Step Explanation (1NF to BCNF)**
✅ **Comparison of Anomalies**
Would you like me to explain anything further? 😊
Q)What is polymorphism in java ​
Ans)### **Polymorphism in Java**

**Me:**

Polymorphism in Java is one of the key **Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)** concepts that
allows a **single method or function to behave differently based on the object that calls it**. It
means "**one name, multiple forms**."

---
### ** 🔹 Types of Polymorphism in Java**
Polymorphism in Java is mainly of two types:

1. **Compile-Time Polymorphism (Method Overloading)**

2. **Run-Time Polymorphism (Method Overriding)**

---

### **1️⃣ Compile-Time Polymorphism (Method Overloading)**

- Achieved using **method overloading**, where multiple methods in the same class have the
**same name** but **different parameters** (different number or types of arguments).

- The method to be executed is decided **at compile-time**.

✅ **Example of Method Overloading**

```java

class MathOperations {

// Method with two parameters

int add(int a, int b) {

return a + b;

// Overloaded method with three parameters

int add(int a, int b, int c) {

return a + b + c;
 }

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

MathOperations obj = new MathOperations();

System.out.println(obj.add(5, 10)); // Calls first method → Output: 15

System.out.println(obj.add(5, 10, 20)); // Calls second method → Output: 35

```

🔹 **Here, the method name `add` is the same, but the parameters are different.**
---

### **2️⃣ Run-Time Polymorphism (Method Overriding)**

- Achieved using **method overriding**, where a **subclass provides a specific

implementation** of a method already defined in its parent class.

- The method to be executed is decided **at runtime**, based on the object reference.

✅ **Example of Method Overriding**

```java

// Parent class

class Animal {

void sound() {
 System.out.println("Animals make sounds");

// Child class

class Dog extends Animal {

@Override

void sound() {

System.out.println("Dog barks");

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Animal myAnimal = new Dog(); // Upcasting

myAnimal.sound(); // Output: Dog barks

```

🔹 **Here, the `sound()` method is overridden in the `Dog` class, and the method call is
resolved at runtime.**

---

### ** 🔹 Key Differences Between Overloading and Overriding**

| Feature | Method Overloading | Method Overriding |

|-----------------|------------------|------------------|

| **Type** | Compile-time Polymorphism | Runtime Polymorphism |

| **Method Name** | Same | Same |

| **Parameters** | Different (must be different) | Same (must be identical) |

| **Return Type** | Can be different | Must be the same or covariant |

| **Access Modifier** | No restriction | Cannot reduce visibility |

| **Static Methods** | Can be overloaded | Cannot be overridden |

---

### ** 🔹 Real-Life Example of Polymorphism**

Imagine a **single remote control** that can be used for multiple devices like **TV, AC, and
Music System**.

- **When used for TV** → Increases/decreases volume

- **When used for AC** → Increases/decreases temperature

- **When used for Music System** → Plays/pauses songs

**This is Polymorphism!** 🎮
---

### ** 🔹 Interviewer: Why is Polymorphism Important?**

**Me:**

Polymorphism improves **code reusability, flexibility, and maintainability** by allowing the same
method to behave differently based on the object that calls it. It helps in writing **clean and
scalable** code.
Q) Array List and LinkedList​
Ans)ArrayList vs. LinkedList in Java

Me:

Both ArrayList and LinkedList are implementations of the List interface in Java, but they have
different internal structures and performance characteristics.

🔹 ArrayList in Java
ArrayList is a resizable array-based implementation of the List interface.

It stores elements contiguously in memory, like an array, but dynamically grows when needed.

✅ Key Features of ArrayList

Fast Random Access (O(1)) – Uses an index-based system, so retrieving an element is very
fast.

Slow Insertions & Deletions (O(n)) – Adding/removing elements in the middle requires shifting
elements.

Resizable – Automatically increases size when the list is full.

Uses More Memory – Allocates extra space when growing.

✅ Example of ArrayList
java

Copy

Edit

import java.util.ArrayList;

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

ArrayList<String> list = new ArrayList<>();

 list.add("Apple");

list.add("Banana");

list.add("Cherry");

System.out.println(list.get(1)); // Output: Banana

🔹 LinkedList in Java
LinkedList is a doubly linked list implementation of the List interface.

Each element (node) contains data + a reference to the next and previous nodes.

✅ Key Features of LinkedList

Fast Insertions & Deletions (O(1) for head/tail, O(n) for middle) – No shifting needed, just
change links.

Slow Random Access (O(n)) – Must traverse nodes one by one to find an element.

More Memory Usage – Stores extra pointers for next and previous nodes.

✅ Example of LinkedList
java

Copy

Edit

import java.util.LinkedList;

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

LinkedList<String> list = new LinkedList<>();

list.add("Car");
 list.add("Bike");

list.add("Bus");

list.remove(1); // Removes "Bike"

System.out.println(list); // Output: [Car, Bus]

🔹 Differences Between ArrayList and LinkedList

Feature​ ArrayList​ LinkedList

Implementation​ Uses dynamic array​ Uses doubly linked list

Access Time (get(index))​ O(1) (Fast)​ O(n) (Slow)

Insertion/Deletion (Middle)​ O(n) (Slow - Shifting required)​ O(1) (Fast - Only pointer
updates)

Insertion/Deletion (Start/End)​O(1) for end, O(n) for start​ O(1) for start & end

Memory Usage​ Less (Only stores data)​ More (Stores data + pointers)

Best For​ Fast random access​ Frequent insertions/deletions

🔹 When to Use What?

✔ Use ArrayList when:

You need fast access to elements.

Insertions/deletions happen at the end mostly.

✔ Use LinkedList when:

You need fast insertions/deletions anywhere in the list.

You don’t need frequent random access.

🔹 Real-Life Analogy
ArrayList → Movie Theater Seats 🎭 (Fixed, indexed positions, hard to rearrange).
LinkedList → Train Coaches 🚆 (Easily attach/remove coaches).
🔹
Q)Binary Search ​
Ans) Binary Search in Java

Me:​
Binary Search is an efficient searching algorithm used to find an element in a sorted array.
It follows the divide and conquer approach by repeatedly dividing the search space in half.

✅ How Binary Search Works?

1.​ Find the middle element of the sorted array.

🎯
2.​ Compare the target value with the middle element:

🔍⬅
○​ If it's equal, return the index.

🔍➡
○​ If it's smaller, search the left half.
○​ If it's larger, search the right half.
3.​ Repeat until the element is found or the search space becomes empty.

🔹 Binary Search Algorithm in Java

✅ Iterative Approach
public class BinarySearch {

public static int binarySearch(int[] arr, int target) {

int left = 0, right = arr.length - 1;

while (left <= right) {

int mid = left + (right - left) / 2;

if (arr[mid] == target) return mid; // Target found

 else if (arr[mid] < target) left = mid + 1; // Search right half

else right = mid - 1; // Search left half

return -1; // Target not found

public static void main(String[] args) {

int[] arr = {2, 5, 8, 12, 16, 23, 38, 56};

int target = 16;

int index = binarySearch(arr, target);

System.out.println(index != -1 ? "Element found at index " + index : "Element not found");

🔹 Output:
Element found at index 4

✅ Recursive Approach
public class BinarySearchRecursive {

public static int binarySearch(int[] arr, int left, int right, int target) {

if (left > right) return -1; // Base case: Not found

 int mid = left + (right - left) / 2;

if (arr[mid] == target) return mid; // Target found

else if (arr[mid] < target) return binarySearch(arr, mid + 1, right, target); // Search right half

else return binarySearch(arr, left, mid - 1, target); // Search left half

public static void main(String[] args) {

int[] arr = {2, 5, 8, 12, 16, 23, 38, 56};

int target = 23;

int index = binarySearch(arr, 0, arr.length - 1, target);

System.out.println(index != -1 ? "Element found at index " + index : "Element not found");

🔹 Time & Space Complexity

Case Time Complexity

Best Case O(1) (Element found at the middle)

 Average O(log n)
Case

Worst Case O(log n)

🔹 Space Complexity:
●​ Iterative Approach: O(1) (No extra space used).
●​ Recursive Approach: O(log n) (Stack space for recursion calls).

🔹 When to Use Binary Search?

✔ Use Binary Search when:

✅
🚀
●​ The array is sorted.
●​ You need fast searching (O(log n) is better than O(n)).

✔ Don’t use Binary Search when:

❌
●​ The array is unsorted (Sorting takes O(n log n), making it inefficient).
●​ Searching happens frequently in a changing dataset (LinkedList, HashSet might be
better).

🔹 Real-Life Analogy 📖
Binary Search is like finding a word in a dictionary 📚.
●​ Open the middle page and check.
●​ If the word is earlier, go left.
●​ If it's later, go right.
●​ Keep repeating until you find the word!

🔹
Q)Collection of framework ​
Ans) Java Collection Framework, HashMap & HashSet
Me:​
The Java Collection Framework (JCF) is a set of classes and interfaces that help store,
manipulate, and manage groups of objects efficiently.

🔹 Java Collection Framework Overview

✔ Provides data structures like List, Set, Queue, and Map.​
✔ Supports dynamic memory allocation (Unlike arrays).​
✔ Includes powerful methods for adding, removing, and sorting elements.

✅ What is HashMap in Java?

A HashMap is a part of java.util package that implements the Map interface. It stores
key-value pairs and provides fast retrieval using hashing.

🔹 Features of HashMap
1.​ Stores key-value pairs ((K, V)).
2.​ Allows one null key and multiple null values.
3.​ Unordered – Does not maintain insertion order.
4.​ Fast retrieval – Average time complexity is O(1).
5.​ Uses hashing (Each key is converted into a hash code for quick lookups).

✅ Example of HashMap
import java.util.HashMap;

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

HashMap<Integer, String> map = new HashMap<>();

// Adding elements

map.put(1, "Apple");
 map.put(2, "Banana");

map.put(3, "Cherry");

// Retrieving value using key

System.out.println(map.get(2)); // Output: Banana

// Iterating over HashMap

for (Integer key : map.keySet()) {

System.out.println(key + " -> " + map.get(key));

✅ What is HashSet in Java?

A HashSet is a part of java.util package that implements the Set interface. It stores
unique elements only and does not allow duplicates.

🔹 Features of HashSet
1.​ Stores only unique elements.
2.​ Does not maintain insertion order.
3.​ Allows null values (only one null is allowed).
4.​ Fast operations – Uses hashing for quick insertions, deletions, and lookups.
5.​ Time Complexity – O(1) for add, remove, contains (on average).

✅ Example of HashSet
import java.util.HashSet;
public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

HashSet<String> set = new HashSet<>();

// Adding elements

set.add("Apple");

set.add("Banana");

set.add("Cherry");

set.add("Banana"); // Duplicate, won't be added

// Printing HashSet

System.out.println(set); // Output: [Apple, Cherry, Banana] (Order may vary)

// Checking if an element exists

System.out.println(set.contains("Cherry")); // Output: true

🔹 HashMap vs. HashSet

Feature HashMap HashSet

Implements Map interface Set interface

Stores Key-Value pairs (K, V) Unique values

Allows Keys – No, Values – Yes No

Duplicates?

Allows Null? 1 null key, multiple null values 1 null value

Order Maintained? ❌ No ❌ No
Use Case When you need key-value When you need unique
pairs elements

🔹 When to Use What?

✔ Use HashMap when:

●​ You need key-value pairs.

●​ You need fast lookups based on a key.

✔ Use HashSet when:

●​ You need to store only unique values.

●​ You don’t care about order but want fast searching.

🔹 Real-Life Analogy
📖
📝
●​ HashMap → Dictionary (Word → Meaning)
●​ HashSet → Attendance List (Each student’s name appears only once)
 🔹
Q)SQL joins explain​
Ans) SQL Joins Explained (with Examples)

Me:​
In SQL, JOIN is used to combine data from two or more tables based on a related column
between them.

✅ Types of SQL Joins

1.​ INNER JOIN – Returns matching rows from both tables.
2.​ LEFT JOIN (LEFT OUTER JOIN) – Returns all rows from the left table, and matching
rows from the right table.
3.​ RIGHT JOIN (RIGHT OUTER JOIN) – Returns all rows from the right table, and
matching rows from the left table.
4.​ FULL JOIN (FULL OUTER JOIN) – Returns all rows from both tables, whether they
match or not.
5.​ CROSS JOIN – Returns the Cartesian product of both tables.
6.​ SELF JOIN – Joins a table with itself.

✅ Example Tables
Let's consider two tables:

🔹 Employees Table
emp_id name dept_id

1 Alice 101

2 Bob 102

3 Charlie 103
4 David NULL

🔹 Departments Table
dept_id dept_nam
e

101 HR

102 IT

104 Finance

1️⃣ INNER JOIN (Only Matching Records)

🔹 Returns only rows that have matching values in both tables.
SELECT Employees.name, Departments.dept_name

FROM Employees

INNER JOIN Departments

ON Employees.dept_id = Departments.dept_id;

🔹 Output
nam dept_nam
e e
Alice HR

Bob IT

❌ David (NULL dept_id) and Charlie (103) are not included because they have no match in
the Departments table.

2️⃣ LEFT JOIN (All Left Table + Matching Right)

🔹 Returns all rows from the Employees table, even if there’s no match in Departments.
SELECT Employees.name, Departments.dept_name

FROM Employees

LEFT JOIN Departments

ON Employees.dept_id = Departments.dept_id;

🔹 Output
name dept_nam
e

Alice HR

Bob IT

Charlie NULL
David NULL

💡 Charlie (103) and David (NULL) are included with NULL values because there's no
matching department.

3️⃣ RIGHT JOIN (All Right Table + Matching Left)

🔹 Returns all rows from Departments, even if there’s no match in Employees.
SELECT Employees.name, Departments.dept_name

FROM Employees

RIGHT JOIN Departments

ON Employees.dept_id = Departments.dept_id;

🔹 Output
name dept_nam
e

Alice HR

Bob IT

NULL Finance

💡 "Finance" (104) is included with NULL because no employee is in this department.

4️⃣ FULL JOIN (All Data from Both Tables)
🔹 Returns all rows from both tables. If there's no match, NULL is returned.
SELECT Employees.name, Departments.dept_name

FROM Employees

FULL JOIN Departments

ON Employees.dept_id = Departments.dept_id;

🔹 Output
name dept_nam
e

Alice HR

Bob IT

Charlie NULL

David NULL

NULL Finance

💡 All unmatched records from both tables are included.

5️⃣ CROSS JOIN (Cartesian Product)

🔹 Returns every possible combination of rows from both tables.
SELECT Employees.name, Departments.dept_name

FROM Employees

CROSS JOIN Departments;

🔹 Output (4 Employees × 3 Departments = 12 Rows)

name dept_nam
e

Alice HR

Alice IT

Alice Finance

Bob HR

Bob IT

Bob Finance

Charlie HR

Charlie IT

Charlie Finance
David HR

David IT

David Finance

💡 Every row from Employees is paired with every row from Departments.

6️⃣ SELF JOIN (Joining Table with Itself)

🔹 Used when a table has hierarchical relationships (e.g., employees & managers).
Example: Find employees who report to the same manager.

SELECT A.name AS Employee, B.name AS Manager

FROM Employees A

JOIN Employees B

ON A.manager_id = B.emp_id;

🔹 Summary of SQL Joins

JOIN Type What It Does

INNER JOIN Returns matching rows from both tables

LEFT JOIN Returns all left table rows + matching right table rows
 RIGHT JOIN Returns all right table rows + matching left table rows

FULL JOIN Returns all rows from both tables, NULL for non-matching

CROSS JOIN Returns Cartesian product of both tables

SELF JOIN Joins a table with itself

🔹 Real-Life Analogy
Imagine Employees (Table 1) & Departments (Table 2):

✅
🏢❌
●​ INNER JOIN → Employees who have a department.

📂❌
●​ LEFT JOIN → All Employees, even if some don’t have a department.

🎯
●​ RIGHT JOIN → All Departments, even if some don’t have employees.
●​ FULL JOIN → Everyone & Every Department, matched or not!

Q)Why should we select you​

Ans)Me (as a fresher applying for Wipro Software Engineer role):

_"As a fresher, I bring a strong foundation in MERN stack development, problem-solving, and
a passion for learning. My experience working on real-world projects like Bimra (recruitment
platform), Baba Construction (business website), and HACKVORTEX (hackathon
platform) has given me practical exposure to full-stack development, authentication, and
database management.

I am also a quick learner and adaptable to new technologies, which I demonstrated while
working with different tech stacks, including React, Node.js, PHP, MySQL, and MongoDB. My
ability to debug issues, write clean code, and optimize performance makes me a good fit for
this role.

Moreover, I have strong problem-solving skills, which I have developed through my projects
and competitive coding experience. I am eager to contribute to Wipro's innovative projects,
grow as a software engineer, and be a valuable asset to the team."_
 🔹
Q)Explain 4 pillar of roops​
Ans) Four Pillars of OOP (Object-Oriented Programming)

The four pillars of OOP are Encapsulation, Abstraction, Inheritance, and Polymorphism.
These concepts help in designing efficient, reusable, and scalable software.

1️⃣ Encapsulation (Data Hiding & Protection)

🔹 Definition: Encapsulation is the process of wrapping data (variables) and methods
together into a single unit (class) and restricting direct access to some details.

🔹 Example: Private variables with getters and setters.

class Employee {

private String name; // Private variable

// Setter method to modify private variable

public void setName(String name) {

this.name = name;

// Getter method to access private variable

public String getName() {

return name;

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

 Employee emp = new Employee();

emp.setName("Alice");

System.out.println(emp.getName()); // Output: Alice

🔹 Benefits:​
✔️ Protects data from unauthorized access​
✔️ Improves security & data integrity​
✔️ Reduces complexity by hiding implementation details

2️⃣ Abstraction (Hiding Implementation Details)

🔹 Definition: Abstraction focuses on hiding unnecessary details and showing only the
essential features of an object. It allows users to interact with an object without worrying about
how it works internally.

🔹 Example: Abstract classes & interfaces

abstract class Vehicle {

abstract void start(); // Abstract method (no body)

class Car extends Vehicle {

void start() {

System.out.println("Car is starting with a key.");

}
public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Vehicle myCar = new Car();

myCar.start(); // Output: Car is starting with a key.

🔹 Benefits:​
✔️ Reduces complexity by showing only necessary details​
✔️ Improves code reusability​
✔️ Helps in designing scalable systems

3️⃣ Inheritance (Code Reusability & Hierarchy)

🔹 Definition: Inheritance allows one class (child/derived class) to inherit properties and
methods from another class (parent/base class).

🔹 Types of Inheritance in Java:​

✅ Single Inheritance – One class inherits another.​
✅ Multilevel Inheritance – A class inherits from another derived class.​
✅ Hierarchical Inheritance – Multiple classes inherit from one parent.​
✅ Multiple Inheritance (via Interfaces) – A class implements multiple interfaces (Java
doesn’t support multiple class inheritance).

🔹 Example:
class Animal {

void sound() {

System.out.println("Animals make sound");

}
// Dog class inherits from Animal

class Dog extends Animal {

void bark() {

System.out.println("Dog barks");

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Dog d = new Dog();

d.sound(); // Inherited method

d.bark(); // Dog-specific method

🔹 Benefits:​
✔️ Promotes code reuse, reducing redundancy​
✔️ Improves maintainability & scalability​
✔️ Establishes relationships between classes

4️⃣ Polymorphism (One Interface, Many Forms)

🔹 Definition: Polymorphism allows one method, function, or operator to behave differently
based on the object calling it.

🔹 Types of Polymorphism:​
✅ Compile-time (Method Overloading) – Multiple methods with same name but different
✅ Runtime (Method Overriding) – A subclass redefines a method from its parent class.
parameters.​
🔹 Example of Method Overloading (Compile-time Polymorphism)
class MathOperations {

int add(int a, int b) {

return a + b;

int add(int a, int b, int c) { // Overloaded method

return a + b + c;

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

MathOperations obj = new MathOperations();

System.out.println(obj.add(5, 10)); // Output: 15

System.out.println(obj.add(5, 10, 20)); // Output: 35

🔹 Example of Method Overriding (Runtime Polymorphism)

class Animal {

void sound() {

System.out.println("Animals make sound");

}
}

class Cat extends Animal {

@Override

void sound() {

System.out.println("Meow Meow");

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Animal myCat = new Cat(); // Upcasting

myCat.sound(); // Output: Meow Meow

🔹 Benefits:​
✔️ Improves code flexibility​
✔️ Enables dynamic method invocation​
✔️ Supports extensibility in large applications

🔹 Summary Table
OOP Principle Definition Key Benefits
Encapsulation Hides data using private variables and Protects data, improves security
allows access through methods.

Abstraction Hides complex logic and exposes only Reduces complexity, improves
essential details. code reusability

Inheritance One class inherits properties/methods Promotes code reusability,

from another. maintains hierarchy

Polymorphis Same method behaves differently based Increases flexibility, supports

m on the calling object. dynamic method invocation

🔹 Real-Life Example (Car 🚗)

OOP Concept Car Analogy

Encapsulation Car engine is hidden inside the body (you only use the accelerator &
brakes).

Abstraction You start a car with a button without knowing the internal wiring.

Inheritance A sports car inherits features from a generic car but adds its own speed
boost.

Polymorphis A car's brake() function works differently for a sedan vs. a sports car.
m
Conclusion
These four pillars of OOP help in building modular, maintainable, and reusable software. They
are the foundation of Java, C++, Python, and many other languages.

Q)Why you used node.js​

Ans)Why I Used Node.js in My Projects

As a MERN stack developer, I used Node.js in my projects because it provides scalability,

efficiency, and real-time capabilities. Here’s why I specifically chose Node.js:

🔹 1. Asynchronous & Non-Blocking Nature

✅
Why it’s useful?​

✅
Handles multiple requests simultaneously​
Improves performance for high-traffic applications

Example from my project:​

In Bimra (Recruitment Platform), Node.js helped handle multiple job applications
efficiently without blocking other requests.

🔹 2. Fast Execution (Powered by V8 Engine)

✅
Why it’s useful?​

✅
JavaScript code executes at high speed​
Best for applications requiring quick responses

Example:​
In HACKVORTEX (Hackathon Platform), where students submit ideas, Node.js helped
process form submissions and database updates quickly.

🔹 3. Single Programming Language (JavaScript Everywhere)

✅
Why it’s useful?​

✅
Full-stack development using JavaScript (Frontend + Backend)​
Easy to maintain and scale
Example:​
I used React.js on the frontend and Node.js with Express.js on the backend, ensuring
smooth data flow in projects like Baba Construction & Kalchuri Bio Data Portal.

🔹 4. Scalability for Real-Time Applications

✅
Why it’s useful?​

✅
Supports WebSockets for real-time features​
Ideal for chat apps, notifications, and live updates

Example:​
In BINGO (Game App), I needed real-time data sync, and Node.js made it possible with
WebSockets.

🔹 5. Efficient Database Handling (MongoDB & MySQL)

✅
Why it’s useful?​

✅
Works well with NoSQL (MongoDB) and SQL databases​
Uses Mongoose for MongoDB and Sequelize for MySQL

Example:​
In Kalchuri Bio Data Portal, I used Node.js with MongoDB to store biodata and retrieve it
efficiently for admin review.

🔹 6. Microservices & API Development

✅
Why it’s useful?​

✅
Best for REST APIs & GraphQL​
Lightweight & modular structure

Example:​
For Bimra, I developed a REST API in Node.js to manage job applications, user
authentication, and admin controls.

Conclusion
I chose Node.js because it offers speed, scalability, and a unified JavaScript environment
for full-stack development. Its asynchronous nature and support for real-time
applications make it perfect for the kind of projects I’ve built.

Q)A situation question when you had to complete a task but your team doesn’t work hard
to complete it

Ans)Situation: Completing a Project When the Team Wasn't Motivated

🔹 Situation (S)​
During the development of HACKVORTEX (Hackathon Platform), my team was
responsible for completing the participant registration system. However, as the deadline
approached, some team members weren’t putting in enough effort due to other academic
commitments.

🔹 Task (T)​
Since the registration system was a critical feature, it had to be completed on time to
ensure participants could submit their details and ideas properly.

🔹 Action (A)​
✅ Took Initiative – I broke down the tasks into smaller modules and assigned simpler
✅ Motivated the Team – I explained the importance of the project and how it would
ones to teammates based on their strengths.​

✅ Led by Example – I worked extra hours, provided clear documentation, and regularly
enhance our skills and help in our careers.​

✅ Used Git for Collaboration – I streamlined the process using GitHub, making it easier
checked in with team members to help them if they were stuck.​

for team members to commit their work without delays.

🔹 Result (R)​
✔️ We successfully completed the registration system on time.​
✔️ The project was deployed and worked smoothly during the hackathon.​
✔️ My leadership and problem-solving skills helped me gain my team’s trust, and we
learned how to handle tight deadlines.

Key Takeaway:
I learned that in such situations, taking initiative, breaking tasks into manageable parts,

😊
and motivating the team can drive results. Would you like me to refine this answer further
for the Wipro interview?

Q)Where do you see yourself in 5 years ​

Ans)Where Do You See Yourself in 5 Years?

In the next five years, I see myself growing into a skilled software engineer, continuously
learning and contributing to impactful projects. My focus will be on full-stack
development, cloud computing, and scalable systems.

Here’s my vision step by step:

🚀 First 1-2 Years:​

✅ Master advanced backend and frontend technologies.​
✅ Gain hands-on experience in real-world projects at Wipro.​
✅ Improve my problem-solving skills and contribute to complex applications.​
✅ Collaborate with senior developers and learn from them.
📈 Next 3-5 Years:​
✅ Take on leadership responsibilities, possibly as a Tech Lead or Senior Developer.​
✅ Work on large-scale enterprise applications and cloud-based solutions.​
✅ Mentor new developers and help in knowledge sharing.​
✅ Contribute to open-source projects and continuously upskill in new technologies.
💡 Long-Term Goal:​
Eventually, I aspire to work on AI-powered applications and contribute to scalable and
innovative solutions that impact industries. My goal is to be a reliable, growth-oriented
software engineer and add value to the company.

Q)Why Wipro​
Ans)Why Wipro?

I want to join Wipro because it is a global leader in technology and innovation, offering a
great platform for learning and career growth. As a fresher, I am looking for a company
that provides challenging projects, skill development opportunities, and a strong work
culture, and Wipro aligns perfectly with my aspirations.

Here are my key reasons:

🚀 1. Strong Learning & Growth Opportunities​

✅ Wipro provides training programs like Wipro’s Talent Transformation to upskill
✅ As a fresher, I want to enhance my technical and problem-solving skills, and Wipro’s
employees in the latest technologies.​

learning culture supports this.

💡 2. Cutting-Edge Technologies & Innovation​
✅ Wipro works on AI, cloud computing, cybersecurity, and digital transformation, which
✅ I want to contribute to real-world solutions and gain exposure to advanced
excites me.​

technologies.

🌍 3. Global Presence & Diverse Work Culture​

✅ Wipro operates in over 66 countries, providing an opportunity to work on global
✅ The company values diversity, collaboration, and innovation, making it an ideal place
projects.​

for professional growth.

📈 4. Career Development & Long-Term Growth​

✅ Wipro offers a structured career path, allowing employees to grow into senior roles.​
✅ I aim to become a senior software engineer or a tech lead, and Wipro provides the
right ecosystem to achieve that.

🤝 5. Ethical & Social Responsibility​

✅ Wipro’s commitment to sustainability, education, and corporate responsibility is
✅ I want to be part of a company that not only excels in technology but also gives back
inspiring.​

to society.

Conclusion

Wipro is the perfect place for me to start my career, learn from experienced
professionals, and contribute to meaningful projects. I am excited about the opportunity
to be part of such an innovative and growth-oriented organization.

Q)Strength and weakness​

Ans)Strengths & Weaknesses (Wipro-Specific Answer)

✅ Strengths:
1️⃣ Quick Learner & Adaptability:

●​ I can quickly grasp new technologies and apply them efficiently.

●​ For example, while working on Kalchuri Bio Data Portal, I learned Cloudinary for
image uploads within a short time and integrated it successfully.

2️⃣ Problem-Solving Mindset:

●​ I enjoy solving logical problems and optimizing code for better efficiency.
●​ In HACKVORTEX, I optimized database queries, improving form submission speed
significantly.
3️⃣ Team Player & Collaboration:

●​ I work well with teams and believe in knowledge sharing.

●​ In BIMRA, I coordinated with my team to ensure smooth backend integration for
job applications.

4️⃣ Time Management & Work Ethics:

●​ I manage multiple responsibilities efficiently, whether it's academics, projects, or

internships.
●​ Meeting deadlines without compromising quality is a strength I have developed.

❌ Weaknesses (With Improvement Plan):

1️⃣ Perfectionism (Over-Focusing on Details):

●​ Sometimes, I focus too much on small details, which slows progress.

●​ To improve, I set clear priorities and ensure tasks are completed efficiently.

2️⃣ Public Speaking & Communication:

●​ I feel slightly nervous speaking in front of large audiences.

●​ To improve, I have started participating in technical discussions, hackathons, and
group presentations.

3️⃣ Delegation of Work (Taking on Too Much Myself):

●​ I sometimes take on more responsibilities instead of delegating.

●​ I am working on trusting my teammates more and collaborating effectively.

Conclusion:

At Wipro, I will leverage my problem-solving skills, adaptability, and teamwork to

contribute effectively. At the same time, I am actively improving my communication and
delegation skills to become a better professional.

Q)Team Work based Question ​

Ans)Teamwork-Based Question: Describe a Time When You Worked in a
Team to Achieve a Goal

🔹 Situation (S):​
During the development of HACKVORTEX, our team was responsible for building the
hackathon registration platform. The challenge was that we had a tight deadline and
needed smooth coordination between frontend, backend, and database teams.

🔹 Task (T):​
My role was to work on the backend (Node.js, MongoDB) and ensure that user
registrations were securely stored while providing real-time updates to the frontend.

🔹 Action (A):​
✅ Clear Communication: I coordinated with the frontend team to define API
✅ Task Delegation: We divided the work based on expertise—one member handled
requirements and ensured smooth data flow.​

authentication, another handled form validation, while I focused on backend API

✅
development.​
Problem-Solving: Midway, we faced an issue with slow form submissions. I optimized

✅
the queries and suggested indexing in MongoDB, which improved performance.​
Collaboration Using Git: We used GitHub for version control, ensuring that
everyone’s code merged smoothly.

🔹 Result (R):​
✔️ The registration system was completed before the deadline and worked efficiently
✔️ Our teamwork ensured smooth coordination, quick debugging, and better
during the hackathon.​

✔️ I learned the importance of clear communication, proper task allocation, and

performance.​

proactive problem-solving in a team environment.

Key Takeaway:

This experience showed me that effective teamwork, problem-solving, and

communication are essential for delivering successful projects. At Wipro, I look forward
to collaborating with teams to build impactful solutions.

Q)What do you know about wipro wilp​

What Do You Know About Wipro WILP?

WILP (Work Integrated Learning Program) is a Wipro initiative designed for B.Sc. and
BCA graduates to pursue higher education while working at Wipro. It allows students to
earn a Master’s degree (M.Tech) from a reputed university while gaining practical work
experience.

🔹 Key Features of Wipro WILP

✔ Earn While You Learn – Candidates work as full-time employees at Wipro while
pursuing higher studies.​
✔ Fully Sponsored M.Tech Degree – Wipro sponsors the education cost, allowing
candidates to study without financial burden.​
✔ On-the-Job Learning – Candidates get hands-on experience working on real-world IT
projects.​
✔ Structured Career Growth – WILP participants gain industry-relevant skills and grow
within Wipro.

🔹 Eligibility Criteria
●​ Education: B.Sc. (CS, IT, Math, Stats, Electronics) / BCA graduates
●​ Academics: Minimum 60% in 10th, 12th, and Graduation
●​ Other Requirements:
○​ No standing arrears
○​ Year of passing: Recent graduates

🔹 Selection Process
1️⃣ Online Assessment – Covers Aptitude, Verbal, Logical, and Basic Coding​
2️⃣ Business Discussion (Technical & HR Interview) – Evaluates problem-solving skills,
technical knowledge, and communication

🔹 Why is WILP Beneficial?

✅ Get an M.Tech degree from a prestigious institute while working.​
✅ Gain real-world IT experience and a head start in your career.​
✅ No education expenses – Wipro sponsors the entire course.​
✅ Secure a stable job at a top IT company.

🔹 Conclusion
Wipro WILP is a great initiative for students who want to pursue higher education while
working in the IT industry. It provides a strong career foundation, industry exposure, and
financial independence.​
Q)what are your core subject in acadamic

Ans)Core Subjects in Academics (Wipro-Specific Answer)

Since I am in my final year of B.Tech (Computer Science) at LNCTE, my core subjects

align well with Wipro's requirements for a Software Engineer role.

🔹 Key Core Subjects Relevant to Wipro

1️⃣ Data Structures & Algorithms (DSA)

●​ Why Important? Efficient problem-solving and optimization.

●​ Key Topics: Arrays, Linked Lists, Trees, Graphs, Searching & Sorting.

2️⃣ Object-Oriented Programming (OOPs)

●​ Why Important? Helps in scalable & modular software development.

●​ Key Concepts: Inheritance, Polymorphism, Abstraction, Encapsulation.

3️⃣ Database Management Systems (DBMS)

●​ Why Important? Data handling & optimization.

●​ Key Topics: SQL Queries, Joins, Normalization, Indexing, Transactions.

4️⃣ Operating Systems (OS)

●​ Why Important? Understanding resource management & system performance.

●​ Key Topics: Process Scheduling, Threads, Memory Management, Deadlocks.

5️⃣ Computer Networks (CN)

●​ Why Important? Essential for security & cloud-based applications.

●​ Key Topics: OSI Model, TCP/IP, Routing, Network Security.

6️⃣ Software Engineering & SDLC

●​ Why Important? Helps in writing clean, maintainable, and scalable code.

●​ Key Topics: Agile, Waterfall Model, Design Patterns, Testing.

🔹 How These Subjects Help Me for Wipro?

💡 Strong Problem-Solving Skills – DSA & OOPs make me confident in coding
challenges.​
💡 Database & Backend Development – Useful for handling large-scale applications.​
💡 Understanding of System Design – Helps in developing optimized solutions for
enterprise applications.

At Wipro, I aim to leverage these skills to contribute to high-performance and scalable

applications.

Q)Difference Between Error and Exception ​

Ans)Difference Between Error and Exception in Java

Feature Error Exception

Definition An Error is a serious issue that An Exception is an unexpected event

occurs at runtime and is beyond that occurs during program execution
the programmer's control. but can be handled by the programmer.

Cause Caused by system-level issues Caused by logical errors or invalid user

(e.g., memory overflow, JVM input.
crashes).

Handling Cannot be handled using Can be handled using try-catch blocks.

try-catch blocks (mostly).

Examples OutOfMemoryError, NullPointerException,

StackOverflowError, IOException, ArithmeticException.
VirtualMachineError.

Recovery Program cannot recover from an Program can recover from an exception
error. if handled properly.

Package Found in java.lang.Error Found in java.lang.Exception

package. package.
Example of an Error

public class ErrorExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {

main(args); // Recursive call leading to StackOverflowError

💡 Explanation: This will cause StackOverflowError due to infinite recursion.

Example of an Exception

public class ExceptionExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {

try {

int result = 10 / 0; // Causes ArithmeticException

} catch (ArithmeticException e) {

System.out.println("Cannot divide by zero!");

💡 Explanation: This will catch ArithmeticException and prevent the program from
crashing.

Key Takeaway:
 ●​ Errors are serious issues that crash the program (mostly system-related).
●​ Exceptions are recoverable issues that can be handled using try-catch.

Q)What do you know about wipro ​

Ans)What Do You Know About Wipro?

Wipro (Western India Palm Refined Oils Limited) is a leading global IT services company
headquartered in Bangalore, India. It provides technology consulting, business process
outsourcing (BPO), and digital transformation services to clients across various
industries.

🔹 Key Highlights of Wipro

✅ Founded: 1945 by M.H. Premji (initially a vegetable oil company)​
✅ CEO: Thierry Delaporte​
✅ Headquarters: Bangalore, India​
✅ Revenue: $11+ billion (FY 2023)​
✅ Employees: 250,000+ across 66+ countries​
✅ Stock Listing: NSE & BSE

🔹 Why Wipro Stands Out?

1️⃣ Global Presence & Innovation

●​ Operates in over 66+ countries.

●​ Focuses on AI, Cloud Computing, Cybersecurity, and Automation.

2️⃣ Strong Work Culture & Diversity

●​ Employee-first approach with a strong focus on work-life balance.

●​ Ranked among the top IT companies for inclusivity and growth.

3️⃣ Sustainability & Social Responsibility

●​ Wipro focuses on green initiatives, renewable energy, and CSR projects.

●​ Recognized for its environment-friendly business practices.

4️⃣ Training & Career Growth

●​ Wipro invests in employee upskilling through programs like WILP (Work

Integrated Learning Program).
●​ Offers certifications in AI, Cloud, and Emerging Technologies.
5️⃣ Major Clients & Industries

●​ Works with Fortune 500 companies in banking, healthcare, retail, and IT.
●​ Partners with Microsoft, AWS, Google Cloud, and Salesforce for digital
transformation.

🔹 Why I Want to Join Wipro?

💡 Strong Learning & Growth Opportunities – Wipro provides cutting-edge technology
💡 Innovative Work Environment – Exposure to AI, Cloud, and Cybersecurity excites me.​
projects and career development programs.​

💡 Global Work Culture – The company’s diverse and inclusive environment is inspiring.

🔹 Conclusion
Wipro is not just an IT company—it is a technology leader that focuses on innovation,
sustainability, and career growth. I see Wipro as the perfect place to start my career, gain
expertise, and contribute to meaningful projects.​

Q)Triggers in Sql​
Ans)Triggers in SQL (Wipro Interview Answer)

A Trigger in SQL is a special type of stored procedure that automatically executes when a
specific event (INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE) occurs on a table.

🔹 Why Are Triggers Used?

✔ Enforces Data Integrity – Prevents invalid changes in the database.​
✔ Automates Auditing & Logging – Tracks modifications to maintain records.​
✔ Reduces Manual Work – Automatically executes without user intervention.

🔹 Types of Triggers
Trigger Type When It Executes Use Case
 BEFORE Trigger Before Modify or validate data before
INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE saving.

AFTER Trigger After INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE Logging, auditing, or sending

notifications.

INSTEAD OF Instead of Used in Views where direct

Trigger INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE modifications aren't allowed.

🔹 Example of an AFTER INSERT Trigger

CREATE TRIGGER after_employee_insert

AFTER INSERT ON Employees

FOR EACH ROW

BEGIN

INSERT INTO EmployeeLogs (emp_id, action, log_time)

VALUES (NEW.emp_id, 'INSERT', NOW());

END;

🔹 What This Does?​

👉 Whenever a new employee is added to the Employees table, a record is automatically
inserted into the EmployeeLogs table for tracking.

🔹 When to Avoid Triggers?

❌ If they slow down performance due to excessive execution.​
❌ If the same logic can be handled efficiently in the application layer.
🔹 Conclusion (Wipro-Specific Answer)
Triggers are useful in maintaining data consistency, automating tasks, and ensuring
business rules in SQL databases. However, they should be used wisely to avoid
performance issues.

Q)Primary and foreign Key​

Ans)Primary Key vs. Foreign Key (Wipro Interview Answer)

Feature Primary Key Foreign Key

Definition Uniquely identifies each Refers to the Primary Key of

record in a table. another table.

Uniqueness Always unique (No Can have duplicate values.

duplicates allowed).

NULL Values Not Allowed (Must always Allowed (Can be NULL).

have a value).

Number of Keys in Only one primary key per Can have multiple foreign keys in
a Table table. a table.

Dependency Independent (Does not Dependent (References a primary

depend on other tables). key from another table).

Use Case Ensures that every row in Establishes relationships between

the table is unique. tables.

🔹 Example
1️⃣ Primary Key Example (Students Table)
CREATE TABLE Students (

student_id INT PRIMARY KEY,

name VARCHAR(50),

age INT

);

●​ student_id is the Primary Key, ensuring each student has a unique ID.

2️⃣ Foreign Key Example (Courses Table)

CREATE TABLE Courses (

course_id INT PRIMARY KEY,

student_id INT,

course_name VARCHAR(50),

FOREIGN KEY (student_id) REFERENCES Students(student_id)

);

●​ student_id in Courses Table is a Foreign Key, referring to the Primary Key in

Students Table.

🔹 Why Are Primary and Foreign Keys Important?

✅ Primary Key: Ensures data integrity and uniqueness.​
✅ Foreign Key: Maintains relationships between tables and ensures referential integrity.

🔹 Real-Life Example (Wipro-Specific Answer)

💡 Think of Primary Key as your Employee ID at Wipro—it uniquely identifies you.​
💡 The Foreign Key is like your Team ID, linking you to a department.
🔹 Conclusion
●​ Primary Key → Uniquely identifies records in a table.
●​ Foreign Key → Connects two tables, ensuring relational integrity.