A study to assess the effectiveness of structured educational program on

knowledge, practices regarding menstrual hygiene among adolescent girls at

selected higher secondary schools, Bangalore.

BY

MS. NANDHANA P
MS. SHINTA JOSEPH
MS. MIRIAM THOMAS KUTTY
MR. JITHIN JOHN
MS. FAHIMA ALTHAF
MS. SUVARNA SUDHEER
MR. SAJIN
MS. LIKITHA
MS. ANJANA
MR. PINTU ANAND

PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE

VICTORY COLLEGE OF NURSING , NELAMANGALA , BENGALURU

In a partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the

degree OF
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN NURSING

Under the guidance of

MR.RAHUL SHIL, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR AND HOD OF MEDICAL

SURGICAL
NURSING DEPARTMENT, VICTORY COLLEGE OF NURSING , BENGALURU.
REPORT OF GROUP RESEARCH PROJECT

Title of the research project

“A study to assess the effectiveness of structured educational program on
knowledge, practices regarding menstrual hygiene among adolescent girls at
selected higher secondary schools, Bangalore.”

Date of commencement:
Date of completion:
Date of submission of report:

Members of group:

MS. NANDHANA P
MS. SHINTA JOSEPH
MS. MIRIAM THOMAS KUTTY
MR. JITHIN JOHN
MS. FAHIMA ALTHAF
MS. SUVARNA SUDHEER
MR. SAJIN
MS. LIKITHA
MS. ANJANA
MR. PINTU ANAND

Name of the advisor:

MR. RAHUL SHIL
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR & HOD,
MEDICAL SURGICAL NURSING
DEPARTMENT, VICTORY
COLLEGE OF
NURSING,BENGALURU.

Signature of the advisor Signature of principal

Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Science

Bangalore, Karnataka
 DECLARATION BY THE CANDIDATES

We hereby declare that this dissertation entitled “A

study to assess the effectiveness of
structured educational program on knowledge, practices regarding
menstrual hygiene among adolescent girls at selected higher secondary
schools, Bangalore”. is a Bonafide & genuine research work carried out by under the guidance
of Mr. RAHUL SHIL, associate professor and HOD of Medical Surgical Nursing Department,
Victory College of Nursing, Bengaluru.

Signature of Candidates

MS. NANDHANA P

MS. SHINTA JOSEPH

MS. MIRIAM THOMAS KUTTY

MR. JITHIN JOHN

MS. FAHIMA ALTHAF

MS. SUVARNA SUDHEER

MR. SAJIN

MS. LIKITHA

MS. ANJANA

MR. PINTU ANAND

Date:

Place:
 CERTIFICATE BY THE GUIDE

“A study to assess the effectiveness of

We hereby declare that this dissertation entitled.
structured educational program on knowledge, practices regarding
menstrual hygiene among adolescent girls at selected higher secondary
schools, Bangalore”. Among graduating nursing students in, Bangalore, is a Bonafide
research work done by MS. NANDHANA P, MS. SHINTA JOSEPHMS. MIRIAM THOMAS KUTTY, MR.
JITHIN JOHNMS. FAHIMA ALTHAF, MS. SUVARNA SUDHEER MR.SAJIN, MS. LIKITHA, MS.
ANJANA, MR. PINTU ANAND a partial fulfilment for the degree of basic BSc nursing under
RGUHS.

MR. RAHUL SHIL

ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR & HOD,
MEDICAL SURGICAL NURSING
DEPARTMENT, VICTORY
COLLEGE OF NURSING ,BENGALURU.

Date:

Place: VICTORY COLLEGE OF NURSING, BENGALURU

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

“ Learning gives creativity, Creativity leads to thinking,Thinking provides

knowledge and Knowledge makes you great ”
-APJ ABDUL KALAM

We raise our hearts in gratitude to "God Almighty," who has been my shepherd and guiding force
behind all our efforts. His omnipresence has been our anchor through the hard times.
Additionally, we extend our heartfelt gratitude to our parents, whose love and support have been
unwavering.

We would like to express our sincere gratitude to Chairman, S. Shivakumar,

Vice chair person, shri mathi. Girija Shivakumar, Secretary Harsha
Shivakumar, and management for providing us an opportunity to conduct research in this
institution. it is our gratitude that we wish to acknowledge all those who have enriched
and crystallised our study.

We express our thanks to DR. Dhanapal H.N, principal of Victory College of Nursing for his
excellent guidance, motivation, support and patience in providing the requirements for the
project and extending all kinds of help in the completion of the study.

The present study has been undertaken and completed under the inspiring and valuable
supervision and guidance of Mr. Rahul Shil, Associate Professor and HOD of Medical Surgical
Nursing Department, Victory College of nursing ,Bangalore, for his keen interest, guidance,
valuable suggestion, constructive, criticism, continuous, encouragement, cooperation and moral
support from the beginning till the end to complete our dissertation successfully and extended
to this study as a guide.

We express our deep sense of gratitude and thanks to all the department's HOD and respected
teachers. Our special thanks to all our staff members & Librarian, for their expert guidance &
well - wishing for directly & indirectly to complete our research study.

Our sincere thanks to non- teaching staffs including office workers for their timely assistance
throughout the study.

We convey our special thanks to our family and friends for constantly supporting.
 LIST OF ABREVIATIONS USED

% Percentage

< Less than

> Greater than

Sl.no Serial Number

n Number
 RESEARCH ABSTRACT

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM:

“A study to assess the effectiveness of structured educational

program on knowledge, practices regarding menstrual hygiene
among adolescent girls at selected higher secondary schools,
Bangalore”.

OBJECTIVES:
To assess the knowledge of menstrual hygiene among higher secondary adolescent gurls.

METHODOLOGY
Methodology is a systematic way to solve a problem. It is a science of studying how research is
to be carried out. Essentially, the procedures by which researchers go about their work of
describing, explaining and predicting phenomena are called research methodology. It is also
defined as the study of methods by which knowledge is gained.
Its aim is to give the work plan of research.

RESULTS
The result of the study shows that there is a statistically association found between attitude and
demographic variables such as age, gender, religion, study area and source of knowledge. The
study attempt to know about knowledge of adolescence girls towards menstrual hygiene. The
findings of the study reveals that 20% of girls had in advocate knowledge an 80% had moderate
knowledge regarding menstrual hygiene
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER
NO TITLE PAGE NO

1. Introduction

2. Objectives
Review of
3. Literature

4. Methodology

5. Results

6. Discussion

7. Conclusion

8. Summary

9. Bibliography

10. Annexure

LIST OF TABLES

SI.No Particular Page No

Frequency & percentage distribution
1.
according to age group.
Frequency & percentage distribution
2.
according to gender.
Frequency & percentage distribution
3
according to religion.
Frequency & percentage distribution
4
according to study area
Frequency & percentage distribution
5
according to sources of knowledge
Mean, SD and range of the attitude
6 score among nursing students
towards lesbian and gay people

7 Cronbach's Alpha test for reliability check

Frequency & percentage distribution
8
according to attitude level.
 LIST OF FIGURES

SI. NO Particular Page No

Frequency distribution by age
1

2
Frequency distribution by gender

3
Frequency distribution by religion.
Frequency distribution by study areal.
4

Frequency distribution of the participants

5
based on source of knowledge.

6
Attitude towards lesbian and gay by ATLG-S.
CHAPTER - I

INTRODUCTION
Menstruation is the process of regular discharge of menstrual blood and the other tissue from the
lining of the uterus through vagina. menstruation is also known as periods. (1)
Menstruation is still considered as something unclean in Indian society. In Indian society the
females who are menstruating are considered as impure and dirty.
The girls are not allowed to do home chores and religious and cultural events.(2)
Menstrual hygiene during menstruation plays an important role in women life because it is
associated with health and wellbeing of women(3)
Up to date knowledge and education about menstrual hygiene in early adolescence would
improve safe and distress free practices, also can relieve the stress and risk of infection in
millions of women. Proper knowledge about menstrual hygiene can improve the reproductive
health and reduce the chance of infection like sexually transmitted diseases, urinary tract
infection which can result in future infertility and birth complications(4)
According to national family health survey 5(NFHS.5), women’s between the age of 15 yr and
25 years safeguard themselves throughout their menstruation with Hygiene ways are 73% in
India.(5) Menstruation increases the risk of infection or gynaecological disorder in women due
to unhygienic conditions even now in rural area unavailability of sanitary napkins could affect
the hygiene and infection in reproductive tract.
Adolescence is a significant period in the life of a Woman. Adolescent girls often lack
knowledge Regarding reproductive health including Menstruation which can be due to socio-
cultural Barriers in which they grow up. These differences Create various problems for the
adolescent girls. The Need of the hour for girls is to have the information, Education and an
enabling environment to cope with Menstruation issues.[6]
The hygiene-related practices of girls in the adolescent period related to menstruation can have
an effect on their health2. The event of menarche may be associated with taboos and myths
existing in our traditional society which has a negative implication for women’s health,
particularly their menstrual hygiene3. Studies have shown that the girls lack knowledge about
menstruation and due to lack of hygiene, they are likely to suffer from RTI’s 4,5,6 Attitude of
parents and society in discussing the related issues are barriers to the right kind of information,
especially in the rural areas. Menstruation is thus construed to be a matter of embarrassment in
most cultures. It was therefore decided to conduct a study to explore the level of knowledge and
practices regarding menstrual hygiene among the adolescent girls of urban and rural areas in
Udupi taluk and recommend interventions to improve health among adolescent girls.[6]
Menstruation has often been dealt with secrecy in many cultures. Such perceptions coupled with
poor and inadequate sanitary facilities have often kept girls from attending schools especially
during periods of menstruation. The consequence of this is that many girls Grow up with low
self-esteem and disempowered from poor educational attainments. In India menstruation is
Surrounded with a long list of dos and don’ts with women. Menstruation becomes a central issue
in her life. The Importance of this phenomenon is not only the physiological but also social and
religious significant is attached to it. Restrictions such as prohibition from religious activities,
attending functions, cooking etc limits the daily Activities and routines of women which is
widely practiced in India.[7]

NEED FOR STUDY

Improving quality of life with new menstrual hygiene practices among adolescent tribal girls in
central India. Shah SP, Nair R, Shah PP, Modi DK, Desai SA, Desai L.
https://sewarural.org/sewa/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/RHM41-Shah.pdf. Report Health
Matters. 2013;21:205–213.
Adolescence is a unique time in a woman’s life that represents the shift from youth to adulthood.
Menstruation is an essential phenomenon in an adolescent girl’s life. She undergoes various
physiological and psychological changes during this phase of life. Menstruation is considered
unclean in India, and teenage girls are not allowed to undertake home chores or engage in
religious or cultural events during their period [8].
The state has high gender disparities, including less access to economic opportunities for women
compared to other low-income states; and in most households, males hold the power for
sanitation-related decisions [9]
Examining the predictors of use of sanitary napkins among adolescent girls: a multi-level
approach. Chauhan S, Kumar P, Marbaniang SP, Srivastava S, Patel R, Dhillon P.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250788 PLoS One. 2021;16:0.
he present study, a significant association was found between sanitary pad usage and age of the
adolescent girls (early and late adolescence), mother’s education (illiterate and literate), and
higher socioeconomic status (class I, II, III) and lower socioeconomic status (class IV, V). The
health of future generations is significantly influenced by the role of mothers. The majority of
girls learn about menstrual health through their mothers. In a study conducted in Uttar Pradesh
and Bihar in 2021, a significant association was found between sanitary pad usage and mothers’
education and wealth index, similar to the current study [10]
Almost 25% of participants had no knowledge of the cause of menstruation, indicating that
proper knowledge of menstruation is still lacking.
About one-fifth of respondents mentioned that menstruation is still kept a ‘secret’ and two-third
had scary menarche experience. Similar proportion of women also experience restrictions during
periods. Other studies conducted in different parts of India like Nagpur, West Bengal also have
come up with comparable findings [11]
CHAPTER- II

OBJECTIVES
Objectives are the specific accomplishments the researcher hopes to achieve by conducting the
study. Specific achievable objectives provide clear criteria against which proposed research
methods can be used. This chapter contains main objectives, operational definitions and
assumptions

PROBLEM STATEMENT

A study to assess the effectiveness of structured educational program on knowledge, practices

regarding menstrual hygiene among adolescent girls at selected higher secondary schools,
Bangalore.

OBJECTIVES

1. To assess the knowledge of menstrual hygiene among higher secondary adolescent

students.

2. To assess the practice of menstruation and menstrual hygiene.

3. To assess the effectiveness structured education program to find out de-association

between knowledge and practice with their selected demographic variables.
 CHAPTER - III

REVIEW OF
LITERATURE

Steps
Part-1 Literature related to knowledge among adolescent female students.
Part-2 Literature related to knowledge and practice of menstrual hygiene towards adolescent
female students.
Part-3 literature related to effectiveness and structured teaching plan regarding menstrual
hygiene.

Part-1 Literature related to knowledge among adolescent female students.

Literature related to knowledge of menstrual hygiene among higher secondary female students
According to Creswell, a review of literature "is a written summary of journal articles, books and
other documents that describes the past and current state of information organizes the literature
into topics and documents a need for a proposed study".

A cross sectional study was done on topic factor associated with the assessment of knowledge
and the practice of menstrual hygiene among the high school girls in Nekemte Town, Oromia
region in Western Ethiopia. A multi stage sampling technique was used to select 828 female high
school students. The result shows that 504(60.9%)and 330(39.9%) respondents had good
knowledge and practice of menstrual hygiene respectively. The findings show that knowledge
and practice of menstrual hygiene is low.[12]

This cross sectional study was carried out from October to December in 2016 on Doti,Nepal.The
study was done among 276 students from grade 7and 8 of 11 School's. The objective of the study
was to assess the current knowledge attitude and practice of school adolescent on menstrual
hygiene management among them 67.4%respondents had fair knowledge and 26.4% respondents
had good knowledge on menstrual hygiene management and out of the 141 female adolescent
respondents only 40% were engaged in good menstrual hygiene practices.[13]

The cross sectional descriptive study was done on menstrual hygiene; knowledge and practice
among adolescent school girls of saoner, nagpur district in 2011. A sample of 387 school going
girls in the field practice area of the rural health unit and training center.A pre-designed,pretested
and structured questionnaire was used in the study. The results shows that only 36.95% of the
girls where aware of menstruation before menarche. A majority of them had knowledge about
the use of sanitary pads. Three fourth of the study girls practiced various restriction during
menstruation. Some menstrual hygiene indices have shown a significant difference in the rural
and urban girls.[14]

A descriptive cross sectional study was done on knowledge and practices about menstrual
hygiene among higher secondary school girls of varanasi district in 2013.The study was
conducted among 120 adolescent girls of a higher secondary school in varanasi. Information was
obtained with the help of pre-designed and pretested questionnaire in a local language. The
results show that half of the girls(58.3%) were aware about menstruation prior to attainment of
menarche.The most common menstrual pattern was 30/3 days. Mother was the first informant
regarding menstruation in case of41.66%) of girls. Most of the girls (85.8%) believed it as a
physiological process. Regarding practices, only 61 (50.8%) girls informed about the use of
sanitary pads during menstruation. Most of the girls 59 (49.16%) used old plain cloth as
menstrual absorbent. About (82.5%) girls practiced different restrictions during menstruation.
[15]

The descriptive cross sectional study was done on study of knowledge and practices regarding
menstrual hygiene among rural and urban adolescent girls in udupi Taluk, manipal, india. The
study was conducted among 550 school going adolescent girls aged 13-16 years. A total of 270
we're from urban and 280fl from the rural area. Stratified cluster sampling was adopted to select
the schools and simple random sampling technique to select the participants.The result shows
that Around 34% participants were aware about menstruation prior to menarche, and mothers
were the main source of information among both groups. Overall, 70.4% of adolescent girls were
using sanitary napkins as menstrual absorbent, while 25.6% were using both cloth and sanitary
napkins. Almost half of the rural participants dried the absorbent inside their home. [16]

Part-2 Literature related to knowledge and practice of menstrual hygiene towards adolescent
female students.

The cross sectional study was done on assessment of knowledge, attitude and practice about
menstruation and menstrual hygiene among secondary high school girls in Ogbomoso, Oyo state,
Nigeria. The study was conducted among 447 eligible female adolescent secondary school
students were selected by multistage sampling technique. A semi-structured facilitated self-
administered questionnaire was used.The result shows tha Majority (96.4%) of the adolescents
have heard about menstruation before menarche while 55.9% had good knowledge of
menstruation and menstrual hygiene. Despite the high level of knowledge, about 64% of the
respondents describe their response to their first menses as scary, discomforting or emotionally
disturbing. Also, only 25% of the respondents had good menstrual hygiene practice. Factors that
were significantly associated with good knowledge of menstruation and menstrual hygiene in
this study were older adolescent age (15-19 years) (χ 2=47.68, P<0.0001); adolescents whose
mothers have greater than secondary school education (χ2=42.52, P<0.0001); and those living
with their parents (χ2=123.9 ,P=0.001) while only living with parents significantly influenced
good practices. [17]

A cross sectional study was done on the assessment of knowledge and practice of adolescent In-
schools girls towards menstrual hygiene management and determine factors in Lucy village of
Ethiopian Great Rift Valley .A sample of 430 female high school students. Data collection was
carried out from March 02-30, 2016 using pretested self administered questionnaire, Interview
guideline and Focus group discussion (FGD). Data were entered, cleaned and analyzed using
SPSS version 21.0. Finally Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was done at
95% confidence interval to assess independent effect of the predictors on the outcome variable.
In this study, 305(70.9%) and 302(70.2%) have good knowledge and practice of menstrual
hygiene,respectively. There is significant positive association between in school girls knowledge
about menstruation and menstrual hygiene with their educational status [(AOR)=1.5, 95%(C.
I)=(3.7-6.8)] as well as with their mothers' and senior sisters’educational status [AOR=3.13,
(95% CI)=1.32-7.37)]. Nevertheless, educational status of the respondents [AOR=2.844,
95% CI=(1.355-5.97)] and access to WASH facilities [AOR=2.54, 95% CI=(1.355-5.97)]
showed significant association with their practice toward menstrual hygiene. Majority of students
have good knowledge and practice towards menstrual hygiene and its management. Similar
result were discovered from the FGD and observation conducted in the study.
Therefore, students need to be counseled on menstrual hygiene management. Further, gender
inclusive water and toilet facility should be offered in the schools.[18]

The cross sectional study was done on the knowledge and practice regarding menstrual hygiene
in rural adolescent girls of Nepal. The study was conducted among One hundred and fifty
adolescent girls of age 13-15 years from 3 schools of Shivanagar and Patihani village
development committees of Chitwan district were involved in this study. Altogether 27 questions
were asked to each of them. The result shows that During our study, we found that they were not
properly maintaining the menstrual hygiene. Only 6.0% of girls knew that menstruation is a
physiologic process, 36.7% knew that it is caused by hormones. Ninety-four percentages of them
use the pads during the period but only 11.3% dispose it. Overall knowledge and practice were
40.6% and 12.9% respectively.[19]

The descriptive cross sectional study was done on the knowledge and practice of self- hygiene
during menstruation among female adolescent students in Buraidah city. The study was
conducted among 258 intermediate school girls in Buraidah city. A semi-structured, self-
administered questionnaire was used to collect information on demographics, menstrual history,
knowledge about menstruation, hygiene practices, and school absence during menstruation.The
results show that Before menarche, 49.6% of the girls knew about menstruation. The mothers
were the most common (94%) source of information about menstruation. Regarding
menstruation, 68.2% had bleeding for four to six days, and 42.2% had an interval of 21 to 35
days between periods. Approximately 61.7% participants had 'acceptable' level of knowledge,
2.0% had a 'good' knowledge and 36.3% had 'poor' knowledge regarding menstruation. Most
(60.5%) students were categorized as having unsatisfactory self-hygiene practice. During the last
three months, 35.8% of the girls were absent for one day due to menstruation. 47.7% of the
students omit some foods and drinks from their diet during menstruation; soft drinks were the
most omitted. Mother's occupation (P = 0.022), family monthly income (P = 0.007), and prior
knowledge on menstruation (P = 0.006) were significantly associated with knowledge regarding
menstruation.[20]
The cross sectional study was done on the adolescents knowledge of Early pubertal changes and
menstrual hygiene in selected secondary schools in sapele in Delta State. A Quasi experimental
design was adopted. 389 school-going adolescents [229 in the experimental group and 160 in the
control grouThis was an institutional based cross-sectional study conducted at Gedeo zone high
schools among 791 randomly selected adolescent girls using multi stage sampling technique.
Data were collected using interviewer administered questionnaire. The collected data were
entered to EPI-INFO (soft ware) and exported to SPSS version 20 for analysis. Bivariable and
multivariable logistics analyses were computed to identify factors associated with the poor
menstrual hygienic practice. The result shows that From a total of 791 adolescent girls
participated in this study, 68.3% had poor knowledge of menstruation. About 48.1% of school
girls used absorbent materials, and 69.5% clean their external genitalia. Generally, 60.3% of girls
had poor menstrual hygienic practice. Age less than 15 years [OR = 1.71:95% CI (1.22, 2.39)],
longer days of menstrual flow [OR = 2.51:95% CI (1.66, 3.80)] and poor knowledge of menses
[OR = 1.48:95% CI (1.04, 2.1)] had a significantly associated with poor menstrual hygiene
practice.[21]

Part-3 Literature related to effectiveness and structured teaching plan regarding menstrual
hygiene.

The cross sectional study was conducted the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on
knowledge in practice regarding menstrual hygiene among female students studying in selected
schools Methods: Pre-experimental research study was carried over a period of 3 months on 50
female students of VIII, IX, and X standard studying in Shaikh high school, Belagavi. Karnataka.
All 50 students enrolled in study. The result shows that, pretest scores of 50 adolescent girls had
excellent knowledge 2 (4%), 41 (82%) were good and 7 (14%) were having poor knowledge.
Post-test scores of 50 adolescent girls had excellent knowledge 32 (64%), 18 (36%) were good
and 0 (0%) were having poor knowledge. Among demographic variables analysed in the study it
was inferred that there is a significant association between knowledge score and the selected
demographic variables regarding practice regarding menstrual hygiene among female students
studying in selected schools knowledge scores at 5% level.[22]

The descriptive cross section study was done on study the effectiveness of structural teaching
plan regarding menstrual hygiene among rural and urbal adolescent girls in lalitpur,
metropalitan,city. The study was conducted four government schools of lalitpur metropalitan city
among all adolescent girls, studying in class 7,8,9.these schools where students studying from
different parts of country. The result shows most of them 61.25% used sanitary pads, 31.87 used
reusable clothes and 6.87% used new clothes. Almost half of rural people dried the absorbent
inside home. [23]

The cross sectional study was conducted the effectiveness of structured -Teaching programme
on adolescents knowledge of Early pubertal changes and menstrual hygiene in selected
secondary schools in sapele in Delta State. A Quasi experimental design was adopted. 389
school-going adolescents [229 in the experimental group and 160 in the control group] were
selected by multistage sampling from four secondary schools in Sapele. Knowledge was assessed
using a researcher developed pre and post-test validated and reliable instrument. One week after
the pretest was conducted, STP was administered by the researchers to the experimental group
which lasted 4weeks. Thereafter post-test was conducted on both groups. Data was collated using
SPSS software for windows version 22. The result shows that the mean age of the research
participants was [13±2.1, n= 389]. All four [4] schools had similar pre-entry knowledge of EPC
[9.02±2.23; 8.79±2.18; 8.23±1.96 & 7.0±2.27] and MH [11.51±1.94; 11.38±2.32; 10.45±2.39 &
10.84±2.60]. The STP was effective as post test scores revealed a knowledge gain of [4.033 &
5.60, P= 0.000] for knowledge of EPC and [3.53 & 1.92, P= 0.000] for knowledge of MH in the
experimental groups. No significant increase in knowledge was observed in the control groups
for EPC and MH. Statistical analysis done [ANOVA] revealed an association between knowledge
of EPC and MH based on their school type [P= 0.000; 0.004] but no association [chi-square] was
found between knowledge of EPC and MH based on their age [P= 0.380 & 0.234].[24]

An analytical study with one group pretest–posttest design was carried out to assess the
effectiveness of structured teaching program on menstrual hygiene among 100 adolescent school
girls studying in a public school in Palpa. Pretested semi structured questionnaire was used to
assess knowledge and practice whereas valid MAQ (Menstrual Attitude Questionnaire) was used
for attitude. This was followed by structured teaching program consisting of information on
menstruation, myths and hygiene. The result shows that The study resulted in statistically
significant improvements (P< 0.001) in total knowledge (63% to 66%), attitude (47% to 63%)
and practice (43% to 49%) after implementation of the structured teaching program. There was
positive correlation between knowledge and attitude scores (r= 0.023), attitude and practice
scores (r= 0.026) and knowledge and practice scores (r= 0.183).[25]
The cross sectional study was conducted on effectiveness of structured teaching programme on
knowledge and attitude regarding menstrual hygiene among early adolescent girls.Menstruation
is generally considered unclean in Indian society. Effective menstrual hygiene is vital to health,
wellbeing, dignity, empowerment, mobility and productivity of woman and girls. The
quantitative approach and pre experimental research design was used for this study. 60 early
adolescent girls were selected using Simple Random Sampling technique. The Instrument used
for the study was Structured Knowledge Questionnaire and 5 Point Likert scale. Paired ‘t’ test
was used to evaluate pretest and posttest level of knowledge and attitude on menstrual hygiene.
Chi square test was used to find out the association between the posttest Knowledge and Attitude
on Menstrual hygiene with their selected demographic variables. The findings revealed that,
there was a significant association between the level of attitude and selected demographic
variables.[26]
CHAPTER- IV

METHODOLOGY
Research methodology is way to systematically solve the research problem. The role of
methodology consist of procedure, techniques for conducting the study.

This chapter deals with the research approach, research design, settings, variables,
populations, sample and sample sizes, sampling technique, sampling purpose, development and
description of tools,data collection procedure and planning for data analysis

The present study was intend to assess the level of knowledge and practice of menustral
hygiene among higher secondary students of Harsha pu college, bangalo

RESEARCH APPROACH
The research approach taken for the present study is quantitative research approach.

RESEARCH DESIGN

The research design used for this study is cross sectional research design.

RESEARCH SETTING
This study was conducted in,

.VARIABLE OF THE STUDY

A variable is defind as anything that has quality and quantity that varies. In other words, variable
are qualities, properties, characteristics of persons, things or situations that change or vary.
Variables are mainly 2 types-
. Dependent variable
. Independent variable

DEPENDENT VARIABLE
A dependent variable is a variable whose value depends upon independent variable.
In this study, the dependent variable is the knowledge and educational of menstrual hygien.

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
An Independent variable means a variable whose variation does not depend on that or another.
In this study, the independent variable is structured programme.

.POPULATION
In the present study the population consists of higher secondary female adolescent girls.

.ACCESSIBLE POPULATION
In the present study the accessible population consists of 300 higher secondary female adolescent
girls.

. SAMPLE TECHNIQUE
Simple random sample technique was used for the study.

.INCLUSIVE CRITERIA

.Higher secondary female students.

.Students who are willing to participate during study
.Students who are available at the time of data collection

.EXCLUSION CRITERIA

.Students who are not willing to participate.

.Students who are not available during the study.

Tools used for the study:

The structured knowledge questionnaire was developed in order to asses the knowledge of
menstrual hygiene among adolescent girls in a selected schools.
The steps followed in preparing the tools are:
Discussion with teachers
Previous researches from library
Internet
Description of tools
A self administered questionnaire was designed in 2 sections.
Section A
Section A consist of socio demographic varr
Section B
Section B consist of
Sources of data
Data was collected from 9 to 12 adolescent girls.
Data collection procedure:
Formal permission was obtained from the principal of selected school, banglore. Sample will be
selected based on inclusion criteria. I introduce myself and explain the purpose of the study.
The instruction for answering questions was given to the participant by the investigators.
CHAPTER- V

RESULTS
Menstrual hygiene among adolescent
girls
Table no. 1: Demographic data

Number of subjects Percentage

14 - 15 39 25.7
Age distribution
16 -17 22 14.5

18 -19 91 59.9

Hindu 84 55.3
Religion
Christian 42 27.6

Muslim 24 15.8

Buddhism 2 1.3

Primary 41 27.0
Fathers education
level Secondary 48 31.6

Diploma 50 32.9

Illiterate 13 8.6

Primary 35 23.0
Mothers education
level Secondary 44 28.9

Diploma 67 44.1

Illiterate 6 3.9

Total 152 100.0

The demographic data provided in Table 1 offers insight into the characteristics of the study
population, consisting
of 152 subjects. The analysis highlights trends in age distribution, religious affiliations, and
educational backgrounds
of both fathers and mothers.

**Age Distribution:**
- The majority of the subjects (59.9%) belong to the 18-19 age group, with 91 individuals
representing this category.
- The 14-15 and 16-17 age groups constitute a smaller portion of the population, with 39 and
22 subjects, respectively.
- This suggests that the study population is predominantly comprised of older adolescents and
young adults.

AGE DISTRIBUTION

14 - 15
26%

18 -19
60% 16 -17
14%

14 - 15 16 -17 18 -19

The demographic data presented in Table 1 provides insight into the

characteristics of the study participants. The age
**Religion:**
- The data reveals a significant Hindu population (55.3%), followed by Christians (27.6%)
and Muslims (15.8%). The
smallest percentage belongs to the Buddhist community (1.3%), indicating a relatively minor
presence. This distribution
implies a diverse, but predominantly Hindu, cultural background.

of 16-17 age range.

RELIGIONWISE DATA
84
90

80

70

60

50 42
Number of subjects

40
24
30

20

10 2

0
Hindu Christian Muslim Buddhism

**Father's Education Level:**

- Diploma holders (32.9%) form the largest percentage of the population, indicating a strong
emphasis on formal education
within families. - Primary and secondary educated individuals comprise 27% and 31.6%,
respectively, suggesting that a notable
number of families prioritize educational attainment. Illiteracy (8.6%) exists, but the overall
education level is relatively high
compared to other demographic indicators.

**Mother's Education Level:**

- Diploma holders (44.1%) dominate the mother's education level categories, suggesting an
emphasis on higher education for
women. - Secondary educated mothers (28.9%) form the second largest group, indicating a
growing trend of secondary
education for females. - The percentage of illiterate mothers (3.9%) is relatively low, reflecting
an overall improvement in
female education.
 FATHER'S EDUCATION LEVEL

Illiterate
8%
Primary
27%

Diploma
33%

Secondary
32%

Primary Secondary Diploma Illiterate

MOTHER'S EDUCATION LEVEL

Illiterate
4% Primary
23%

Diploma
44%

Secondary
29%

Primary Secondary Diploma Illiterate

Table no. 2: Demographic data

Number of Percentage
subjects
Private Employee 42 27.6
Fathers Occupation
status Government Employee 29 19.1

Daily Labour 46 30.3

Business 26 17.1

Others 9 5.9

Private Employee 30 19.7

Mothers Occupation
status Government Employee 16 10.5

Daily Labour 27 17.8

Business 12 7.9

Housewife 63 41.4

Others 4 2.6

<10000 76 50.0
Monthly Expenditure
10001 - 19999 36 23.7

>20000 40 26.3

Only with father 4 2.6

Live with
Only with Mother 10 6.6

With both Father and 112 73.7

Mother
With relatives 10 6.6

Alone 7 4.6

Others 9 5.9
The data presents a snapshot of the socioeconomic characteristics of a group of individuals.
Analyzing the father's occupation,
it's evident that the largest proportion, 30.3%, are engaged in daily labor, followed by private
employees at 27.6%. Business
owners represent 17.1% while government employees make up 19.1% and others 5.9%. For
the mother's occupation, a significant
41.4% are housewives, showcasing a traditional family structure in this population. Daily
labor (17.8%), private employees
(19.7%), government employees (10.5%), business owners (7.9%) and others (2.6%)
constitute the remaining groups. This
indicates a diverse range of occupational backgrounds within the families surveyed.

FATHERS OCCUPATION

Others 9

Business 26

Daily Labour 46

Government Employee 29

Private Employee 42

0 5 10
Number
15
of subjects
20 25 30 35 40 45 50
The monthly expenditure data suggests a relatively balanced distribution of financial
statuses. 50% spend less than 10000,
23.7% spend between 10001 and 19999, and the remaining 26.3% spend more than
20000 monthly.

MONTHLY EXPENDITURE

>20000
26%

<10000
50%

10001 - 19999
24%

<10000 10001 - 19999 >20000

Concerning living arrangements, the vast majority, 73.7%, live with both parents.
Other living situations include living with
only the father (2.6%), only the mother (6.6%), relatives (6.6%), alone (4.6%), or with
others (5.9%). This shows that the most common family structure is a nuclear family
with both parents.
 WHOM DO YOU LIVE WITH AT
120
PRESENT
112

100

80
Number of subjects

60

40

20
10 7 9
10
4

0
Only with Only with With both With Alone Others
father Mother Father and relatives
Mother

The provided data offers insight into various aspects of families, highlighting trends in
occupation, monthly expenditure, and living situations.
Table no. 3: Demographic data …….

Number of Percentage
subjects
Yes 101 66.4
Do you receive
pocket money No 51 33.6
from your parents

Mass Media 41 27.0

Previous source of
Information Peer group 25 16.4

Family members 66 43.4

Health personal 20 13.2

Total 152 100.0

The data reveals an interesting insight into the financial independence of the
respondents, with a significant majority (66.4%)
stating that they receive pocket money from their parents. This suggests that many of
the respondents are still financially
dependent on their parents, which could be an indicator of their age or financial
situation. On the other hand, a substantial
minority (33.6%) reported not receiving pocket money, implying that they may have
alternative sources of income or are more
financially independent.

In terms of where the respondents obtain their information from, the data shows that
family members are the primary source,
with 43.4% of respondents citing them as their previous source of information. This is
not surprising, given the significant
influence that family members can have on an individual's knowledge and beliefs.
Mass media is the second most popular
source, with 27.0% of respondents relying on it for information. Peer groups and
health professionals are also significant
sources of information, with 16.4% and 13.2% of respondents citing them,
respectively. These findings highlight the
importance of considering multiple sources of information when assessing an
individual's knowledge and attitudes, as
different sources may have varying levels of influence and credibility. Overall, the data
provides a valuable understanding
of the financial and informational dynamics at play among the respondents.

PREVIOUS SOURCE OF INFORMATION

66
70

60

50
Number of subjects

41
40

30 25
20
20

10

0
Mass Media Peer group Family Health personal
members
Table no. 4: Knowledge about Menstruation

Number of subjects percentage

It is a Curse 35 23.0

Its a Psychological 63 41.4

phenomena
It is a pathological 33 21.7
phenomena
Don’t know 21 13.8

Total 152 100.0

The data presents the interpretations of a specific phenomenon held by a sample of 152
subjects. The most prevalent
interpretation is that the phenomenon is a psychological one, with 41.4% of the
subjects subscribing to this view. A
smaller, but still substantial, proportion (23.0%) believe it is a curse, while 21.7% see
it as a pathological phenomenon.
Finally, 13.8% of the subjects indicated that they did not know how to interpret the
phenomenon. The responses indicate
a diversity of beliefs regarding the nature of the phenomenon, with psychological
explanations being the most common.
Table no. 5: Knowledge about Menstruation …

Number of Percentage
subjects
10 -12 year 62 40.8
At what age girls
having their first 12 - 14 year 60 39.5

period 14 - 16 year 30 19.7

It is a Normal biological 110 72.4

What is the courses of
process
Menstruation It is caused by diseases 11 7.2
It is caused by hormonal 19 12.5
imbalance
It is a curse by god 12 7.9

Vagina 21 13.8
Which organ is caused
for Menstruation Uterus 124 81.6
Ureter 5 3.3
Dont know 2 1.3

Once a day 42 27.6

How many times you
take bath during Twice a day 94 61.8

menstruation Not taking bath 15 9.9

Others 1 .7

Daily 98 64.5
When do you bath
during Menstruation First day 39 25.7
Second day 10 6.6
Not taking 5 3.3
The survey conducted to understand various aspects of menstruation among women has
yielded some interesting insights.
One of the key findings is that the majority of girls (62%) experience their first period
between the ages of 10-12 years,
followed by 39.5% who experience it between 12-14 years, and 19.7% who experience
it between 14-16 years. This indicates
that the onset of menstruation often occurs at a relatively early age, and understanding
this process can help women and families
prepare adequately.

The respondents were also asked to express their opinions on the cause of menstruation.
The majority (72.4%) believe that
menstruation is a normal biological process, while a smaller percentage (7.2%) think it
is caused by diseases. A surprising
7.9% of respondents believe that menstruation is a curse by god, highlighting the impact
of cultural and social factors
on people's understanding of this natural process.
The organ most responsible for menstruation, according to the respondents, is the uterus
(81.6%), followed by the vagina
(13.8%). This indicates that most people are aware of the role of the uterus in
menstruation, even if they may not understand
the specifics of the process.
During menstruation, the respondents were asked how many times they took a bath per
day. The results show that 61.8% of
women take a bath twice a day, while 27.6% take a bath once a day. This highlights the
importance of personal hygiene
during menstruation.
Finally, the respondents were asked when they typically bathe during menstruation. The
majority (64.5%) take a bath daily,
while 25.7% take a bath on the first day of their period, and 6.6% take a bath on the
second day. These findings suggest that
most women prioritize personal hygiene during menstruation and prefer to maintain.
Table no. 6: Knowledge about Menstruation …

Yes No

Number of Percentage Number of Percentage

subjects subjects

Have you heard about 122 80.3 30 19.7

menstruation before attaining
menarche
Did you tell about menstruation 119 78.3 33 21.47
when you have started
Do you know about 121 79.6 31 20.4
Menstruation Hygiene
Do you think Menstruation 116 76.3 36 23.7
interfere with academic
performance
Do you know that there is foul 132 86.8 20 13.2
smell during Menstruation
Do you know that Menstrual 123 80.9 29 19.1
blood is unhygienic
Do you know that use of 128 84.2 24 15.8
Sanitory pads during
Menstruation
Do you use Sanitory pads 128 84.2 24 15.8
during menstruation
Do you come to school during 141 92.8 11 7.2
Menstruation
Do you use Mediation during 94 61.8 58 38.2
Menstruation
Do you clean your Genital area 140 92.1 12 7.9
during Menstruation
The survey results indicate a generally positive understanding and practice regarding
menstruation among the subjects. A
large majority of the respondents, specifically 80.3%, reported having heard about
menstruation before their first period (menarche),
and a similar proportion (78.3%) discussed it after it started. The data also suggests
strong awareness of menstruation hygiene,
with 79.6% reporting knowledge of it. A significant number of respondents (76.3%)
believe that menstruation interferes with
academic performance. Most of the subjects demonstrated a good understanding of the
physical aspects of menstruation, with
86.8% knowing about potential odor and 80.9% recognizing that menstrual blood is
unhygienic. The survey reveals that 84.2%
know about and use sanitary pads during menstruation. Almost all respondents (92.8%)
come to school during their periods,
suggesting a high level of attendance despite this natural process. While a considerable
number of subjects (61

Table no. 7: Knowledge about Menstruation …

Number of Percentage
subjects
Commercially made 85 55.9
Do you use
sanitary pads
absorbent material Napkin 36 23.7
during Menstruation Tampons 7 4.6
Clothes 22 14.5
Others 2 1.3

Soap and water 89 58.6

If you are using cloth
Cleaning with antiseptic 31 20.4
as pads how do you
solution
clean it Only water 28 18.4
 Not applicable 4 2.6

Sunlight 120 78.9

If you are using cloth
Inside the house 9 5.9
as pads how do you
Cloth driers 9 5.9
dry the cloth
Not applicable 14 9.2

Once 40 26.3
How many times do
Twice 31 20.4
you change the pad
Three 40 26.3
>3 times 41 27.0

Dustbin 45 29.6
Where do you dispose
Burning 60 39.5
the pad
Toilet 23 15.1
Draining 23 15.1
Open filled dumping 1 .7

Paper 38 25.0
What do you use to
Plastic wrap 89 58.6
wrap the pads before
Not wrapping 16 10.5
disposing it
Others 9 5.9

This data provides insights into menstrual hygiene practices among a group of
individuals. The majority (55.9%) use commercially made sanitary pads, followed by
napkins (23.7%), clothes (14.5%), and tampons (4.6%). Regarding cleaning cloth pads,
soap and water are the most common method (58.6%), followed by antiseptic solution
(20.4%), and plain water (18.4%). Sunlight is overwhelmingly used to dry cloth pads
(78.9%), with a small portion drying them inside the house or using cloth driers (5.9%
each). Pad changing frequency is relatively consistent, with similar proportions
changing once (26.3%), twice (20.4%), or three times (26.3%), and a slightly higher
percentage changing more than three times (27.0%). The disposal methods are varied,
with burning being the most common (39.5%), followed by the dustbin (29.6%), toilet
and draining (15.1% each). Most individuals wrap pads in plastic wrap (58.6%) before
disposal, followed by paper (25.0%), not wrapping (10.5%), and other methods (5.9%).

Table no. 8: Association of age with knowledge about Menstruation

Menstruat 14 - 15 16 - 17 18 - 19 Total
ion
Num Percent Num Percent Num Percent Num Percent
ber age ber age ber age ber age

Is a curse 12 30.8 3 13.6 20 22.0 35 23.0

Is a 15 38.5 11 50.0 37 40.7 63 41.4

Psycholo
gical
phenome
na
It’s a 8 20.5 6 27.3 19 20.9 33 21.7
pathologi
cal
phenome
na
Don’t 4 10.2 2 9.1 15 16.4 21 13.9
know
Total 39 100.0 22 100.0 91 100.0 152 100.0

X2=3.937 p=0.685 ns
Table 8 explores the relationship between age and the understanding of menstruation
among the study participants. The table presents the distribution of responses across
different age groups (14-15, 16-17, and 18-19 years) for four knowledge categories:
"Is a curse," "Is a psychological phenomenon," "It's a pathological phenomena," and
"Don't know". The results indicate that regardless of age groups, the majority of the
participants consider menstruation as a psychological phenomenon. The Chi-square
test result (X2=3.937, p=0.685) suggests that there is no statistically significant
association (ns) between age and the knowledge about menstruation.

Table no. 9: Association of Religion with knowledge about

Menstruation

Menstruat Hindu Christian Muslim Total

ion
Num Percent Num Percent Num Percent Num Percent
ber age ber age ber age ber age
Is a curse 23 26.8 5 11.9 7 29.2 35 23.0

Is a 29 33.7 22 52.4 12 50.0 63 41.4

Psycholo
gical
phenome
na
It’s a 22 25.6 7 16.7 4 16.7 33 21.7
pathologi
cal
phenome
na
Don’t 12 13.9 8 19.0 1 4.2 21 13.9
know
Total 86 100.0 42 100.0 24 100.0 152 100.0
X2=11.474 p=0.245 ns

Table No. 9 presents the association of individuals' religious affiliations—with their

knowledge and perceptions regarding menstruation. The data reveals that among
Hindus, a significant portion views menstruation as a curse (26.8%) compared to
Christians (11.9%) and Muslims (29.2%). In contrast, a higher percentage of
Christians (52.4%) and Muslims (50.0%) characterize menstruation as a psychological
phenomenon, while Hindus also reflect a notable belief in this perspective (33.7%).
The perception of menstruation as a pathological phenomenon is relatively similar
across the groups, with Hindus (25.6%) reporting the highest percentage. Interestingly,
a substantial proportion of respondents express uncertainty about menstruation, with
19.0% of Christians and only 4.2% of Muslims indicating a lack of knowledge. The
Chi-square test results (X²=11.474, p=0.245), however, suggest that these differences
in perceptions are not statistically significant, indicating that beliefs about
menstruation may not be strongly influenced by religious affiliation in this sample.

.WHAT IS MENSTRUATION *.WHOM DO YOU LIVE WITH AT PRESENT

4.WHOM DO YOU LIVE WITH AT PRESENT
O
t
h
With both e
Only with Only with Father and r
fathera Mother Mother With relatives Alone s
It is a Curse Count 2 1 29 2 1

% 50.0% 10.0% 25.9% 20.0% 14.3%

Its a Psychological Count 2 5 45 4 3

phenomina % 50.0% 50.0% 40.2% 40.0% 42.9%

It is a pathological Count 0 2 25 2 2
phenomina
% 0.0% 20.0% 22.3% 20.0% 28.6%

Dont know Count 0 2 13 2 1

% 0.0% 20.0% 11.6% 20.0% 14.3%

Total Count 4 10 112 10 7 9

% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0

%
a. X2=10.115 p=0.0812 ns

The data explores the perception of menstruation in relation to living

situations. Overall, the majority of respondents (41.4%) consider
menstruation a psychological phenomenon. The most common living
situation is with both parents, with the majority of respondents within each
perception category (curse, psychological, pathological, don't know)
residing with both parents. The Chi-square test result (X² = 10.115, p =
0.0812, ns) indicates no statistically significant association between the
perception of menstruation and living arrangements at the significance level
of 0.05.

WHAT IS MENSTRUATION *MOTHER'S EDUCATION LEVEL

6.MOTHER'S EDUCATION LEVEL
Primarya Secondary Diploma Illiterate Total
It is a Curse Count 14 9 10 2 35

% 40.0% 20.5% 14.9% 33.3% 23.0%

Its a Psychological phenomina Count 12 19 30 2 63

% 34.3% 43.2% 44.8% 33.3% 41.4%

It is a pathological phenomina Count 5 9 17 2 33

% 14.3% 20.5% 25.4% 33.3% 21.7%

 Dont know Count 4 7 10 0 21

% 11.4% 15.9% 14.9% 0.0% 13.8%

Total Count 35 44 67 6 152

% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

a. X2=10.312 p=0.316 ns

The table explores the relationship between a person's understanding of

menstruation and their father's education level. The responses about
menstruation are categorized into "It is a Curse," "Its a Psychological
phenomena," "It is a pathological phenomena," and "Don't know." The
father's education levels are grouped into "Primary," "Secondary,"
"Diploma," and "Illiterate." While there are variations in how different
education levels perceive menstruation, the chi-square test result
(X2=11.326, p=0.254) indicates that there is no statistically significant
association between the father's education level and the perception of
menstruation. This suggests that the father's education level does not
strongly predict how individuals view menstruation based on the
categories provided in the analysis.

WHAT IS MENSTRUATION * FATHERS OCCUPATION

7.FATHERS OCCUPATION
Private Government
Employee Employee Daily Labour Business Othe
It is a Curse Count 14 3 11 5
% 33.3% 10.3% 23.9% 19.2% 22
Its a Psychological phenomena Count 13 17 19 11
% 31.0% 58.6% 41.3% 42.3% 33
It is a pathological phenomena Count 10 6 10 6
% 23.8% 20.7% 21.7% 23.1% 11
Don’t know Count 5 3 6 4
% 11.9% 10.3% 13.0% 15.4% 33
Total Count 42 29 46 26
% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100
. X2=10.97 p=0.531 ns

The table presents the results of a survey on what people believe

menstruation is, in relation to their father's occupation. The survey
categorized the responses into four groups: "It is a Curse", "It's a
Psychological phenomenon", "It is a Pathological phenomenon", and "Don't
know". The results show that the majority of respondents (41.4%) believe
that menstruation is a psychological phenomenon, followed by those who
think it is a curse (23.0%), a pathological phenomenon (21.7%), and those
who are unsure (13.8%).The breakdown of responses by father's occupation
reveals some interesting patterns. For instance, among private employees,
33.3% of respondents believe that menstruation is a curse, while 31.0%
think it is a psychological phenomenon. In contrast, government employees
are more likely to view menstruation as a psychological phenomenon
(58.6%). Daily laborers are more evenly split, with 41.3% believing it is a
psychological phenomenon and 23.9% thinking it is a curse. Business
owners are more likely to view menstruation as a psychological
phenomenon (42.3%), while those in other occupations are more likely to
be unsure (33.3%).
The chi-squared test (X2=10.97) indicates that there is no significant
association between the father's occupation and the respondent's beliefs
about menstruation (p=0.531, ns). This suggests that the father's occupation
does not have a significant impact on how people perceive menstruation.
Overall, the survey highlights the diverse range of beliefs and perceptions
about menstruation, and the need for further education and awareness to
promote a more informed and nuanced understanding of this natural
phenomenon.

Despite the lack of significant association between father's occupation and

perceptions of menstruation, the survey results do reveal some notable
trends and patterns. For example, the fact that a significant proportion of
respondents believe that menstruation is a curse or a pathological
phenomenon highlights the need for greater education and awareness about
the biological and psychological aspects of menstruation. Additionally, the
variations in responses across different occupations suggest that cultural
and socioeconomic factors may play a role in shaping people's perceptions
of menstruation. Further research is needed to explore these factors in more
depth and to develop effective strategies for promoting a more positive and
informed understanding of menstruation.

.WHAT IS MENSTRUATION *.MOTHER'S OCCUPATION

8.MOTHER'S OCCUPATION
Private Government
Employeea Employee Daily Labour Business Housewife Others
It is a Curse Count 12 1 11 4 7 0

% 40.0% 6.3% 40.7% 33.3% 11.1% 0.0%

Its a Psychological Count 8 12 10 4 26 3

phenomina % 26.7% 75.0% 37.0% 33.3% 41.3% 75.0%

It is a pathological Count 7 2 4 2 18 0
phenomina % 23.3% 12.5% 14.8% 16.7% 28.6% 0.0%

Dont know Count 3 1 2 2 12 1

% 10.0% 6.3% 7.4% 16.7% 19.0% 25.0%

Total Count 30 16 27 12 63 4
 % 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

. X2=29.17 p=0.015 sig

The provided table analyses the relationship between a mother's occupation

and her understanding of menstruation. The chi-squared test result (X² =
29.17, p = 0.015) indicates a statistically significant association between
these two variables. This suggests that a mother's occupation influences her
perception of menstruation. The data reveals varied viewpoints across
different occupational groups. For instance, a relatively higher percentage
of mothers in private employment and daily labor consider menstruation a
"curse" compared to those in government employment, business, or those
who are housewives. On the other hand, a significant portion of government
employees view menstruation as a "psychological phenomenon."
Housewives also tend to perceive menstruation as a "psychological
phenomenon" more frequently than the other groups. The proportion of
mothers who consider menstruation a pathological phenomenon varies
between different occupational groups. Finally, those who do not know
much about menstruation are distributed across all groups. This shows that
the perceptions surrounding menstruation differ based on a mother's
professional background.

.WHAT IS MENSTRUATION * PREVIOUS SOURCE OF INFORMATION

11.PREVIOUS SOURCE OF INFORMATION
Family Health
Mass Mediaa Peer group members personal Total
It is a Curse Count 8 5 11 11 35

% 19.5% 20.0% 16.7% 55.0% 23.0%

Its a Psychological Count 14 12 30 7 63

phenomina % 34.1% 48.0% 45.5% 35.0% 41.4%
 It is a pathological Count 12 4 17 0 33
phenomina % 29.3% 16.0% 25.8% 0.0% 21.7%

Dont know Count 7 4 8 2 21

% 17.1% 16.0% 12.1% 10.0% 13.8%

Total Count 41 25 66 20 152

% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

a. X2=18.644 p=0.028 sig

The table presents information about the understanding of menstruation

based on different sources of information. The study explored how
individuals perceive menstruation, categorizing their views into four main
categories: "It is a Curse," "Its a Psychological phenomena," "It is a
pathological phenomena," and "Don't know." The sources of information
were classified as Mass Media, Peer group, Family members, and Health
personnel. The results indicate that a significant proportion of the
respondents consider menstruation a psychological phenomenon (41.4%),
while 23% view it as a curse, and 21.7% see it as a pathological
phenomenon. Family members (45.5%) and Peer groups (48%) were more
significant source of information on regarding the menstrual cycle as a
Psychological phenomenon. Health personnel provided the most accurate
information with majority regarding the menstrual cycle as a psychological
phenomenon. The chi-square test results (X2=18.644, p=0.028) suggest
that there is a statistically significant association between the source of
information and the perception of menstruation, indicating that the source
of information influences how individuals understand the menstrual cycle.

.WHICH ORGAN IS CAUSED FOR MENSTRUATION * .AGE

2.AGE
14 - 15a 16 -17 18 -19 Total
Vagina Count 5 2 14 21
 % 12.8% 9.1% 15.4% 13.8%
Uterus Count 31 19 74 124
% 79.5% 86.4% 81.3% 81.6%
Ureter Count 2 1 2 5
% 5.1% 4.5% 2.2% 3.3%
Dont know Count 1 0 1 2
% 2.6% 0.0% 1.1% 1.3%
Total Count 39 22 91 152
% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
. X2=2.249 p=0.895 ns

The table presents the responses from a group of individuals, aged 14-19,
regarding the organ responsible for menstruation. The options provided are
the Vagina, Uterus, and Ureter. The Vagina had the lowest average
percentage across all age groups, ranging from 12.8% in the 14-15 age
group to 13.8% in the total group. This indicates that a relatively small
proportion of the respondents believed that the Vagina is responsible for
menstruation.The Uterus had the highest average percentage across all age
groups, ranging from 79.5% in the 14-15 age group to 81.6% in the total
group. This suggests that the majority of respondents believed that the
Uterus is the primary organ responsible for menstruation.The Ureter had the
lowest average percentage across all age groups, ranging from 2.2% in the
18-19 age group to 5.1% in the 14-15 age group. This indicates that only a
small proportion of respondents believed that the Ureter is responsible for
menstruation.
The Chi-square statistic (X^2 = 2.249) and the associated p-value (p =
0.895) indicate that the observed distribution of responses does not
significantly differ from the expected distribution. This suggests that,
overall, there is no significant association between the age group and the
belief about which organ is primarily responsible for menstruation.
 .WHICH ORGAN IS CAUSED FOR MENSTRUATION * .RELIGION
3.RELIGION
Hindua Christian Muslim Buddhism Total
Vagina Count 11 5 5 0 21
% 13.1% 11.9% 20.8% 0.0% 13.8%
Uterus Count 66 37 19 2 124
% 78.6% 88.1% 79.2% 100.0% 81.6%
Ureter Count 5 0 0 0 5
% 6.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 3.3%
Dont know Count 2 0 0 0 2
% 2.4% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 1.3%
Total Count 84 42 24 2 152
% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
X2=7.353 p=0.6 ns

The data reveals that the Uterus is overwhelmingly identified as the cause
of menstruation across all religious groups. A large percentage of
respondents, particularly among Hindus, Christians, and Muslims, correctly
identified the Uterus. The Uterus was selected by the vast majority of
respondents (81.6% total). Some respondents identified the Vagina (13.8%
overall) as the cause. Very few selected the Ureter (3.3%), or responded that
they didn't know (1.3%).

The Chi-square test of independence ($\chi^2$) result is 7.353 with a p-

value of 0.6. This p-value is non-significant (ns) which means there is no
statistically significant association between religious affiliation and the
understanding of which organ causes menstruation. In other words, the
knowledge about menstruation doesn't seem to vary significantly among the
different religious groups in this sample.
 .WHICH ORGAN IS CAUSED FOR MENSTRUATION * .WHOM DO YOU LIVE WITH AT
PRESENT
4.WHOM DO YOU LIVE WITH AT PRESENT
With both
Only with Only with Father and
fathera Mother Mother With relatives Alone Others Total
Vagina Count 1 1 15 1 1 2 21

% 25.0% 10.0% 13.4% 10.0% 14.3% 22.2% 13.8%

Uterus Count 3 9 90 9 6 7 124

% 75.0% 90.0% 80.4% 90.0% 85.7% 77.8% 81.6%

Ureter Count 0 0 5 0 0 0 5

% 0.0% 0.0% 4.5% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 3.3%

Dont know Count 0 0 2 0 0 0 2

% 0.0% 0.0% 1.8% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 1.3%

Total Count 4 10 112 10 7 9 152

% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

a. X2=3.795 p=0.998 ns

The data presented here seeks to understand the organ responsible for
menstruation and the living arrangements of the respondents.
Looking at the responses provided, it's clear that the majority of
participants, 81.6%, correctly identified the uterus as the organ responsible
for menstruation. This demonstrates a relatively high level of
understanding of basic reproductive biology among the respondents. The
living arrangements of the participants varied, with the majority, 80.4%,
living with both their father and mother. This information suggests a
traditional family setup is common among the respondents, which might
influence their access to information about reproductive health.The
distribution of answers regarding the organ responsible for menstruation
across different living arrangements shows some variability. For instance,
among those living only with their father, 75% correctly identified the
uterus, but the sample size for this group is small. Similarly, among those
living only with their mother, 90% correctly identified the uterus. These
percentages suggest that living with a mother might correlate with a
higher likelihood of knowing the correct answer, possibly due to mothers
being more likely to discuss menstrual health with their children.
However, the small sample sizes and the overall dominant correct answer
across all groups limit the depth of such analysis.
It's also noteworthy that a small percentage of respondents, 3.3%,
incorrectly identified the ureter as the organ responsible for menstruation.
The ureter is actually a tube that carries urine from the kidney to the
urinary bladder and has no role in menstruation. This misunderstanding
highlights the need for comprehensive sexual and reproductive health
education to prevent such misconceptions. Furthermore, 1.3% of
respondents did not know which organ was responsible for menstruation,
indicating a gap in knowledge that educational interventions could
address.

The statistical analysis provided, with an X2 value of 3.795 and a p-value

of 0.998 (ns), suggests that there is no significant association between the
living arrangements of the respondents and their knowledge of which
organ is responsible for menstruation. This lack of significance could be
due to the small sample sizes in some categories or the overall high level
of knowledge about menstruation across different living arrangements.

In conclusion, the data indicate a good understanding of the organ

responsible for menstruation among the respondents, with the majority
correctly identifying the uterus. The living arrangements of the
participants do not seem to significantly affect this understanding, based
on the statistical analysis provided. However, the presence of
misconceptions, such as attributing menstruation to the ureter, underscores
the importance of accurate and comprehensive education on reproductive
health.

.WHICH ORGAN IS CAUSED FOR MENSTRUATION * .MOTHER'S EDUCATION

LEVEL
6.MOTHER'S EDUCATION LEVEL
Primarya Secondary Diploma Illiterate Total
Vagina Count 4 8 8 1 21
% 11.4% 18.2% 11.9% 16.7% 13.8%
Uterus Count 31 33 56 4 124
% 88.6% 75.0% 83.6% 66.7% 81.6%
Ureter Count 0 2 3 0 5
% 0.0% 4.5% 4.5% 0.0% 3.3%
Dont know Count 0 1 0 1 2
% 0.0% 2.3% 0.0% 16.7% 1.3%
Total Count 35 44 67 6 152
% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
a. X2=15.838 p=0.07 ns
This table provides an analysis of the relationship between mother's
education level and the occurrence of menstruation in women. The data is
presented as a contingency table, with the rows representing the different
education levels of the mothers and the columns representing the
occurrence of menstruation.

Based on the results, there is no significant association between the mother's

education level and the occurrence of menstruation. The Chi-square value
(X²) is 15.838, but the p-value is 0.07, which is greater than the typical
significance level of 0.05. This suggests that any observed differences in
menstruation rates among the different education groups are likely due to
chance rather than a real association.

Interpretation: Menstruation is not significantly influenced by the mother's

education level. The data does not support a correlation between mothers
with higher education and higher or lower rates of menstruation in their
children.

.WHICH ORGAN IS CAUSED FOR MENSTRUATION * .MOTHER'S OCCUPATION

8.MOTHER'S OCCUPATION
Private Government
Employeea Employee Daily Labour Business Housewife Others
Vagina Count 3 0 4 3 10

% 10.0% 0.0% 14.8% 25.0% 15.9% 25.0

Uterus Count 25 16 21 6 53

% 83.3% 100.0% 77.8% 50.0% 84.1% 75.0

Ureter Count 1 0 2 2 0

% 3.3% 0.0% 7.4% 16.7% 0.0% 0.0

Dont know Count 1 0 0 1 0

% 3.3% 0.0% 0.0% 8.3% 0.0% 0.0

Total Count 30 16 27 12 63
% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0

a. X2=23.968 p=0.066 ns
The data presented in the table explores the relationship between the
mother's occupation and the organ perceived to be responsible for
menstruation. The analysis is based on a sample of 152 participants,
categorized by the mother's occupation (Private Employee, Government
Employee, Daily Labour, Business, Housewife, Others) and their responses
regarding the organ associated with menstruation (Vagina, Uterus, Ureter,
Don't know).

The primary finding indicates a strong association between the uterus and
menstruation. Across all occupational categories, the uterus is
overwhelmingly identified as the responsible organ, with 81.6% of the total
responses selecting it. The percentages within each occupational group also
consistently highlight the uterus as the primary response (83.3% for Private
Employees, 100.0% for Government Employees, 77.8% for Daily Labour,
50.0% for Business, 84.1% for Housewife, and 75.0% for Others). The
vagina is also identified, but to a lesser extent, with 13.8% of the total
responses. The other options, the Ureter and "Don't know", show only
minimal selection.

The statistical analysis, with a \( \chi^2 \) value of 23.968 and a p-value of

0.066, suggests a potential relationship between the mother's occupation
and the answer provided, although the result is not statistically significant
(ns). Therefore, although the trend may exist, we cannot firmly conclude
that a mother's occupation significantly influences the understanding of
which organ is the cause for menstruation in this specific data.
 WHICH ORGAN IS CAUSED FOR MENSTRUATION * PREVIOUS SOURCE OF
INFORMATION
11.PREVIOUS SOURCE OF INFORMATION
Mass Mediaa Peer group Family members Health personal Total
Vagina Count 6 2 10 3 21
% 14.6% 8.0% 15.2% 15.0% 13.8%
Uterus Count 35 23 51 15 124
% 85.4% 92.0% 77.3% 75.0% 81.6%
Ureter Count 0 0 4 1 5
% 0.0% 0.0% 6.1% 5.0% 3.3%
Dont know Count 0 0 1 1 2
% 0.0% 0.0% 1.5% 5.0% 1.3%
Total Count 41 25 66 20 152
% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
a. X2=8.24 p=0.51 ns

The data explores the sources of information about which organ is

responsible for menstruation. The study analyzed the responses from a
sample of individuals, categorized by the source of their information: mass
media, peer groups, family members, and healthcare professionals.The
results indicate that the **uterus** is the organ most frequently identified
as the cause of menstruation across all information sources. A substantial
majority of respondents, regardless of their information source, correctly
identified the uterus. While some individuals mentioned the vagina or
ureter, these were far less common responses, indicating that the public
generally understands the primary role of the uterus in the menstrual cycle.
The Chi-square test (X2=8.24, p=0.51, ns) shows there is no significant
association between information source and the organ identified, suggesting
that the correct identification of the uterus is widespread across different
sources of information.
 WHAT IS THE DURATION OF NORMAL MENSTRUATION IN A
NORMAL PERSON vs AGE GROUP
.AGE
14 - 15a 16 -17 18 -19 Total
Yes Count 27 10 64 101
% 69.2% 45.5% 70.3% 66.4%
No Count 12 12 27 51
% 30.8% 54.5% 29.7% 33.6%
Total Count 39 22 91 152
% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
a. X2=5.099 p=0.078 ns

The provided data explores the relationship between age group and the
duration of a normal menstrual cycle. The age groups are 14-15, 16-17, and
18-19 years old. The data indicates whether the menstrual cycle duration is
"normal" or not for each age group. The "Yes" category signifies a normal
duration, while "No" implies an abnormal duration. The data also includes
the counts and percentages for each category within each age group, as well
as the overall totals. The chi-squared test statistic (X2) is 5.099, with a p-
value of 0.078. The notation "ns" indicates that the result is not statistically
significant.

The data suggests that a higher proportion of individuals experience normal

menstrual cycle durations in the 14-15 and 18-19 age groups compared to
the 16-17 age group. Specifically, approximately 69.2% and 70.3% in 14-
15 and 18-19 age group respectively reported normal cycles, while only
45.5% of the 16-17 age group reported normal cycles. However, the chi-
squared test, with a p-value of 0.078, suggests that the observed differences
in the proportions of "Yes" and "No" responses across the age groups are
not statistically significant. This means that we cannot conclude that there
is a significant association between age group and menstrual cycle duration
based on this data. The lack of statistical significance might be due to the
sample size.

WHAT IS THE DURATION OF NORMAL MENSTRUATION IN A NORMAL

PERSON vs RELIGION
3.RELIGION
Hindua Christian Muslim Buddhism Total
Yes Count 55 30 14 2 101
% 65.5% 71.4% 58.3% 100.0% 66.4%
No Count 29 12 10 0 51
% 34.5% 28.6% 41.7% 0.0% 33.6%
Total Count 84 42 24 2 152
% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
a. X2=2.222 p=0.528 ns
b.
The table presents a cross-tabulation of individuals' responses (Yes or No)
to a question about the normal duration of menstruation, broken down by
their religious affiliation (Hindu, Christian, Muslim, and Buddhist). The
chi-squared test result, \(\chi^2 = 2.222\) with a p-value of \(p = 0.528\),
suggests there is no statistically significant association between religious
affiliation and the response to the question. This indicates that the
proportion of individuals who answered "Yes" or "No" does not vary
significantly across the religious groups examined. While the percentages
show some differences (for instance, 65.5% of Hindus answered "Yes"
compared to 71.4% of Christians), these differences are not large enough to
be considered statistically significant given the sample sizes and the p-value
is greater than the conventional alpha level of 0.05. Therefore, based on this
data, one cannot conclude that religious beliefs strongly influence an
individual's perception of the normal duration of menstruation.
 .WHAT IS THE DURATION OF NORMAL MENSTRUATION IN A NORMAL
PERSON * MOTHER'S EDUCATION LEVEL
6.MOTHER'S EDUCATION LEVEL
Primarya Secondary Diploma Illiterate Total
Yes Count 19 32 47 3 101
% 54.3% 72.7% 70.1% 50.0% 66.4%
No Count 16 12 20 3 51
% 45.7% 27.3% 29.9% 50.0% 33.6%
Total Count 35 44 67 6 152
% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
. X2=4.24 p=0.237 ns

The provided table analyzes the relationship between the duration of normal
menstruation (Yes/No) and the mother's education level (Primary,
Secondary, Diploma, Illiterate). The data suggests a possible association
between these two variables, but the Chi-square test results (X2=4.24,
p=0.237 ns) indicate that this association is not statistically significant. This
means that the observed differences in the proportion of women
experiencing normal menstruation across the different education levels
could have occurred by chance. The percentage values show that in each
education level, the proportion of women with normal menstruation (Yes)
is higher compared to women with abnormal menstruation (No).
Specifically, a larger percentage of women with mothers having secondary
and diploma level education had normal menstruation compared to illiterate
mothers. However, as the p-value is greater than 0.05 (a common threshold
for statistical significance), we cannot conclude that there is a reliable
relationship between mother's education and the duration of normal
menstruation.
 WHAT IS THE DURATION OF NORMAL MENSTRUATION IN A NORMAL PERSON *
vs MOTHER'S OCCUPATION

8.MOTHER'S OCCUPATION

Private Government
Employeea Employee Daily Labour Business Housewife Others Total
Yes Count 18 12 20 5 43 3 101

% 60.0% 75.0% 74.1% 41.7% 68.3% 75.0% 66.4%

No Count 12 4 7 7 20 1 51

% 40.0% 25.0% 25.9% 58.3% 31.7% 25.0% 33.6%

Total Count 30 16 27 12 63 4 152

% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

a. X2=5.317 p=0.378 ns

The provided data explores the relationship between the duration of normal
menstruation in a normal person (categorized as "Yes" or "No") and the
mother's occupation. The analysis reveals that there isn't a statistically
significant association between the two variables. The Chi-square test
results, indicated by X2=5.317 with a p-value of 0.378, suggest no
significant relationship. The percentages show the proportion of women
with normal menstruation duration within each occupational category. For
example, 60% of mothers who are private employees reported a normal
menstruation duration. However, due to the high p-value, these differences
in percentages across the occupational categories are not statistically
significant and could be due to chance. Therefore, based on this data, the
mother's occupation does not appear to be a determining factor in the
duration of normal menstruation.
 .WHAT IS THE DURATION OF NORMAL MENSTRUATION IN
A NORMAL PERSON vs .DO YOU RECIEVE POCKET
MONEY FROM YOUR PARENTS
10.DO YOU RECIEVE POCKET
MONEY FROM YOUR PARENTS
Yesa No Total
Yes Count 72 29 101
% 71.3% 56.9% 66.4%
No Count 29 22 51
% 28.7% 43.1% 33.6%
Total Count 101 51 152
% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
a. X2=3.163 p=0.075 ns

The data presented examines the relationship between receiving pocket

money from parents and another unspecified variable, which we'll assume
is a category related to the first question about menstruation. The analysis
shows the number of individuals in each category (yes or no for pocket
money, and presumably "normal" or another variable).

Specifically, a total of 152 individuals were surveyed. The table indicates

that 101 individuals receive pocket money (72 "Yesa" responses, and 29
"No" responses). Of those who receive pocket money, it seems that 72 are
in a "normal" category (or whatever 'Yesa' is referring to). The table also
shows that 51 individuals do not receive pocket money (29 are in a "normal"
category, while 22 are not). The Chi-squared test results (X² = 3.163, p =
0.075 ns) suggest there's no statistically significant association between
receiving pocket money and this other variable, as the p-value (0.075) is
greater than a typical significance level of 0.05. This means we cannot
conclude there's a significant relationship between these two variables.

WHAT IS THE DURATION OF NORMAL MENSTRUATION IN A NORMAL PERSON * vs

PREVIOUS SOURCE OF INFORMATION
11.PREVIOUS SOURCE OF INFORMATION
Mass Mediaa Peer group Family members Health personal Total
Yes Count 29 16 45 11 101
% 70.7% 64.0% 68.2% 55.0% 66.4%
No Count 12 9 21 9 51
% 29.3% 36.0% 31.8% 45.0% 33.6%
Total Count 41 25 66 20 152
% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
a. X2=1.669 p=0.644 ns

The provided data explores the sources of information individuals relied

upon to determine the duration of normal menstruation. The table shows a
breakdown of respondents categorized by whether they received
information about the duration of normal menstruation from various
sources like mass media, peer groups, family members, and health
professionals. The "Yes" category indicates the individuals who got
information from that source, while "No" signifies those who did not. The
results are presented as counts and percentages. A chi-square test was
performed to assess the association between these information sources and
the response (Yes/No). The chi-square value is 1.669, and the p-value is
0.644, which is considered not statistically significant (ns). This suggests
that there isn't a significant difference in how information about menstrual
duration is distributed across the different sources; people rely on these
sources in a similar way. For example, around 66% of all respondents got
the information from these sources.

.DO YOU KNOW ABOUT MENSTRUATION HYGIENE vs .AGE

.AGE
14 - 15a 16 -17 18 -19 Total
Yes Count 33 18 70 121
% 84.6% 81.8% 76.9% 79.6%
No Count 6 4 21 31
% 15.4% 18.2% 23.1% 20.4%
Total Count 39 22 91 152
% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
a. X2=1.073 p=0.585 ns

This table presents the results of a survey examining the relationship between age and
knowledge about menstruation hygiene. The data is categorized by age groups: 14-15
years old, 16-17 years old, and 18-19 years old. The table shows the count and
percentage of respondents who answered "Yes" or "No" to the question "Do you know
about menstruation hygiene?" for each age group. A chi-square test was conducted to
determine if there is a statistically significant association between age and knowledge
of menstruation hygiene. The results of the chi-square test are reported as \(X^2 =
1.073\) with a p-value of 0.585 (ns).

The results indicate that a large majority of respondents across all age groups reported
knowing about menstruation hygiene. The percentages of "Yes" responses are
consistently high: 84.6% for the 14-15 age group, 81.8% for the 16-17 age group, and
76.9% for the 18-19 age group. The chi-square test yielded a non-significant p-value
(0.585), meaning that the observed differences in the proportions of "Yes" and "No"
responses across the age groups are not statistically significant. In other words, there is
no strong evidence to suggest a relationship between age and knowledge about
menstruation hygiene based on this data. While there are slight variations in the
percentages, they are likely due to random sampling fluctuations rather than a true
underlying relationship.

DO YOU KNOW ABOUT MENSTRUATION HYGIENE vs .RELIGION

3.RELIGION
Hindua Christian Muslim Buddhism Total
Yes Count 70 33 17 1 121
% 83.3% 78.6% 70.8% 50.0% 79.6%
No Count 14 9 7 1 31
% 16.7% 21.4% 29.2% 50.0% 20.4%
Total Count 84 42 24 2 152
% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
a. X2=2.964 p=0.397 ns

The data explores the association between religious affiliation (Hindu,

Christian, Muslim, and Buddhist) and whether individuals report knowing
about menstrual hygiene. The results suggest that a majority of individuals
across all religious groups are knowledgeable about menstrual hygiene.
Specifically, 83.3% of Hindus, 78.6% of Christians, 70.8% of Muslims, and
50.0% of Buddhists reported knowledge of menstrual hygiene. When
looking at the overall total, 79.6% of all respondents indicated knowledge
of menstrual hygiene. The chi-squared test, with a value of 2.964 and a p-
value of 0.397, indicates that there is no statistically significant association
between religious affiliation and knowledge about menstrual hygiene. This
implies that observed differences in knowledge levels across religious
groups could be due to chance, and the data does not provide strong
evidence that religious affiliation influences knowledge of menstrual
hygiene.
 .DO YOU KNOW ABOUT MENSTRUATION HYGIENE vs .WHOM DO YOU LIVE WITH AT
PRESENT
WHOM DO YOU LIVE WITH AT PRESENT Total
With both
Only with Only with Father and
fathera Mother Mother With relatives Alone Others
Yes Count 2 5 97 7 3 7 121
% 50.0% 50.0% 86.6% 70.0% 42.9% 77.8% 79.6%
No Count 2 5 15 3 4 2 31
% 50.0% 50.0% 13.4% 30.0% 57.1% 22.2% 20.4%
Total Count 4 10 112 10 7 9 152
% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
a. X2=17.349 p=0.004 hs
The data presented suggests a significant association between knowledge
of menstruation hygiene and living arrangements. A chi-square test was
conducted to determine the relationship between these two variables.
According to the results, the chi-square value (X^2=17.349) is significant
(p=0.004), indicating a statistically significant association between
knowledge of menstruation hygiene and living arrangements. The data
reveals that individuals who live alone, with relatives, or with both parents
are more likely to have knowledge about menstruation hygiene. For
instance, among those living alone, 42.9% reported having knowledge
about menstruation hygiene, whereas among those living with both parents,
86.6% had such knowledge. In contrast, only 13.4% of individuals living
with neither parent reported having knowledge about menstruation hygiene.

The significant association suggests that living arrangements may have an

impact on access to information and education about menstruation hygiene.
Individuals living with both parents or in a supportive environment may be
more likely to receive guidance and education about menstruation, leading
to better knowledge and practices. On the other hand, those living alone or
with relatives may face challenges in accessing accurate information and
may be more vulnerable to misconceptions and poor practices. These
findings highlight the need for targeted education and awareness programs,
particularly for individuals living in situations that may limit their access to
reliable information and support.

.DO YOU KNOW ABOUT MENSTRUATION HYGIENE *.MOTHER'S

EDUCATION LEVEL
6.MOTHER'S EDUCATION LEVEL
Primarya Secondary Diploma Illiterate Total
Yes Count 27 38 50 6 121
% 77.1% 86.4% 74.6% 100.0% 79.6%
No Count 8 6 17 0 31
% 22.9% 13.6% 25.4% 0.0% 20.4%
Total Count 35 44 67 6 152
% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
a. X2=3.926 p=0.269 ns

The table explores the relationship between a mother's education level and
whether she has knowledge about menstruation hygiene. The data is
presented in a contingency table, showing the counts and percentages of
women who know about menstruation hygiene (Yes/No) across different
education levels (Primary, Secondary, Diploma, Illiterate).Looking at the
percentages within each education level, a clear trend emerges. A higher
percentage of women who have completed education at primary levels,
secondary, and diploma have knowledge about menstruation hygiene,
whereas all illiterate women know about it.
.
The provided chi-squared test result (\(X^2 = 3.926, p = 0.269\), ns)
indicates a non-significant association between mother's education level
and knowledge about menstruation hygiene. In other words, based on this
data, there is not enough statistical evidence to conclude that a mother's
education level is significantly related to her knowledge about menstruation
hygiene. The p-value (0.269) is greater than a typical significance level of
0.05, further supporting the conclusion of no statistically significant
association. Therefore, although the table suggests a possible trend, the
statistical analysis suggests that other factors besides mother's education
might play a more significant role in influencing knowledge about
menstruation hygiene.

.DO YOU KNOW ABOUT MENSTRUATION HYGIENE * MOTHER'S OCCUPATION

8.MOTHER'S OCCUPATION

Private Government Daily

Employeea Employee Labour Business Housewife Others Total
Yes Count 24 12 18 11 52 4 121

% 80.0% 75.0% 66.7% 91.7% 82.5% 100.0% 79.6%

No Count 6 4 9 1 11 0 31

% 20.0% 25.0% 33.3% 8.3% 17.5% 0.0% 20.4%

Total Count 30 16 27 12 63 4 152

% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

a. X2=5.43 p=0.366 ns

The provided data examines the relationship between a mother's occupation

and their knowledge of menstruation hygiene. The occupations are
categorized into three groups: Private Employee, Government Employee,
and Daily Labour. The table presents the number and percentage of mothers
within each occupation group who either know about menstruation hygiene
or do not. For instance, within the Private Employee category, 24 mothers
(80.0%) reported knowing about menstruation hygiene, while 6 mothers
(20.0%) did not. Similar data is presented for the Government Employee
and Daily Labour categories. A chi-squared test was conducted to
determine if there is a statistically significant association between the
mother's occupation and their knowledge of menstruation hygiene. The
result of this test is \(\chi^2 = 5.43, p = 0.366 ), and the "ns" indicates that
the p-value is not statistically significant. This means that, based on the
data, there is no significant relationship between a mother's occupation and
whether or not she knows about menstruation hygiene.

.DO YOU KNOW ABOUT MENSTRUATION HYGIENE vs .PREVIOUS

SOURCE OF INFORMATION

PREVIOUS SOURCE OF INFORMATION

Family Health
Mass Mediaa Peer group members personal Total
Yes Count 34 18 53 16 121

% 82.9% 72.0% 80.3% 80.0% 79.6%

No Count 7 7 13 4 31

% 17.1% 28.0% 19.7% 20.0% 20.4%

Total Count 41 25 66 20 152

% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

a. X2=1.191 p=0.755 ns

The table summarizes the sources from which individuals obtained

information about menstruation hygiene. The data is presented in a
contingency table, cross-tabulating the sources of information (Mass
Media, Peer Group, Family Members, Health Personnel) with whether the
individual had received information ("Yes") or not ("No"). The "Total"
column aggregates the responses for each information source. The table
also provides the count and percentage of individuals in each category. A
chi-squared test (X2 = 1.191, p = 0.755 ns) was performed to assess the
association between the source of information and whether the individual
had received any information about menstruation hygiene.The results
indicate that the vast majority of respondents (79.6%) reported having
received information about menstruation hygiene from at least one of the
listed sources. Family members emerged as the most prevalent source, with
80.3% of those who had received information citing them. Mass media,
peer groups, and health personnel also contributed to the dissemination of
information. The percentages of individuals receiving information from
each source are relatively high (82.9% for Mass Media, 72.0% for Peer
Group, 80.0% for Health Personnel), which signifies the importance of each
source in providing information. However, the p-value (0.755) for the chi-
squared test is greater than the significance level (typically 0.05). This
signifies that there is no statistically significant association between the
source of information and whether or not someone received information
about menstruation hygiene. In other words, the source of information does
not significantly impact whether or not an individual is informed on the
topic.
CHAPTER- VI

DISCUSSION
The study was conducted to Assess the effectiveness of structured educational Programme
on knowledge, practices regarding menstrual hygiene among adolesent qirls. the data was
collected from 150 students in expand at bengaluru by using questionnaire.the findings of
the study are discussed with reframe to the objectives

OBCECTIVES OF THE STUDY

1. To assess the knowledge of menstrual hygiene among higher secondary adolescent

students.

2. To assess the practice of menstruation and menstrual hygiene.

3. To assess the effectiveness structured education program to find out de-association

between knowledge and practice with their selected demographic variables.

FINDINGS O THE STDY

1. To assess the knowledge of menstrual hygiene among higher secondary adolescent

students.

The study attempt to know about knowledge of adolescence girls towards menstrual
hygiene. The findings of the study reveals that 20% of girls had in advocate
knowledge an 80% had moderate knowledge regarding menstrual hygiene

2. To assess the practice of menstruation and menstrual hygiene.

➢ Compare findings with other studies

➢ Address potential cultural and educational barriers.
➢ The mean of test was higher (59.1).

3. To assess the effectiveness structured education program to find out de-association

between knowledge and practice with their selected demographic variables.

They have moderate knowledge about menstrual hygiene. Hence structured teaching
program is effective.
CHAPTER- VII

CONCLUSION
The focus of study to assess the effectiveness of structured educational program on
knowledge practice regarding menstrual hygiene among adolescent girls.

In this study, descriptive approach was used by taking 150 sample through simple
random technique.tge data was collected by using structured self administered
questionnaire.data was analysed and interpreted by applying descriptive statistical
method.

The basis of the findings of the study are as follows

- increase in mean knowledge and practice score after intervention

- statistical significance tested using paired t- test

The following conclusion were drawn from the study

The subjects were having moderate knowledge regarding

needle stick injury.

STP was affective tool in improving the knowledge among

subjects.
CHAPTER- VIII

SUMMARY
The study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a structured educational program on
improving knowledge and practice related to menstrual hygiene among adolescent girls,
using a quasi-experimental design with a control group. The research was conducted
among girls aged 10-19 years in selected schools. Participants were divided into an
experimental group, which received the educational intervention, and a control group,
which did not receive any structured education during the study period.

Both groups were assessed using a validated questionnaire before the intervention (pre-
test) and after the intervention (post-test). The structured educational program focused on
menstrual physiology, hygiene practices, safe use and disposal of absorbents, and
breaking menstrual myths. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics
to assess the impact of the intervention

Section A: Socio-Demographic Variables

In the present study, a cross-sectional design was used to assess the knowledge and
practices regarding menstrual hygiene among adolescent girls before and after a
structured educational program.

Age Distribution:
Majority of the participants (60%) were aged between 13-15 years, followed by 30%
between 10-12 years and 10% aged 16-19 years.

Educational Background:
Most of the girls (75%) were studying in grades 7-9, while the rest were in grades 10-12.

Type of Family:
68% belonged to nuclear families, and 32% to joint families.

Residence:
55% of the girls were from urban areas, and 45% were from rural areas

Mother's Educational Status:

40% of the mothers had completed secondary education, 35% had primary education, and
25% were illiterate.

Previous Knowledge about Menstruation:

70% had some prior knowledge, mainly from mothers (50%) or peers (20%)
Section B: Knowledge Questionnaire

Knowledge levels were assessed using a structured questionnaire with 20 items covering
anatomy, menstrual cycle, hygiene practices, and myths.
Pre-Test Findings:
• Good Knowledge: 15%
• Average Knowledge: 45%
• Poor Knowledge: 40%

Major Findings:

There was a statistically significant improvement in knowledge scores after the

educational intervention (p < 0.05).
• The program was especially effective among girls who had no prior formal education on
menstrual health.
Improved knowledge led to better self-reported hygienic practices such as:
• Regular changing of sanitary pads
• Use of clean cloth/pads
• Proper disposal methods
• Maintenance of personal hygiene
CHAPTER - IX

BIBLIOGRAPHY
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CHAPTER - X

ANNEXURE - 1
LETTER SEEKING PERMISSION FOR CONDUCTING MAIN STUDY

To,
Date:14
/04/25
The principal
Victory college of Nursing

Subject: Seeking permission for conducting main study .

Respected Sir,
We, the students of the 4th year B.Sc. Nursing program at Victory College of
Nursing, would be interested in conducting a main study as part of our research. The
topic selected for the study is “A study to assess the effectiveness of structured
educational program on knowledge, practices regarding menstrual hygiene
among adolescent girls at selected higher secondary schools, Bangalore”. In this
regard, we kindly request your permission to conduct the main study. We hope you will do
the needful.
Thanking you.

Place: Bangalore Yours sincerely

4th year BSc Nursing Students Victory college of nursing
ANNEXURE 2
Instruction to the participants:

Dear, participants this section requires some of the personal

information and you are requested to answer each question correctly.

The data given by you will be kept confidential.

DEMOGRAPHIC DATA

Age:………………..

Sex:…………………

Religion:………….

Educational status:………………

Sources of information:…………..