### Core Java Basics

1. What is Java, and what are its features?

Java is a high-level, object-oriented programming language designed to be plaOorm-

independent. Its main features include simplicity, portability, security, high performance,
mul%threading, and automa%c garbage collec%on.

2. What is the difference between JDK, JRE, and JVM?

- JDK (Java Development Kit): A full development kit that includes tools for developing,
debugging, and running Java applica%ons.

- JRE (Java Run%me Environment): A run%me environment to run Java applica%ons; it

includes the JVM and standard libraries.

- JVM (Java Virtual Machine): The engine that executes Java bytecode, making Java
plaOorm-independent.

3. What are the data types in Java?

Java has two types of data types:

- Primi%ve types: `int`, `byte`, `short`, `long`, `float`, `double`, `char`, `boolean`

- Reference types: Objects, arrays, and interfaces

4. Explain the concept of autoboxing and unboxing.

- Autoboxing: Automa%c conversion of a primi%ve type to its corresponding wrapper class

(e.g., `int` to `Integer`).

- Unboxing: Automa%c conversion of a wrapper class to its corresponding primi%ve type

(e.g., `Integer` to `int`).

5. What is the difference between `==` and `equals()` in Java?

- `==`: Compares references (memory loca%ons) of two objects.

- `equals()`: Compares the content (values) of two objects and is usually overridden in
custom classes for value comparison.

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### Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) Concepts

6. What are the four main principles of Object-Oriented Programming?

- Encapsula%on: Wrapping data and methods into a single unit (class).

- Inheritance: Mechanism for a class to inherit fields and methods from another class.

- Polymorphism: Ability to use a method in different forms.

- Abstrac%on: Hiding complex details and showing only the essen%al features.

7. What is inheritance in Java, and what are its types?

Inheritance allows one class to inherit the fields and methods of another class, promo%ng
code reuse. The main types are:

- Single Inheritance: A class inherits from one superclass.

- Mul%level Inheritance: A class inherits from a superclass, which also inherits from
another superclass.

- Hierarchical Inheritance: Mul%ple classes inherit from one superclass.

8. What is polymorphism, and how is it implemented in Java?

Polymorphism allows objects to be treated as instances of their parent class. It is

implemented in Java in two ways:

- Compile-%me polymorphism: Achieved through method overloading.

- Run%me polymorphism: Achieved through method overriding.

9. Explain the concept of encapsula%on with an example.

Encapsula%on is the bundling of data and methods within a class. For example, in a `Car`
class, encapsula%on could be used to keep ajributes like `speed` and `fuelLevel` private,
with public methods `accelerate()` and `refuel()` to modify these ajributes safely.

10. What is abstrac%on in Java, and how can it be achieved?

Abstrac%on is the concept of hiding unnecessary details from the user and exposing only
essen%al features. In Java, abstrac%on is achieved using:

- Abstract classes: Classes with abstract methods that are implemented by subclasses.

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 - Interfaces: Define methods that implemen%ng classes must provide.

### Classes and Objects

11. What is a constructor, and how is it different from a method?

A constructor is a special method used to ini%alize objects in a class. Unlike regular

methods:

- Constructors have the same name as the class and no return type.

- They are automa%cally called when an object is created.

12. What is a singleton class, and how do you create one in Java?

A singleton class restricts instan%a%on to only one object. To create one, define a private
constructor, a sta%c instance variable, and a public sta%c method that returns the instance.

13. What is the difference between `this` and `super` keywords?

- `this`: Refers to the current instance of a class, omen used to access class members and
constructors.

- `super`: Refers to the superclass instance, used to call superclass methods and
constructors.

14. What is method overloading and method overriding?

- Method Overloading: Defining mul%ple methods with the same name but different
parameters in the same class.

- Method Overriding: Redefining a superclass method in a subclass to provide specific

behavior.

15. What is an inner class, and what are its types?

An inner class is a class defined within another class. Types include:

- Member Inner Class: A non-sta%c class inside a class.

- Sta%c Nested Class: A sta%c class inside a class.

- Local Inner Class: Defined within a method.

- Anonymous Inner Class: A class without a name, omen used for short implementa%ons.

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### Excep%on Handling

16. What is an excep%on, and what are the types of excep%ons in Java?

An excep%on is an event that disrupts normal program flow. Java excep%ons are of two
main types:

- Checked excep%ons: Checked at compile-%me (e.g., `IOExcep%on`).

- Unchecked excep%ons: Checked at run%me, also called run%me excep%ons (e.g.,

`NullPointerExcep%on`).

17. What is the difference between checked and unchecked excep%ons?

- Checked excep%ons: Must be either handled with a `try-catch` block or declared with
`throws` in the method signature.

- Unchecked excep%ons: Do not need to be explicitly handled; they inherit from

`Run%meExcep%on`.

18. How does the try-catch block work in Java?

A `try-catch` block is used to handle excep%ons. Code that may throw an excep%on is
placed inside the `try` block. If an excep%on occurs, it is caught in the `catch` block, where it
can be managed without stopping the program.

19. What is the purpose of the `finally` block?

The `finally` block contains code that is always executed, regardless of whether an
excep%on was thrown or caught. It is commonly used for cleanup, such as closing files or
releasing resources.

20. What is the difference between `throw` and `throws` in Java?

- `throw`: Used to explicitly throw an excep%on in the program.

- `throws`: Declares excep%ons that a method can throw, used in the method signature to
indicate poten%al excep%ons.

Here are concise answers for each of these ques%ons:

21. What is mul%threading, and how does it work in Java?

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 Mul%threading allows concurrent execu%on of two or more parts of a program. Java
supports mul%threading through the `Thread` class and `Runnable` interface, allowing for
efficient CPU usage and responsive applica%ons.

22. Explain the life cycle of a thread in Java.

The life cycle stages are:

- New: Thread created but not started.

- Runnable: Thread ready to run or wai%ng for CPU.

- Blocked/Wai%ng: Thread wai%ng for a resource or another thread’s ac%on.

- Running: Thread ac%vely execu%ng.

- Terminated: Thread has completed execu%on.

23. What is the difference between `Runnable` and `Thread`?

- `Runnable`: Represents a task without tying it to a specific thread, allowing reuse.

- `Thread`: Represents a thread of execu%on and can implement `Runnable` to specify a

task.

24. What are synchronized blocks and synchronized methods?

- Synchronized methods: Lock the en%re method, allowing only one thread at a %me.

- Synchronized blocks: Lock a specific code block or object, giving finer control over
synchroniza%on.

25. Explain the concept of deadlock and how to prevent it.

Deadlock occurs when two or more threads are wai%ng on each other to release
resources. It can be prevented by using a consistent order for locking, %meout mechanisms,
or lock avoidance techniques.

26. What is the Java Collec%ons Framework?

The Java Collec%ons Framework is a set of classes and interfaces for storing and
manipula%ng groups of objects, including lists, sets, maps, and queues.

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27. What is the difference between `ArrayList` and `LinkedList`?

- `ArrayList`: Dynamic array with fast random access but slow inser%ons/dele%ons.

- `LinkedList`: Doubly linked list with efficient inser%ons/dele%ons but slower random
access.

28. What is the difference between `HashSet` and `TreeSet`?

- `HashSet`: Unordered collec%on with constant-%me opera%ons.

- `TreeSet`: Sorted collec%on with O(log n) %me for opera%ons and maintains ascending
order.

29. What is the difference between `HashMap` and `Hashtable`?

- `HashMap`: Non-synchronized and allows one null key and mul%ple null values.

- `Hashtable`: Synchronized and does not allow null keys or values.

30. What is the purpose of the `Comparable` and `Comparator` interfaces?

- `Comparable`: Defines a natural ordering for objects, used for single criteria.

- `Comparator`: Defines custom orderings, allowing mul%ple criteria for sor%ng.

31. What are the main features introduced in Java 8?

Java 8 introduced Lambda expressions, Stream API, default and sta%c methods in
interfaces, `Op%onal` class, and improved date-%me API.

32. What is a Lambda expression, and how is it used?

A Lambda expression is a concise way to represent an anonymous func%on, used primarily

for implemen%ng func%onal interfaces.

33. Explain the purpose of func%onal interfaces in Java.

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 Func%onal interfaces have only one abstract method and are used with Lambda
expressions and method references to promote func%onal programming.

34. What is the Stream API, and why is it used?

The Stream API is used to process collec%ons of data in a func%onal style, suppor%ng
opera%ons like filtering, mapping, and reducing, making data processing more efficient.

35. What is the purpose of the `Op%onal` class in Java 8?

`Op%onal` is used to represent op%onal values, helping avoid `NullPointerExcep%on` by

providing a way to check if a value is present.

Here are the answers to your ques%ons:

Memory Alloca%on and Garbage Collec%on

36. How does memory alloca%on work in Java?

Memory in Java is allocated in two main areas: the heap and the stack. The heap stores
objects and arrays, while the stack is used for method calls and local variables. Java's
garbage collector automa%cally manages heap memory by reclaiming memory used by
unreachable objects.

37. What is garbage collec%on, and how does it work?

Garbage collec%on is the process by which Java automa%cally reclaims memory by

destroying objects that are no longer reachable. The garbage collector iden%fies
unreachable objects and frees up memory by removing them, ensuring op%mal memory
usage.

38. What are `finalize()` and its limita%ons?

The `finalize()` method is called by the garbage collector before an object is destroyed. Its
purpose is to perform cleanup, like closing resources. However, it has limita%ons:

- The exact %me of execu%on is not guaranteed.

- It may not be called if the program terminates unexpectedly.

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 - It can introduce performance overhead.

39. Explain the difference between stack and heap memory.

- Stack: Stores method frames, local variables, and references to objects. It has a Last In
First Out (LIFO) structure, and memory is automa%cally reclaimed when a method finishes.

- Heap: Stores objects and arrays. Memory is managed by the garbage collector, and it is
larger and more flexible than stack memory.

40. What are memory leaks in Java, and how can they be prevented?

Memory leaks occur when objects are no longer needed but are s%ll referenced,
preven%ng the garbage collector from reclaiming their memory. They can be prevented by
ensuring that unused objects are dereferenced and using tools like profilers to detect
memory leaks.

Java Keywords and Modifiers

41. What is the purpose of the `sta%c` keyword?

The `sta%c` keyword is used to define class-level variables and methods. It means the
member belongs to the class rather than to instances of the class. Sta%c members are
shared across all instances of the class.

42. Explain the `final` keyword and its use cases.

The `final` keyword is used to declare constants, prevent method overriding, and prevent
inheritance:

- Final variable: Cannot be reassigned.

- Final method: Cannot be overridden by subclasses.

- Final class: Cannot be subclassed.

43. What is the `transient` keyword in Java?

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 The `transient` keyword marks instance variables that should not be serialized when an
object is converted into a byte stream. This is useful when an object contains sensi%ve
informa%on that should not be saved.

44. What is the `vola%le` keyword, and why is it used?

The `vola%le` keyword ensures that a variable's value is always fetched from memory
rather than being cached. It is used in mul%-threaded environments to avoid inconsistent
reads and writes to variables.

45. Explain the difference between `public`, `private`, `protected`, and default access
modifiers.

- `public`: Accessible from anywhere.

- `private`: Accessible only within the same class.

- `protected`: Accessible within the same package and by subclasses.

- Default (no modifier): Accessible only within the same package.

File I/O and Serializa%on

46. What is serializa%on, and how is it implemented in Java?

Serializa%on is the process of conver%ng an object into a byte stream to save it to a file or
transmit it over a network. It is implemented by making the class implement the
`Serializable` interface.

47. What is the difference between `FileReader` and `FileWriter`?

- `FileReader`: Used to read character data from a file.

- `FileWriter`: Used to write character data to a file.

48. How do you read and write a file in Java using `BufferedReader` and `BufferedWriter`?

- Reading: Use `BufferedReader` to read characters line by line from a file.

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 - Wri%ng: Use `BufferedWriter` to write characters to a file, buffering the output to
improve performance.

Example:
BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new FileReader("input.txt"));

BufferedWriter writer = new BufferedWriter(new FileWriter("output.txt"));

49. What is a `RandomAccessFile`, and what are its use cases?

`RandomAccessFile` allows reading and wri%ng to a file at any posi%on, unlike other file
streams that are sequen%al. It supports both reading and wri%ng data and is omen used for
files that require direct access (e.g., database files).

50. What is the difference between `Serializable` and `Externalizable`?

- `Serializable`: A marker interface that allows an object to be serialized by the Java default
mechanism.

- `Externalizable`: Extends `Serializable` and gives the programmer control over the
serializa%on process by implemen%ng `writeExternal()` and `readExternal()` methods.

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