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Control Networks

The document provides an introduction to surveying methods, focusing on horizontal control establishment techniques such as traverse, triangulation, and trilateration systems. It details the procedures for each method, including the use of instruments like theodolites and EDM, and emphasizes the importance of minimizing errors through proper planning and measurement. Additionally, it discusses the necessity of reference sketches for locating survey stations in the future.

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2 views

Control Networks

The document provides an introduction to surveying methods, focusing on horizontal control establishment techniques such as traverse, triangulation, and trilateration systems. It details the procedures for each method, including the use of instruments like theodolites and EDM, and emphasizes the importance of minimizing errors through proper planning and measurement. Additionally, it discusses the necessity of reference sketches for locating survey stations in the future.

Uploaded by

banananana12341234
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to Surveying

Chapter 1: Baxic Concept of Surveying


Prepared by
Dr. Vishisht Bhaiya,Assistant Professor, Civil
Engineering Department, SVNIT, Surat
⚫ The following methods are used for establishment of
horizontal control.
 Traverse system
 Triangulation system
 Trilateration system
 Inertial positioning system
 Doppler positioning system
 Photogrammetric methods
⚫ Traverse System:
 The primary traverse for an intermediate scale map is usually
established by using theodolite and tape.
 Traverse lines are generally taken along roads, valley lines
and ridges. For limited extent areas traverse should be run in
proximity to perimeter of the tract.
 To minimize cumulative impact of errors, it is desirable to
establish a closed traverse of length not greater than 10 to 15
km and divide the tract into approximately equal areas.
 Although when open traverse is established, checks for
distance should be applied.
 If a secondary traverse is found to be necessary then it should
be established within the primary traverse and it is desirable
to run it with primary traverse.
 Although secondary traverse is run separately to establish the
instrument stations from which details are located.
 The secondary traverse should be located in view of ease in
locating details. The lengths of traverse lines should not be
excessive so that large accumulation of errors is avoided.
 Secondary traverse are generally run with a theodolite and
tape and when accuracy requirements are not rigid then
plane table can also be used.
⚫ Triangulation system:
 This method can be used to set primary and secondary
control for large areas in hilly region. Wherever, traversing is
likely to be slow and difficult for example in urban areas or in
mountainous areas, triangulation can be used for areas of
limited extent. Although this method is not suitable for
heavily wooded regions.
 Primary triangulation stations can be set on summits to have
intervisibility of stations and suitable signals are also erected,
if required.
 A baseline is chosen and measured precisely by using an invar
tape or an EDM instrument. Azimuths of lines are
determined by astronomical observations.
 Horizontal angles are measured precisely on all triangulation
stations marked by signals which are occupied by the
theodolite. Observations of angles are also made on the
minor stations marked through such objects like spires and
chimneys.
 Sides of all triangles are calculated from known base line and
measured horizontal angles. Required adjustments and
computations are made. Co-ordinates of all stations are
calculated for use in plotting.
⚫ Secondary triangulation stations are selected within the
primary triangulation system and these are located with
respect to primary stations by method of resection or
method of intersection.
⚫ Secondary triangulation can be performed with either plane
table or theodolite. The main benefit of plane table is that it
provides a suitable method for solving three-point problem
or two point problem.
⚫ Advantage of this method over a traverse is that, instrument
stations can be selected at suitable strategic points unaffected
by cumulative errors.
⚫ Trilateration system:
 It also consists of triangles but all three sides of triangle are
measured with E.D.M instruments. It is based on the
trigonometric proposition that, if three sides of triangle are known
then three angles can be computed. Therefore all three sides and
three angles are computed.
 If azimuth of one line is measured in the field then directions of all
lines can be evaluated. The positions and coordinates of all
trilateration systems can be computed and plot made.
 A secondary trilateration system can be run within the primary
trilateration system. The stations of second trilateration system can
be used for taking details.
Reference Sketches
• After stations are marked they should be referenced i.e. station should be
located by measurements called as ties which are taken from three
permanent points which are distinct and easily recognized such as corner of
building, gate posts or pillars, boundary stones, blazed trees, fence post etc. in
the nearby area of stations.
• The measurements should be taken nearest to 0.5 cm and carefully recorded
by means of a sketch called as reference or location sketch.
• Reference sketches are necessary to find the position of stations in case the
station marks are lost or displaced or required at a future date. They
should be neatly drawn in the field book.
• Two measurements are sufficient to restore the position of a station but third
serves as a check.
• To draw a location sketch, the surveyor facing the north direction should draw
the direction of the north line and show relative position of reference
points and station and record the measurements between the arrows, the
arrow heads touching the station point and reference points.
(Kanetkar and Kulkarni, Surveying and Levelling, Part-I, Pune Vidyarthi
Griha Prakashan, Pune, Maharashtra, India)

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