Analysis of Coastal Protection Methods through Wave-breaker

and Permeable-dam Structure combined with Mangrove Planting

W. Mahardia, *, W.A. Nugrahab, Prayogic, A. Wibowod

a
Mangrove Restoration Analyst. Directorate of Coastal and Small Islands Management, Ministry
of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, Jl. Medan Merdeka Timur No. 16, Central Jakarta, 10110,
Indonesia
b
Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation Analyst. MoMAF, Jl. Medan Merdeka Timur No. 16,
Central Jakarta, 10110, Indonesia
c
Practitioner for Geographic Information System and Remote Sensing. Permata Tembalang
Cluster Dendronium No. 29, Semarang, 50113, Indonesia
d
Marine Science Expert. MoMAF, Jl. Medan Merdeka Timur No. 16, Central Jakarta, 10110,
Indonesia

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +62-21-3522059. E-mail : [email protected]

ABSTRACT

As an effort to reduce coastal erosion in the northern of Central Java Province,

Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries (MoMAF) has established hard-structure
(wave-breaker structure and permeable dam) for short term. Function of wave-breaker
structure and permeable dam are to reduce wave energy and to catch sediments until
formed a relatively stable of sedimentation land for planting mangrove -method of
soft-structure- which in the long term of mangrove roots growth will be naturally
restore for beach stability function.
This research is observe sedimentation process around wave-breaker and permeable
dam area until can be used to mangrove planting. And also, observe mangrove growth
in sedimentation area and coastline changes in six years period. Research method use
descriptive exploration. Sampling activity used purpose sampling method for the data
of hydro-oceanography, sediment and coastal line changes. Sediment analysis is used
to rehabilitation of mangrove. Mangrove growth analysis is used to survival rate
measurement, and suitability between mangrove species with sediment type.
Hydro-oceanography observation result is needs to be input in sedimentation rate.
Sedimentation in wave-breaker show that for seven months observation can be
collected 9,355.15 m3 sediments, and six months observation in permeable dam can
collected 3,849m3 sediments. Mangrove species that suitable to be planted in the
location are Rhizopora mucronata and Rhizopora stylosa, the rate of growth of
mangrove plants is 85 cm per year.
Sedimentation formed shows that wave-breaker and permeable structure works well
to prepare the environmental conditions to allow performed mangrove rehabilitation.
This method is a combination of hard structure and soft structure for restoring coastal
erosion area in Timbulsloko Village, Demak Regency, Central Java Province. This
methods are needed to be followed and applied in other areas with similar
characteristics coast. Beside that this methods also can used to disaster mitigation and
climate change adaptation impact.
Keywords : coastal protection, wave-breaker, permeable-dam, sediment
enrichment, climate change, mangrove restoration
I. Introduction

Regency of Demak, Central Java with coastal length 34,1 km covering 13 villages

in 3 coastal districts and total mangrove forest area 4.76 km2 [4]. In 2011, the coast

of Demak Regency is in poor condition, cause by coastal erosion and seawater

intrusion. In the coastal of Sayung District, for example, there have been 208
[3]
families who were relocated . This condition was caused by coastal erosion

along 1.5 km and into 600 meters to the land that damages their settlements
[3]
(Suara Merdeka 27/11/2007) . Based on the results of time series image

interpretation, QuickBird 0.61 m in 2010, the extent of coastal erosion and

seawater intrusion effect in 4 coastal villages (Sriwulan, Bedono, Timbulsloko

and Surodadi) has reached 586.2 Hectares [4].

Seeing the condition of the above problems, where the rate of coastal erosion is

getting higher every year increases, it has been made efforts to overcome and

prevent the rate of erosion that is by the development of concrete wave breaker

and permeable-dam, and continuing by mangrove planting. Permeable-dam or

coastal hybrid engineering made of branches and twigs of trees which has a

permeable structure to capture of sediment or sediment enrichment at water high

tide. This permeable-dam structure was adopted design from Netherland,

[2]
introduced by Deltares (2013) . The area of sedimentation will be planted with

mangrove seedlings (Rhizopora sp or Avicennia sp) for the long term of solving

problem of coastal erosion. Both of structures need to more observe to know their

capacity in capturing of sediment and also observe for negative impact on

surrounding area of structure. Result of this research hopefully can be given

information regarding to behavior of each method in resolve coastal erosion.

 The data is then used as input material in the modeling process to calculate the

potential for sediment enrichment in each method (structure) of coastline

expansion in the further. Furthermore, in addition, a preliminary analysis of the

feasibility of the soil formed from the sedimentation process is to be planted of the

mangroves seedling within the framework of mangrove forest rehabilitation.

II. Methodology

This research used physical observation experiment and modeling method. The

experimental method is through physical observation and direct measurement in

the field. The modeling method is through observation of symptoms in nature and

it is measured and modeled on a small scale by a systematic model. Basic of

characteristic of this research used descriptive exploratory method.

Time of sediment observation and growth of mangrove seedling divided into three

stages:

• Wave-breaker structure: segment 1 for 7 months (September 2012 to March

2013) and segment 2 for 6 months (November 2013 to April 2014)

• Permeable dam for 6 months (December 2013 to May 2014)

• Observation of mangrove seedlings growth (May 2014 to May 2015)

Research location on coastal of Timbulsloko Village, District of Sayung, Demak

Regency, Province of Central Java

 A

Breakwater 2012 & 2013

Permeable dam 1 & 2 (2013)

Permeable dam (2013)

B C

Picture 1. Location of research on Timbulsloko Village, Regency of Demak: (A)

structure of breakwater and permeable-dam, (B) and (C) location
orientation insert on province of Central Java, Indonesia.

III. Results and Discussion

The results of sediment rate calculations show sediments trapped behind wave-

breaker structure segment-1 of 21.52 m3 / day and wave breaker structure of

segment-2 of 26.87 m3 / day. The total sediment enrichment on behind of

breakwater are 9,355.15 m3 in 6-7 months period.

 Table 1. Calculation results of sediment rate on breakwater.

Picture 2. Sedimentation area on breakwater structure.

The results of the measurement sediments enrichment analysis at permeable dam

sites produced a total volume of 3,848.93 m3 with an average sedimentation rate

of 21.38 m3 / day.

Breakwater and permeable dam structure can trap of sediment because of

longshore sediment transport. This sedimentation area has been planted with

mangrove seedlings. Mangrove species that suitable to be planted in the location

are Rhizopora mucronata and Rhizopora stylosa, with the average rate of growth

of mangrove pants are 85 cm per year.

 Table 2. Calculation results of sediment rate on permeable-dam.

Picture 3. Sedimentation observation on permeable-dam [1].

Picture 4. Mangrove planting behind breakwater structure.

IV. Conclusion and References

From this research, some conclusions can be drawn as a follows:

1. Breakwater and permeable dam structures contribute to the improvement of

damage caused by coastal erosion on the texture of muddy sand soils. The type
 of mud for both structural sites is slightly different, for permeable dams is

likely to be muddy compared to the sandy mud in the breakwater.

Sedimentation on breakwater more stable than on permeable-dam. Total

sedimentation in 7 months period on breakwater can be collected 9,355.15 m3

sediments, for permeable dam 3,849m3 sediments.

2. According to substrate compatibility with mangrove species, for the substrate

of sandy mud on breakwater structure is Rhizopora mucronata and Rhizopora

stylosa, while Rhizopora mucronata is more suitable at permeable sites.

3. This method needs to be followed and applied in other areas with similar

characteristics coast. Beside that this methods also can used to disaster mitigation

and climate change adaptation impact.

References:

1. Astra, A.S., Sabarini, E.K. 2014. Laporan Kegiatan: Pendekatan Hybrid-

Engineering Sebagai Pelindung Pantai Berbasis Mangrove. Wetlands
International Indonesia Program, Bogor: page 9-13.

2. Deltares. 2013. Perencanaan Struktur Permeabel Hybrid-Engineering.

Wetlands International Indonesia Program dan Direktorat Pesisir dan
Lautan – KKP, Jakarta: 61 pages.

3. Directorate General of Marine, Coasts and Small Islands Affairs. 2010. MFF
Large Grant Facility – Proposal. Project Title: Community-Based
Environmental Coastal Management in Demak, Province of Central
Java. Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, Jakarta: page 10-11.

4. Directorate of Coastal and Marine Affairs, 2012. MFF Large Grant Facility,
Inception Report. Project Title: Community-Based Environmental
Coastal Management in Demak, Province of Central Java. Directorate
General of Marine, Coasts and Small Islands Affairs. Ministry of
Marine Affairs and Fisheries, Jakarta: page 5-7.