BIOLOGY NOTES

For NDA/CDS
By: Delwal Sir
For NDA Follow For CDS Follow

GNI College,MBA Block , Near Ambala

Road, Mullana, Haryana - 133203

SSB GUIDE DEFENCE ACADEMY

 Living Cytology/ Cell Biology
• Any structure which consist living cell • To Study about Cell is called Cytology [Cell
• When living body is making then first struc- Biology]
ture is making called cell • Father of Cytology is Robert Hooke
• The first cell formed in the body of an organ- • Basic (structural, functional, biological) unit of
ism is called zygote cell living is Cell
Zygote [First cell of living body] • The shape and size of cells depend on their
 specific functions. Some cells change their
Tissue [Group of living cell] shape like amoeba, In some organisms has the
 shape of the cell is almost constant like nerve
cells
Organ [Group of Tissue]
• Cell that cannot regenerate are called perma-

nent cell
Organ-System [Group of Organ]
Example: Neurons (Brain) cell, Hert cell.

• The main structure element of a living cell are
Living Body [Group of Organ system]
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen & nitrogen.
• Carbon is the principal structural element of
Important Point
living cell.
• Smallest cell of human body is Male gamete
All the living things are classified into 5
[Sperm]
kingdom
• Largest cell of human body is Female gamete
(1) Animal Kingdom
[Ovum/Ova]
(2) Plant Kingdom
• Longest cell of Human Body is Neuron Cell/
(3) Monera Kingdom Nerve Cell
(4) Protista Kingdom
(5) Fungi Kingdom • Longest Plant Cell is Fiber of Ramie
• Largest Plant Cell is Xylem Cell
Cell • Smallest Blood Cell is RBC [Red Blood cell]
• Discovery of Cell by Robert Hooke • Largest Blood Cell is WBC [White Blood cell]
• Discovery of Dead cell by Robert Hooke in • Smallest cell in the universe is Bacteria (My-
cork (plant) coplasma)
• Discover of Living cell by Anton van Leeu- • It is also called joker of animal kingdom.
wenhoek • Largest cell in the universe is Ostrich egg cell
• Cell Word is given by Robert Hooke • Mycoplasma has other two name PPLO
• Robert Hooke written a book Micrographia, (Pleuro Pneumonia like organism) MLO
in this book completely written about the cell (Molecule like Organism)

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 Cell Theory
• Cell Theory is given by Schleiden and Schwann in 1839
• Statement Given : All the living organism are made up of cell and Product of cell
• Rudolf Virchow made a statement in his mother tongue Latin in 1885
Omni - Cellula - e - Cellula
   
Pre-existing Cell to Cell
• All new cells are made from old cells
• Virus has no cell, but virus is living
• Virus is the connecting link between living and Non-living
• Virus is the exception of cell theory

Types of Cell

Prokaryotic Cell Eukaryotic Cell

Prokaryotic Cell is a Eukaryotic cell is a cell

cell in which nucleus in which the nucleus is
is not fully developed fully developed
eg. Bacteria, eg Plant and Animal Cell,
Blue green Algae Fungi Cell, Yeast, Amoeba

• In prokaryotic organism the nuclear region is not surrounded by a membrane is called nucleoid.
Prokaryotic Cell Eukaryotic Cell
The Nucleus of Prokaryotic cell is notdistinct The Nucleus of eukaryotic cell is distinct,with nuc-
lear membrane, nucleoli andnucleoplasm
Most Prokaryotic cells are unicellular Most eukaryotic cells are multicellular
It contains a single chromosomes It contains more than are chromosomes
Cell division occurs only by mitosis Cell division occurs by mitosis and meiosis
Prokaryotic cells are found in bacteria and Eukaryotic cells are found in plant animal and fungi,
blue-green algae plant, Animal amoeba and yeast
Mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum golgi Mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi body
body, plastids, Lysosome are absent in proka- plastids, lysosome are present in eukaryotic cell
ryotic cells

Types of Organism

Uni cellular Organism Multi cellular Organism

Unicellular organisms are Multicellular organisms are

living organisms that are living organisms that are made
made up of only one cell up of more than one cell
Example :- Monera and Protista Example :- Plant, Animal(Human), Fungi

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 Component of Cell

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 [1] Cell Wall [3] Protoplasm
• It is present in plant but absent in animal cell • All inner Part of the cell membrane is called
(Human cell) Protoplasm
• Cell wall is Non-living outer layer of cell • Protoplasm has both liquid and solid part
• Cell wall discover by Robert Hooke • Liquid Part of the Protoplasm is called Cyto-
• Calcium nutrient is a structural component of plasm
the cell wall of plants • Solid Part of the Protoplasm is called Cell
Cell Wall sgtructure Organelle
• Example of Cell Organelle is Mitochondria,
Ribosome, lysosome, DNA, RNA, Endoplas-
mic Reticulum etc.
• In animal cell, the most abundant inorganic con-
stituent of protoplasm is Water
• The genetic material of bacteria is found in Cy-
toplasm in the form of nucleotide
• The genetic material of bacteria is found in the
Plant (Cellulose) cytoplasm. Unlike eukaryotic cells, bacteria
Fungi (Chitin) do not have a nucleus where their DNA is
Algae (Cellulose+galacton) stored. Instead, their DNA is found in the cy-
Bacteria (Pepti-do-glycon+Muramic acid) toplasm, which is the gel-like substance that
[2] Cell Membrane fills the cell
• Outer Part of the Cell is called Cell membrane • The breakdown of glucose in the cytoplasm
• Cell membrane is present in both plant and refers to a process called glycolysis
Animals • During glycolysis, glucose is broken down into
• It helps in maintaining the shape of the cell pyruvate through a series of chemical reac-
• Cell membrane is making from phospholipids tions
• It is semi permeable membrane • The breakdown of glucose releases energy in
• Cell Membrane is double layer (Bilayered) the form of ATP, which can be used by the cell
structure for various cellular processes
Absence of oxygen
• The upper part is the head and the bottom (Yeast)
Ethanol + Co 2
+ E nergy
part is called the tail Glucos e In cytoplasm Pyruvate Lack of oxygen
(6-carbon (3-carbon Lactic acid
• Head part is hydrophilic, which dissolves in molecule) m olecule) (In human muscle cells) + Energy
Presence of oxygen
water is called polar part (In mitochondrial)
Co 2 + water
+ Energy
• Tail part is hydrophobic, which does not dis-
solve in water is called nonpolar part
• The cell membrane is called selectively perme-
able as it only allows specific molecules to pass
• It regulate the movement of molecules inside
to outside or outside to inside the cell
• The plasma membrane, also known as the cell
membrane, is a thin barrier that surrounds the
cytoplasm of a cell, separating it from the ex-
ternal environment
• It is semi-perimeable membrane.

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 [4] Nucleus (B) Nucleoplasm
• It is the largest part of cell • The fluid inside the nucleus is called nucleoplasm
• It is the larger in plant cell as compared to • Chromatin is present inside the Nucleoplasm,
animal cell it is a thread-like structure, which in turn makes
• Nucleus contain their own DNA and RNA DNA and RNA
• It sends the signals to cells to grow, mature, • The color of the Nucleoplasm is colorless
divide and die (C) Nucleolus
• It is a Control Room/Brain/Manager of cell • It is the part that starts cell division first
• Nucleus was discovered by Robert Brown in • It is visible only when the cell divided
orchid plant • It is dark blue in the middle of the nucleus,
• To study about nucleus is called karyology, which is round in appearance
Nucleus is called Kary in Latin Language • Nucleolus is the site of ribosome synthesis (for-
• Prokaryotic organisms such as bacteria do not mation)
have a true nucleus, as their nuclear region is (D) Chromatin
not bound by the nuclear membrane, this is • It is thread like structure
known as the nucleoid. It contains a circular • It further becomes nucleic acid
DNA without histone proteins, which is the • Two types of nucleic acid
main genetic material of bacteria (1) RNA (Ribo Nucleic Acid)
(A) Nuclear Membrane (2) DNA (Deoxy-Ribo Nucleic Acid)
• RNA Found in–Nucleus, Cytoplasm, Ribo-
• Surrounding the nucleus is a membrane is
some chloroplast, mitochondria
called the nuclear membrane
• DNA Found in – Nucleus, Mitochondria and
• It protects the nucleus
component of plant cell i.e. Chloroplast
• It is also called as guard of nucleus
• Nucleic acid were dissolved by Friedrich
• It is made of lipoprotein
miesher
• Nuclear membrane is double layered structure
• Nuclear acid are made up of poly-nucleotides
• Outer membrane is attached to the rough en-
• Nucleotides = sugart phosphoric acid + Ni-
doplasmic reticulum
trogenous Base
DNA has double helix structure RNA has Single helix structure

• DNA stores the genetic information of the cell in the sequence of its Four bases that is
Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine and Guanin
• Watson and Crick gave the double helix model of DNA
• RNA stores the genetic information of the cell in the sequence of its four bases that is Adenin, uracil,
cytosine and guanin
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[5] Chromosome • Chromosome that are equal in male and fe-
• Chromosomes are visible only during cell di- male are known as Autosome
vision • 22 Pair of chromosome are common in male
• Chromosomes are always in pairs like and female
2,4,6,8.... • Chromosome that are different in male and fe-
• In Human body total 23 Pair (Total 46) chro- male are known as Allosome
mosome present • 1 Pair of chromosome is different in male and
• Pair of Chromosome in Pea is 7 female
• Pair of Chromosome in Cat is 19 • Male chromosome are sex determined chro-
• Pair of Chromosome in wheat is 21 mosome
• Pair of Chromosome in Chimpanzee is 24 • There are some threadlike structures inside our
• Chromosome are two types (1) Autosome (2) cells, they are called chromosomes
Allosome
Human Cell, 23 Pairs of chromosomes – 46 chromosomes

Determining the Sex

Sex determ ination in Human beings
PARENTS: FATHER MOTHER
XY XX

X Y X X
GAMET ES
(Reproductive cells)

XX XX XY XY
FEMALE FEMALE MALE MALE

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[6] Mitochondria
• Mitochondria is the second largest cell organelle
• Mitochondria is semi-autonomous body
• Mitochondria contain their own DNA and RNA
• Mitochondria discover by Albert Von Kolikar
• Mitochondria are able to produce their own Proteins
• It is absent in prokaryotic cell
• Mitochondria is the site of cellular respiration in animal
• Mitochondria is double membrane cell organelle
• Mitochondria, ATP synthesizing chemical reactions take place in Inner membrane
• ATP(Adenosine Tri Phosphate) is a energy currency

Absence of oxygen
Ethanol + Co 2
(Yeast) + Energy
Glucose In cytoplasm Pyruvate Lack of oxygen
(6-carbon (3-carbon Lactic acid
molecule) m olecule) (In human m uscle cells) + Energy
Presence of oxygen
Co 2 + water
(In mitochondrial)
+ Energy
• Energy store in mitochondria, so that Mitochondria called Power house of cell
[7] Lysosomes
• It is a single membrane structure
• Lysosome are found in all animal cell. What
are rerely found in plant cell this is because
plant cell have a strong cell wall that keeps
foreign substance out.
• Lysosome are organelles that break down
waste material and cellular devirs but they
are mainly responsible for breaking down
macro molecules such as protein, lipid, car-
bohydrate and nucleic acid. But Lysosome
do not breakdown in organic substance.
• The digestive enzymes are present in Lysosomes
• Lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes
• Lysosomes helps in intracellular digestion
• When the number of hydrolytic enzymes inside the bag of this lysosome increases, then there is pres-
sure on the membrane of the lysosome and this bag bursts and kills itself, hence it is also called suicide
bag. happens destroys that cell too
• Lysosome other name are :
• Lysosome are membrane bound sacs filled with digestive enzymes. These are made by RER
• Lysosome are a kind of waste disposal system of the cell
• These help to keep the cell clean by digesting any foreign material as well as worn out cell organelles.
• Suicidal bag of the cell; Scavenger of the cell; Atom bomb of the cell; Disposal bag of the cell

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[8] Ribosome
• It is the smallest part of cell • Ribosomes helps in protein synthesis
• Foreign materials entering the cell, such as bacteria or food as well as old organelles end up in the
lysosome, which break complex substance into simpler substance.
• Lysosome breakdown all organic materials. • Other name of ribosome is Protein Factory
• It is found in both plant cell and animal cell • Ribosomes are found in all types of cells such as unicellular
and multicellular
• Ribosomes are also called universal component of cell
There are two types of Ribosomes
(1) 7 ‘S’  It is found in Prokaryotic cell eg. Bacteria, Blue green Algae
(2) 80 ‘S’  It is found in eukaryotic cell eg. Plant, Animal, Fungi
[9] Plastids
• It is found only in plant cells • It is not found in animal cell
• It is the coloring part • Melanin is the pigment that gives color to our skin
Plastids

Chloroplast Chromoplast Leucoplast

Green color in plants is due to Chromoplast provides all It gives transparent color
other colors except green
Example :- Leaf, Fruits, Flower etc. It is f ound in the roots
Sun Flower (Yellow) – Xanthophyll
The pigment f or green color inside
the chloroplast is called chlorophyll Tomato (Red) – Leucopene
Carrot (Red) – Carotene
Beet-Root-Betanin
Chloroplast
• It is double membrane structure
• DNA is present inside it, hence it is called a semi-autonomous cell organelle
• Plants are autotrophs because they make their own food through the process of photosynthesis
• Chloroplast is considered as cell within a cell because it contains its own DNA
• Chloroplast is also called the kitchen of the plant cell because food is made in the chloroplast ofthe cell itself
• Chloroplasts is the cell organelles do photo and thermochemical reactions occur in different sites
Green Chilly Red Chilly
[Chloroplast] Chromoplast]

• Chloroplast can be converted into Chromoplast but Chromoplast cannot be converted into chloroplast
[10] Endoplasmic Reticulum
• It is a network of membranes  Porter discovered by endoplasmic reticulum
• Endoplasmic reticulum is of two types
(1) Rough endoplasmic reticulum (2) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
• Lipid Synthesis is the function of Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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 Endoplasmic Reticulum

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Such endoplasmic reticulum on Such endoplasmic reticulum on

which ribosomes are present is called which ribosomes are not present are
rough endoplasmic reticulum called smooth endoplasmic reticulum
It is near the nuclear membrane It is near the cell membrane
Protein making and synthesis is the function Primary function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum
of rough endoplasmic reticulum is involved in the metabolism and detoxification of
drug and toxic structure
Lipid synthesis is an additional function of an
smooth endoplasmic reticulum

• Endoplasmic reticulum is absent in Prokaryotic cell but present in eukaryotic cell

Do You Know Mere Lal
• Ribosome, rough endoplasmic reticulum and RNA are the organelles that help in the formation of
synthesis of protein
• Movement of materials to different parts of cytoplasm and nucleus is generally carried out by endo-
plasmic reticulum
[11] Vacuoles
• The empty space inside the cell is called vacuole
• Vacuoles called Pocket of cell
• Vacuoles contains water, minerals, glucose and vitamin
• Vacuoles are present in the cells of plants, animals and bacteria but it is necessary to have vacuoles in
plant cells
• Contractile vacuole helps in excretion and osmoregulation. It is found in consumer protists like amoeba,
paramecium
• Vacuoles are present in both plant cells and animal cells Contractile vacuoles protect a cell
from absorbing to much water and
• Vacuoles size in plant is larger than of an animal cell potentially exploding by excreting
• Vacuoles are covered with a membrane called tonoplast excess water.

Animal Cell Plant Cell

 Several small cacuoles  one large vacuole

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[12] Golgi body
• Golgi body discovered by Camillo golgi
• Its size in a plant cell is larger than that of an animal cell
• Golgi bodies in animal cells are called Lipochondria
• Golgi bodies in plant cells are called Dictyosome
• Ribosomes are lying all around inside the cell, due to which there is a jam inside the cell, then it binds
that protein together, it removes jam, which means it clears traffic
• That's why it is called the traffic police of the cell
[13] MICROBIOLOGY
• It is produced by breakdown of golgi body and endoplasmic reticulum
• It is found in cytoplasm
• It is present in eukaryotic cell but absent in Prokaryotic cell
• It forms the cytoskeleton

OSMOSIS
• It is the process by which water molecules move through a semipermeable membrane from a region to
higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.
There are three types of solutions
(1) Hypotonic solution : Water flows into the cell, causing it to swell
(2) Hypertonic solution: Water flows out of the cell, causing it to shrink
(3) Isotonic solution: The net flow of water is balanced so the cell volume stays the sameI
Cell Division

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 Tissue
• Group of Similar cell in any multicellular organism is called Tissue
• This statement is given by Henri Dutrochet
• The study of tissues is known as ‘Histology’
• In unicellular organisms, all the basic functions are performed by a single cell. For example, in amoeba,
movement, food intake, gaseous exchange and work functions are performed by a single cell but the
number of cells in multicellular organisms is millions of times more
• Inside the body, cells that are capable of performing a single function are always in a group. A certain
function inside the body is performed by a specific group of cells at a certain place. This group of cells
is called a tissue
• Tissue are not present in Unicellular Organism, Because in Unicellular Organism, only one Cell are
Present which do all function Example : Bacteria, Amoeba
• Tissue are Present in Multicellular Organism, Because in Multicellular Organism different-different Cell
Present which do all function Example :- Human, Animal, Plant etc.

Types of Animal Tissues

There are four types of animal tissues

(1) Epithelial Tissue

(2) Connective Tissue

(3) Muscular Tissue

(4) Nervous Tissue

• Most abundant tissue in human body is Connective Tissue, Example : Blood, Bones etc

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 [1] Epithelial Tissue :
• The Covering or protective tissues in the animal body are epithelial tissues.
• Epithelial Tissue are those tissue which are formed from one layer of cell
• The skin, the lining of the mouth, the lining of blood vessels, lung alveoli and kidney tubules are all made
of epithelial tissue

• Gap between two cells are called Inter-Cellular gap or Inter-Cellular matrix
• In this tissue no space between two cells, Because cells are tightly packed each other
• Epithelial tissue is also used to make the skin of the human body
• These tissues are used to make the covering and lining of the human body
Epithelial tissue are two types based on structure
(A) Simple Epithelial Tissue (Single Layer) (B) Complex Epithelial Tissue (Multi Layer)

Example : Duct, Blood Vessels

• They are Present in Skin

There are three types of Simple Epithelial Tissue depending on the structure
(1) Squamous Tissue Found In : In the salivary glands in tubes of
the Kidneys
(3) Columnar Tissue

Flatted Cells 
Found in : Outer Surface of Body; Walls of Column like Cells 
Blood vessels; In Air Sacs; Esophagus; Buc-
cal Cavity
(2) Cubodial Tissue Found In :- In gastric lining in small intestine

Cube cake Cells 

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 [2] Connective Tissue
• The most commonly found tissue that connects organs and provides strength
• It has more intercellular space
• On the basis of structure there are four types of connective tissue
(1) Cartilage tissue (2) Adipose tissue
(3) Blood tissue (4) Bones tissue
(1) Cartilage tissue
• Cartilage is solid and pliable
• These consist of Chondrocytes cell
• Most of the embryonic cartilage is replaced by bone in adulthood
• Its Function is maintains the shape of the structure while allowing for flexibility
Location of Cartilage: Tip of nose; Outer ear; Joints of body, Larynx
• Cartilage does not contain blood vessels (it is avascular) or nerves
• Nutrition is supplied by diffusion
(2) Adipose tissue
• It is a loose connective tissues that are found under the skin and store fat
• Adipose tissue found in liver
(3) Blood Tissue
• Blood Connective tissue is a kind of fluid(liquid) connective tissue
• It is made up of Plasma, RBC, WBC and Platelets
• It transports oxygen, Carbon dioxide, glucose etc.
• In human body has approximate 5 to 6 liter blood
• Blood is Produced in the bone marrow
• Blood has a fluid (liquid) matrix called Plasma
• Plasma contains proteins, salts and hormones
• Blood flows and transports gases, digested food, harmones and waste materials to different parts
• Connective tissue is found the most in our body, but blood connective tissue is also found most in it
(4) Bone Tissue
• Bone connective tissue is a type of rigid tissue
• It does not have flexibility (non-pliable)
• It provide support and Protection to soft tissue & organs
• They contain calcium salts and collagen proteins
• Bones is another example of a connective tissue. It forms the framework that supports the body. It also
anchors the muscles and supports the main organs of the body. it is strong and non flexible tissue. Bone
is made of protein collagen and mineral especially calcium.

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 • On the basis of density there are two types of connective tissue
(1) Loose (2) Dense
Loose

Areolar
• They are found in organ like lever, under skin
• Mast cells are found in this which secrete histamine, histamine is related to allergies
Dense

Ligament Tendon
Ligaments connects Tendon connnect
one bone to another muscle to bone
bone
• Collagen is the main protein found in tendon and provide their strength and structure.
[3] Muscular Tissue
• Muscular tissue is composed of cell that have ability to shorten or contract
• They get red color from myoglobin pigment
Types of Muscular Tissue

Skeletal Smooth Cardiac

Bones like Cylindrical Structure They are of shape of the eye They are found inside the heart
Attached to bones and helps These are found in food pipe It is Involuntary
in body movement Large intestine
It is Voluntary It is Involuntary

[4] Nervous Tissue

• Nervous tissue are parts of the nervous sys-
tem
• When many nerves join together, nerve tissue
is formed
• The transfer of electrical signal by nerve cell in
human body is enabled by diffusion and po-
tassium.

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 HUMAN EYE

• Study of Eye – Ophthalmology

• Eye Doctor – Ophthalmologist
• Boric Acid Present in Eye Drop
Human Eye

Simple Eye Compound Eye/Complex Eye

Advanced Eye Basic Eye

[Animal of upper class] [Animal of lower class]

Human Butterf ly, Cockroach, Mosquito

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 Layer in Human Eye (7) Vitreous Humor
(1) Sclera • It is Present Between Lens and Retina
(2) Choroid • It maintain shape and Size of the Eye Ball
(3) Retina (8) Retina
SCLERA  White color  Part Protection Retina has two type of Photosensitive cell
CHOROID  Red color  Blood vessels 
(1) Cone Cell (2) Rod Cell
Nutrient [Glucose, Oxygen, Vitamin]
RETINA  Image Making Two Spot on the retina :
(1) Cornea (1) Yellow Spot(2) Black Spot
• Light enters the eye through the cornea • On yellow spot cone cell and rod cell are
present more, so that image will be clear
• Cornea Provide Protection for iris and Pupil
and Sharp on Yellow spot
• Cornea is avascular (i.e. has no blood supply)
• On black spot cone cell and rod cell are present
(2) Iris less, so that image not making on black spot
• Iris is the coloring Part of the eye
Important Point
• The color of the iris actually indicates the col-
or of the eye • The least distance of distinct vision for human
eye is 25 cm (0.25m)
(3) Pupil
• Focal lengt h of human eye lens is
• Black spot on the eye is called Pupil
1.7cm(17mm), if object at infinity
• Its size is controlled by the help of iris
• Human eye behave like a 576 mega Pixel
• It controls the amount of light that enters the eye
• The eye ball of a human weighs approximate-
• Size of the pupil gets smaller in sunlight and ly 28 grams
bigger in darkness
• An average person blinks 12 times per minute
(4) Ciliary body
• Persistence of eye vision 1/16 sec
• The lens is attached to the ciliary body by lig-
aments • Diameter of Eye ball is approximately 2.3 cm
• Ciliary muscles hold the lens and provide the • The ability of the eye lens to adjust its focal
strength length is called accommodation
(5) Lens
• The lens focuses light coming from the cornea
on the retina
• In the human eye convex lens is present
• The image formed by the lens on the retina is
real and inverted
(6) Aqueous Humor
• It is a water fluid present between the cornea
and the lens
• It nourishes the eye and keeps it inflated
• In the Aqueous humor Tear gland is Present
• Tear gland is also known as Lacrimal gland
• Tears consist Water, Salt, Zink, Glucose, Vi-
tamin etc.

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 Eye Disease
(1) Night Blindness : Due to Vitamin - A
(2) Color Blindness : Genetic Disorder
(Problem on the zene and chromosome in the cone cel
(3) Cataract : Diabetes
(Due to Vitamin-E)
(4) Myopia (short/Near sightedness) : A short sightedness
eye can see only nearer objects clearly but distant objects
are not seen clearly
• In this defect image is formed before the retina
• In this defect focal length of lens reduced or power of lens
increases
• This defect can be removed by using a concave lens of
suitable focal length
(5) Hypermetropia (Long/far sightedness) : A long sighted
eye can see distant objects clearly but nearer objects are
not clearly visible
• In this defect image is formed behind the retina
• In this defect focal length of lens increased or power of lens
decreased
• This defect can be removed by using a convex lens of suit-
able focal length
(6) Presbiopia: In this defect both near & far objects are not
clearly visible.
It can be removed by using bifocal lens
Both concave and convex lens.

(7) Astigmatism : It is due to imperfect spherical nature of eye lens

• This defect can be removed by using cylindrical lens (Torric lens)

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 • Study of Blood – Haematology
• Blood Doctor – Haematologist
• Blood consist RBC, WBC, Platelets and plasma
• Blood is a liquid connective tissue
• Blood is a mesodermal organ

• An adult male has 5.5 to 6.5 liters of blood

• An adult female has 4.5 to 5.5 liters of blood
• A woman has about 1 liter less blood than a
man because a woman has a menstrual cycle
every month
• The pH value of our blood is approximately
7.4 and this nature is called alkaline nature
• Temperature of our blood is approximate 38°C.
• Blood is made in the bone marrow

• Babies have small bones, so their blood is produced in their liver

• The red color of our blood is due to the pigment Hemoglobin
• In Hemoglobin, haem is a compound made of iron mineral and globin is a protein
Pure Blood [O 2 quantity high, CO 2 quantity low] It found in Arteries
Blood 
 Im pure blood [O 2 quantity low, CO 2 quantity high] It found in venis

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 Components of Blood
Blood

Liquid Part (55%) Solid Part (45%)

Plasma

RBC WBC Platelets

On the basis of quantity  RBC > Platelets > WBC

On the basis of size  WBC > Platelets > RBC

[1] Plasma
• It is pale yellow in colour
• The yellow color of plasma is due to the pigment of bilirubin, which is produced by the liver
• When the amount of bilirubin pigment increases, we infected from jaundice
Plasma

Water [90% to 92%] Ions Glucose [1%] Proteins [7% to [8%]

[Mg, Na, Ca] [Energy Making]

Thrombin
Glubulin Protein Albumin Protein Fibrinogen
Fibrin

Immunity Increase Ions Balance Blood Clotting

Antibodies Making

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 RBC [ Red Blood Cell] WBC [White Blood Cell] Platelets
Other name is Erythrocytes Other name is Leucocytes Other name is Thrombocytes
Shape  Disk, Dumbbell, BiConcave Shape  Not Fixed Shape  Round
Formation  Spleen, Liver Formation  Bone Marrow Formation  Bone Marrow
Life span  120 days Life span  2 to 4 day Life span  8 to 10 day
Death  Spleen Death  Blood Death Blood
Generation  Spleen regeneration  Blood Regeneration  Blood
Function of RBC  Transport of Function: It helps in blood
Function of WBC  Immunity Increase
gases (CO2, O2) clotting
Male  5 – 5.5 millions/100 ml of Hb
WBC Quantity Male/Female  8000 – Platelets Quantity Male/Female
Female  4 – 4.5 millions/100 ml of 4.5 Lakh/100 ml of Hb
10,000/100 ml of Hb
Hb
Blood Groups
• We read about human blood in the ABS system
• ABO System has 8 blood group
• Discovery of A,B,O Blood Group  Karl Landsteiner [in 1900]
• Discovery of AB Blood Group  Decastello and Sturli [in 1902]
• There are two particles in our blood, Antigen and Antibody

Blood Group Ag AB Donate Accept

A a B A, AB A, O
B b A B, AB B, O
AB (Universal Receiver) ab ------ AB A, B, AB, O
O (Universal Donar) ----- AB A, B, AB, O O

Rarest Blood Group (In India)

(1) B.B.G.  Bombay Blood Group
Bombay Blood Group is also called as Golden Blood Group
It was first identified by a scientist named Y. M. Bhende in Mumbai
Bombay blood group behaves like O blood group
(2) INRA: INRA blood group is a rare blood group that was first discovered in India. The name comes
from the first two letters of “India” (IN) and the last two letters of the person’s name whose blood
sample was tested
INRA blood group behaves like O blood group

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 Rh Factor
• Rh factor was discovered by Landsteiner and Wiener in 1940 in Rhesus monkeys
• Rh Antigen Present on the surface of RBC
• The person who has Rh antigen will have a positive blood group
• The person who does not have Rh antigen will have a negative blood group
+ → Rh Factor Present [When the blood group is A and the Rh antigen is present]
– → Rh factor Absent [When the blood group is A and the Rh antigen is absent]

B+ → Rh Factor Present [When the blood group is B and the Rh antigen is present]
B– → Rh factor Absent [When the blood group is B and the Rh antigen is absent]

AB+ → Rh Factor Present [When the blood group is AB and the Rh antigen is present]
AB– → Rh factor Absent [When the blood group is AB and the Rh antigen is absent]

O+ → Rh Factor Present [When the blood group is O and the Rh antigen is present]
O– → Rh factor Absent [When the blood group is O and the Rh antigen is absent]

Donate Donate
Rh+ Rh+ Rh– Rh– / Rh+
Accept Accept
Rh+ Rh+/ Rh– Rh– Rh–
AB O

AB+ AB– O+ O–
Donate Donate
AB + AB + AB – AB –/AB –
Accept All+ [A+ , B +, AB+ , O+ ] Accept
AB + AB – All – [A–, B –, AB– , O –]
All– [A –, B – , AB – , O –]
So, AB+ is the universal receiver.
Donate All– [A– , B – , AB– , O –]
Donate O–
O+ All+ [A+ , B +, AB + , O+ ] All+ [A +, B +, AB +, O+ ]
Accept Accept
O+ O+/ O– O– O–

So, O– is the universal donar and rarest blood group.

Blood Groups Inheritance
Parent Blood Type A B AB O
A A, O A,B, AB, O A, B, AB A, O
B A, B, AB, O B, O A,B, AB B, O
AB A, B, AB A, B, AB A, B, AB A, B
O A, O B, O A, B O

Amit Delwal Sir 21

 According to W.H.O. Human Completely fit – Physically; Mentally; Socially

Types of Diseases

Genetic Diseases Acquired Diseases

By Birth
Genetic Disorder Communicable Non-Communicable
(Infectious) (Non-Infectious)
Eg. Corona Eg.Cancer
Bacterial disease Diabetes
Virus disease
Protozonal disease
Fungal disease

(1) Pathogen : Main Microp  Enter the body  Infected body

(2) Vector : Carry the Pathogen

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 Bacterial Disease
Bacterial Disease Pathogen Effected System
(1) Typhoid Salmonella Typhi Digestive System
(2) Cholera Vibrio Cholera Digestive System
(3) Tuberculosis MTB (Mycrobacterium Tuberculosis Bacteria) Respiratory System
(4) Plague Yersina Pestis Respiratory System
(5) Pneumonia Diplococcus Bacteria / Streptococcus Bacteria Respiratory System
(6) Tetanus Clostridium Tetani Central Nervous System
(7) Diphtheria Cornyne-bacterium Diptheral
(8) Leprosy Mycobacterium leprae Nervous System
(9) Syphilis Trepenoma Palladium Nervous System

Fungal Disease
Fungal Disease Pathogen
[1] Baldness Tenea Capitis
[2] Asthama Asper-gillus Fumigatus
[3] Ring Worm Dermato-phyton
[4] Athlete Foot Tinea Pedis
[5] Scabies Ascaria-sis Scabies

Amit Delwal Sir 23

 Virus Disease
(1) Dengue (2) HIV AIDS (3) Common Cold (4) Rabies
(5) Polio (6) Chicken Pox (7) Small Pox (8) Mumps
Virus
Viruses is an exception of cell theory
The character of viruses is similar to that of both living and non-living things
Virus is the connecting link between living and nonliving

Head Portion of the virus called capsid,

which making from protein

Genetic Material
Nucleic Acid(DNA/RNA)

Discovery of Virus(first time) – Dmitri Ivanovsky

Types of Virus

Plant Virus Animal Virus [Human Virus) Bacteriophage Virus

T.M.V,
[Tobacco Mosaic Virus]
Types of Virus
According to Structure four types of Virus
(1) Helical Virus (2) Polyhedral Virus (3) Spherical Virus (4) Complex Virus

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 Virus Disease Pathogen Effected System
(1) Dengue Arbo Virus
(2) HIV AIDS HIV Respiratory and Digestive
(3) Common cold Rhino Virus Upeer Respiratory System
(4) Rabies Rhabdo Virus Upper Nervous System
(5) Polio Polio Virus / Entero Virus Central Nervous System
(6) Chicken Pox Varicella Zoster Virus
(7) Small pox Variola Zoster Virus
(8) Mumps Paramyxo Virus Digestive System

Protozonal Disease

Protozonal Disease Pathogen

(1) Maleria Plasmodium
(2) Sleeping Sickness Trypanosoma
(3) Kala Azar Leishmania Donovani
(4) Amoebiasis Antamoeba Histolytoca
(5) Diarrhea Antamoeba Histolytica
(6) Pyorrhea Antamoeba Gingivitis

Amit Delwal Sir 25

 Intake of food for the growth and development in human body

Vitamins Carbohydrate
Minerals Protein
Fat/Lipids
Balanced diet approximately 3/5 carbohydrate, 1/5 protein and 1/5 fat
Vitamin
Vita + amine

Vital reaction Amine group

Discovery of Vitamin — Lunnin and Casimir Funk
Vitamin Term — Casimir Funk
Vitamin Theory — Hopkins and Cusimir Funk

Fat Soluble Vitamin Water Soluble Vitamin

Eg. A, D, E, K Eg. B, C

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 Fat Soluble Vitamin (3) Vitamin E
These vitamins are fat soluble Chemical Name : Tocopherol
These vitamins are stored in the store house Source : Seeds oil, Fish oil, Sun flower oil,
i.e. liver Coconut Water, Watermelon, Pomegranate
For example:- A, D, E, K Note : Vitamin ‘E’ also called ‘Beauty Vi-
tamin’ and ‘Anti Oxidant Vitamin’
(1) Vitamin A
Chemical Name : Retinol
Source : Fenugreek, Spinach, Mango,
Papaya, Milk , Milk Product

Note : Golden Rice and Carrot is the best

source of Vitamin A
Function : Glow the skin
Function : Clear vision
Deficiency : Early Aging
Human Eye – Rod Cells :- Clear Vision Cataract
Deficiency : Night Blindness; Corneal Infertile woman
Xerosis; Xerophthalmia; Keratomalacia (4) Vitamin K
(2) Vitamin D Chemical Name : Phylloquinone
Chemical Name : Calciferol Source: Green Vegetables, Fenugreek
(Maithi), Spinach, Cabbage, Chicken, Meat
Source : Milk, Milk Product (Paneer,
etc.
Khameer, Cheese), Non-Veg (Egg, Meat)

Note : Vitamin D also called ‘Harmone

Vitamin’ and ‘Sunshine Vitamin’ Sunlight
is the best source of Vitamin D
Function : Strong and Rigid the bones
Strong the teeth
Deficiency : Rickets; Osteomalacia Bow
Legs; Knock knee disease; Osteoporosis Function : It help in Blood Clotting
Deficiency : Blood Clotting

Vitamin Chemical Source Function Deficiency

Name
Vitamin A Retinol Fenugreek, Spinach Clear vision Night Blindness ,Corneal
FATOSLUBLE

Mango, Milk Product Xerosi, Xerophthalmia,

VITAMIN

Keratomalacia
Vitamin D Calciferol Milk Product, Strong Bones Rickets, Osteomalacia
Non-Veg Bow Legs, Knock knee
disease
Vitamin E Tocopherol Seeds oil, Fish oil, Glow the skin Early Aging, Cataract
Watermelon, Pomegranate Infertile woman
Vitamin K Phylloquinone Green Vegetables, Blood Blood Clotting
Chicken, Meat Clotting

Amit Delwal Sir 27

 Water Soluble Vitamin
These vitamin are water soluble
These vitamin are most found in our body Eg :- B, C
Vitamin B are Complex Vitamin
[B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, B12]

Vitamin C
Chemical Name : Ascorbic Acid
Source : Citrus Fruits (Lemon, Tamarind, Grapes, Guava, Mango) and Green Chilly
Note : Vitamin C is ‘Heat Sensitive Vitamin’ and also called as ‘Anti Carcinogenic Vitamin’
It is also called as Anti-oxidant Vitamin
It also help in wound healing
Deficiency : Scurvy
Do You know Mere Lal
Milk is the poor source of vitamin C.
Milk is the best source of vitamin A.

Vitamin Chemical Source Function Deficiency

Name
Vitamin C Ascorbic Acid Citrus Fruits and Green Chilly Scurvy
Vitamin B1 Thiamin Cereal, Milk, Nuts, Oats, Beef Convert carbs, Beri-Beri
Protein and Fat into
energy
Vitamin B2 Riboflavin Milk, Dairy Product, Eggs, Fish Convert carbs, Crack in the lips,
Protein and Fat into Tongue Redness
Water Soluble Vitamin

energy
Vitamin B3 Niacin or Yeast, Meat, Fish, Milk, seeds, Convert carbs, Muscular
Niketonic acid eggs, green vegetables, nuts Protein and Fat into Weakness
energy
Vitamin B5 Pantothenic Vegetables , Fresh meat, Amla, Convert carbs, Hair loss
Acid Unprocessed grains Protein and Fat into
energy
Vitamin B6 Pyroxidine Liver, Meat, Fish, Wheat, germ, Protein and amino Muscular
Banana, beans acid metabolism weakness
Depression
Vitamin B7 Biotin Eggs, nuts, fish, butter, Convert carbs, Vomatting
bannanas Protein and Fat into Depression
whole grains, mushroom energy
Vitamin B9 Folic acid Grains, bread, vegetable, beans, Protein and amino Anemia
orange, bananas acid metabolism
Vitamin B12 Cobalamin Liver, Dairy product, fish, Food metabolism Nerve damage
clams, and energy, DNA Anemia
Non fat dry milk Synthesis,
Formation of red
blood cell

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