6th IEEE International Conference on Signal Processing, Computing and Control (ISPCC 2k21), Oct 07-09, 2021, JUIT,

Solan, India

IoT based Smart Applications and Recent Research

Trends
Ishita Seth1 Surya Narayan Panda1 Kalpna Guleria1*
2021 6th International Conference on Signal Processing, Computing and Control (ISPCC) | 978-1-6654-2554-4/21/$31.00 ©2021 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/ISPCC53510.2021.9609484

1 1
1
Chitkara University Institute of Chitkara University Institute of Chitkara University Institute of
Engineering and Technology, Chitkara Engineering and Technology, Chitkara Engineering and Technology, Chitkara
University University University
Punjab, India Punjab, India Punjab, India
*
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

Abstract— The Internet of Things (IoT) is a unique actual world can be connected to an Internet by the sensors
and prominent technology of the recent era which is in full [6-9]. It is a platform for connecting the things which a
swing and will have a phenomenal role in the market person uses day-to-day also that are embedded with sensors,
going onward. In this technology the devices which software and electronics to the internet and enabling them to
contain sensors, actuators and processors can gather and exchange the information. Information can be
communicate with each other and help us to work for our anything or everything. The IoT interfaces between reality
day to day actions which in result therefore reducing and actual tasks with the virtual world. The number of
human effort. IoT is helping human lives with its internet-associated appliances are expanding at a speedy rate
numerous advantages. This survey paper emphasizes and [10]. These gadgets which are incorporated in IoT
contributes to the various aspects of IoT with current technologies are but not limited to PCs, laptops, tablets,
popular applications and the recent research trends in this mobile phones and many other embedded devices. Hence
technology. IoT plays a vital role to connect these devices over the
internet [11-17].
Keywords— IoT, Sensors, Actuators, Broker, MQTT, In the Internet of Things, people have conducted a lot of
Gateway research and generated various interests. In addition, some
researchers have discovered many open issues regarding the
I. INTRODUCTION security of information exchange. Addition to this, creating
a complex sensor environment, power supply, multiple
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a word that comes into connection options, data protection, evolving architecture,
everyone's mind when someone is talking about the and the complexity of the Internet of Things itself are
communication through the wireless technology in the considered additional challenges. Information exchange has
current era. As this is an interesting new field, further become the main problem of the Internet of Things. Adding
research on all related concepts and factors will be useful for to the technical difficulties, the acceptance of the IoT
developing IoT concepts. This technology uses the devices paradigm has also been hindered due to the lack of a clear
which contain sensors, actuators and the processors with and generally accepted business model [18-20]. So, while
unique addresses to perform calculations, to identify developing any IoT based application, it is important to take
information and improve information exchange without or all the above-mentioned points into consideration.
less manual intervention [1]. Smart objects created by
integrating the electronic components into common devices
or the objects such as mobile phones and household
appliances help realize this concept. The devices which are
connected make them discoverable on the network, and
helps to access the information generated by other
connected devices [2], and then the contextual decisions are
being made by sharing their information. In fact, the
connection to the existing network and forwarding the
messages are based on various factors (context-sensitive
computing) and are needed in the Internet of Things. The
traditional interpretation of the Internet has become a Figure 1: Internet of Things in Everyday life
concept of innovation because it has become the basis of
several typical networks which are interconnected with the The subsequent section of this paper as mentioned: Section
smart object networks [3-5] as shown in Figure 1. II discusses components of IoT. Section III describes
With the increase of number of connected and smart devices applications of the IoT. Section IV various challenges in this
and excessive network speed, the IoT has received extensive domain. Section V finally concludes the paper.
acceptance and recognition from the world. The IoT is an
important technology which is emerging above all the other
technologies present in the market. IoT was introduced in
1990 by Kevin Ashton from British technology pioneer to
mention the system in which several devices present in the

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 II. COMPONENTS OF IOT the main components of these sensors. To sense chemicals
A. Sensors and Actuators based on odor and taste the e-nose stands for electronic nose
and e-tongue stands for electronic tongue are technologies
The applications of IoT will surely have more than one that can be used, respectively [28-29].
sensor to gather the data against the outer world. For smart Actuators: It is used to convert the electrical signals to
objects the important component is the sensor. The provide some motion with the help of external control signal
paramount of IoT is to have the awareness of the context examples: speakers, lights, motors etc. Based on the motion
which is only feasible with the help of the technology that the actuators are classified into 3 three types of categories:
sensor contains. IoT sensors are mostly small devices electrical, hydraulic and the pneumatic depending upon the
having very low cost and the power consumption is low. type of the motions. In hydraulic actuators the mechanical
They are subject to factors such as the capacity of the motion uses hydraulic power. Pneumatic actuators use
battery and simplicity of the deployment. Schmidt and Van compressed air pressure and the electrical actuators use the
Laerhoven gave a summary of numerous types of sensors energy from the electricity. Example in case of IoT, the
used for developing the application which are based on the actuators are to switch on-off the lights, door lock-unlock,
Internet of Things [21]. alerts for any motions detectors, alarms, temperature control
Mobile Based Sensors: The cell phone, that is present of the home etc.
everywhere and consists of several many types of sensors
enclosed in it. Cell phones which are smart in nature are B. Network Layer
very useful and user-friendly devices that have the features Sensors will pass on the sensing data to the network layer
like the processing of data and the built-in communication for the computation. The components are connected over
[22-23]. Below are a few types of sensors used in cell LANs, MANs and WANs, using 4G networks also it can be
phones. connected. For short distance communication Bluetooth and
Accelerometer sensor, the dimensions can be measured in Wi-Fi can be used for communication. The network layer
all the three axes x, y, and z. The main use of an also consists of the hardware components like routers,
accelerometer in smartphones is to detect the motions and switches, numerous protocols for the network and the
the tilts to any of the directions. Gyroscope, with the help of gateways etc. [13-14]. Network infrastructure can be chosen
an accelerometer a gyroscope is used to sense the rotations based on the domain of IoT. As an example, for the smart
and the twist to the smartphones. Camera, it is also a home the network size is small as compared to the smart
powerful sensor, which helps to capture any image. The cities and smart transportation. Hence the components and
bigger the camera sensor the lighter it produces which in the protocols can be selected accordingly.
turns reflects the good quality pictures. Microphone, this
sensor senses the audio data with the help of voice C. Security Layer
recognition and analyzes the audio information. GPS
In any of the IoT based applications, it is mandatory to
(Global Positioning System) sensors help in collecting the
enforce the security standards. As the heart of the IoT
phone location, that is one of the most important
industry is the data. Once the sensors gather the information
information of the cell phone.
after processing the artificial intelligence and machine
learning components will be working on that processed
Medical Sensors: The sensors can be used to monitor
information. By using the encryption on the data at each
numerous medial related variables for the human body [24].
level of the IoT architecture, the data needs to be protected
Many applications are based on the purpose so that the
from the hacker or the malfunctioning [5] [16].
patient’s health can be monitored, especially when they are
not in the hospitals. Also, the real-time response can be
D. Governance Norms
provided to any other stakeholder for that patient; it can be a
doctor, other relatives, hospital staff etc. For monitoring the Flow of the data on the various components of the IoT
health of the person there are multiple sensors that can be ecosystem, it is essential to follow all the standard
worn by the patient as described by McGrath and Scanaill guidelines from the government and the KPIs, Wi-Fi,
[25] to get the information on their health status. Today in WANs, LANs etc. are the typical technical standards that
the market there are several wearable sensing devices can be used in the IoT ecosystem for communication.
available. Wearables are fitted out with the medical sensors Several protocols like UDP, TCP/IP, MQTT etc. are used as
that are competent enough to measure the different the network protocols. The applications of the IoT need to
variables, for example to measure the heart beat rate, pulse, adhere with the quality standards and the guidelines from
pressure in blood, temperature of a body, and levels of blood the regulatory authorities [12] [18].
glucose etc.[26].
E. Smart Vision
Environment and Chemical Based Sensors: Some The choice of the technology to develop an intelligent
physical parameters are needed to sense the environment system is the major component in the IoT. On the
parameters such as water pollution, climate conditions, preprocessed data the machine learning and artificial
moisture and pollution in the air. Thermometer and intelligence components are deployed. The technology stack
barometer are used to measure the climate and pressure and the business components can be chosen based upon the
information respectively. To detect chemical related and the compatibility of the existing IoT ecosystem. It is essential to
biochemical related substances chemical sensors are being consider the latency requirement, scale of the business, the
used [27]. Recognition of the elements and a transducer are precision of the use case and its complexity while working

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 on the intelligent insights on any of the IoT applications people with various disabilities. Their fitness is monitored
[1][5] [17]. by the IoT devices and their families are knowledgeable
right away in case of emergencies. Now floors are also
equipped with the pressure sensors, which can track the
III. SMART APPLICATIONS motion of a person throughout in the smart home application
As the IoT is expanding to the market, one cannot think and additionally alert in detecting if someone has fallen.
about modern life without the applications which are present This application detection program is particularly helpful in
in the field of IoT. As it mainly impacts on day-to-day life determining whether the elderly have fallen. Sixsmith et al.
that includes our social life, education sector, government [34] used low price infrared sensor array technology that
sector and business too. In this paper the brief discussion on can offer facts which include the area, size, and pace. It
the applications like smart home, smart healthcare, smart detects dynamics of a fall via a means of reading the
cities, and smart agriculture is mentioned. movement styles and additionally detects the state of being
inactive. There are many demanding situations with
A. Smart Home reference to smart home applications. The main importance
Smart homes are automated homes with installed cameras of the IoT is security and privacy considering that all
for the detections and to control the other smart devices. As statistical information about all activities carried out at home
an example, air conditioning and heaters, ventilation in is recorded. If the safety and trustworthiness aren't
homes, lighting in different rooms, hardware, and security guaranteed, an outsider might also additionally take an
related systems [30-31]. The sensors and the systems undue advantage of the system. However, reliability is
communicate with the gateway. Smart homes have become likewise a problem in IoT when a user considers that there's
extra famous these days due to many reasons. First, sensors no system administrator to check the system.
and actuators have grown significantly with the
development of wireless sensor networks. Second, human B. Smart Healthcare
beings these days consider eras to deal with their issues IoT devices have been established as very useful within
approximately their best of lifestyles and safety in their fitness and healthcare domains. The wearable gadgets are
houses. Smart homes have implemented many sensors that being refined, which mentions a person’s fitness condition.
can provide users with smart and automated suggestions as Based on the health conditions of the aged people and one
shown in Figure 2. who is suffering with extreme fitness situations the sensors
They assist in automating each day's responsibilities and in IoT are used to continuously expose and record their
help in keeping a habitual for those who frequently forgets physical condition and send out alerts when strange signs
the things. They assist in energy efficiency via means of are detected. If there's a minute issue, the IoT software itself
switching off lights and digital devices automatically. might also additionally propose a prescription to the patient.
Saving energy in these homes is usually accomplished Electronic Health Record (EHR) used with the help of IoT,
through sensors and the understanding of the context. is a document of all the medicating information of a patient.
It is like a well-maintained fitness system [15]. An EHR
document is used to evidence the data related to allergies,
blood sugar high or low records and similarly the blood
pressure data. To recognize the stress level is also a popular
usage of IoT devices and that can be sensed using the
mobile sensors. There is an application that measures the
level of the stress of university graduates installed on their
mobile phone. This application helps to determine the
academic visit in daytime, the amount of activities that
include physical activities, the sleep and rest amount, and
their relationship with other students and the people across
(using call statistics and audio calls). Also, it helps to
Figure 2: Smart Home System conduct surveys with the student via means of randomly
shooting up a query or the messages within the smartphone.
These days there are motion sensors that are being used for By using and analyzing these records, users can measure
security purposes in the smart home [32]. In case of any blood pressure and overall performance of a student. In the
intrusion detection it helps to alert the user on the cell field of health care, there are also some applications that can
phone. To see the overall activities in smart homes, CCTV display the health status of a patient. Smartphone
cameras are used at home too. One can then use them to find accelerometer records may be used for fitness level
out what is happening. In addition to that, there are multiple detection via using complicated algorithms. For example,
sensors that gather the data about the surroundings (light, using the fitness tracker the number of steps and the overall
temperature, humidity, etc.) [33]. These different sensor exercise activities can be tracked. Fitness trackers have
data sets will be passed to the migration engine. This engine taken the good place in retail as these gadgets are used to
selects offerings primarily based totally on the context. For display the health status of an individual. Also, the weights
example, when the humidity rises, the app can automatically in the gym are equipped with sensors to check on how many
turn on the air conditioner. Or, in the event of a leakage of times exercise has been performed [24-26]. The smart map
the gas, lights can be turned off automatically. IoT can track the number of exercises performed on it using the
applications are very useful for the old age people and step count, pressure and the contact area on the map [35].

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 Now it is quite possible that we are making the cities smart
but the drivers conditions are not being monitored. Here, in
IoT it gives us the platform to ensure safety also. As the
lives of the people are also equally important which are in
the hands of the driver driving the vehicles. Hence keeping
an eye on the driver’s activities equally plays a vital role to
make the cities smarter. Barcelona and Stockholm are two
examples of smart cities. There are applications which
monitor the drunk driver, shivering hands of drivers,
drowsiness, sleeping behavior of the drivers and alert them
to take the proper actions to avoid the accidents and ensure
the safety of the driver as well as passengers. Also, now
with the help of IoT it is easy to detect the accident via
certain applications. White et al. [36] developed a
Figure 3: Smart Healthcare System in IoT smartphone application for events using accelerometer and
acoustic data. This helps to send location information to a
Smart Healthcare example: Suppose, there is a patient at nearby hospital so that the ambulance can be arranged and
home and his health conditions need to be monitored by a arrive at the scene immediately. By reporting all the detailed
health monitoring system present on the server or the cloud. information to the hospital immediately, one can help in
In case at a glance there is some irregularity with the saving a person's life.
heartbeat of a patient. As the system on the cloud server is
also associated with the hospital, the information will pass D. Smart Agriculture
to them. Now what happens hospital staff will be able to get Nowadays, the environmental parameters like temperature
the whole details with respect to the current situation of a and humidity are paramount for farming purposes. Farmers
patient. Based on the condition of the patient, an ambulance comply with the sensor technology in the fields so that the
from the hospital can be sent to the patient’s home to get the measurement on such parameters can take place and the
patient to the hospital as shown in Figure 3. Meanwhile in result of the production shall be efficient enough.
case of emergencies the medicines, operation theater and the Production based on the greenhouse effect is one of the
prescription can be made ready. main examples of the applications of smart technology in
farming. Real-time measurement of environmental
C. Smart Cities parameters based on temperature, soil information and
Using the sensors and the processing systems the daily humidity measurement, and send them to the server for
traffic in the cities can easily be managed by the smart analysis. This information is being used to work on the
transport applications. This in return will minimize the quality and yield of the crop. There are biosensors like
congestion of the traffic, resulting in parking which is acetylcholinesterase which are used to detect the pesticide
hassle-free, and via properly routing the traffic so that the residues in crops. The data is then kept and studied for
accidents can be avoided. Sensor technologies that support obtaining the useful information such as the sample size, site,
such applications include: sensors for positioning known as and number of residues. This way farmers can control the
GPS, for speed there are accelerometers, for guidance its condition of the harvest and can maintain the crop quality.
gyroscopes, for vehicle identification its RFID, for counting Before buying the crop, a consumer can check the pesticides
passengers and vehicles there are infrared sensors, and in the crop via QR code using the database which is
cameras used to record the movement of a vehicle. centralized. Also for the environment, air pollution is also a
Intelligent parking management is helpful for the big concern, as the increase in the number of vehicles on the
individuals for finding a free slot of parking. One can find it roads results in the air pollution hence it is changing the
hassle free and no need to roam and spend time checking earth’s climate and the quality of the air is degrading. An
out for the free parking spaces. It uses so many sensors to application based on IoT is proposed by Manna et al. [37] to
see if the slots in the parking lot are available or occupied. monitor the pollution of air on the roads. This application
These days even the traffic lights contain the capabilities of helps to track the vehicles that cause more pollution. The
sensing the traffic, and communication, hence called as gas sensors based on electro chemicals used to measure the
smart traffic lights. It helps to get the information on the air pollution and the RFID tags are associated with the
congestion of the traffic at the junctions and the amount of vehicles. Further the RFID readers are tagged on the roads
traffic going either way. The traffic lights in the neighbor or with the gas sensors. Using this approach, the vehicles
a central controller receive this information and analyze to which pollute the air can be identified and a proper action
provide the efficient routes to the vehicles. As an example, can be taken on those vehicles.
in a situation where the ambulance needs to pass, the lights
can sense this information and help to clear the path for the
traffic via routing the traffic on the other ways. Hence it IV. RECENT RESEARCH TRENDS IN IOT
made it easy for the ambulance to avoid the traffic and reach IoT is based on the systems that are complex in nature due
the hospital well in time. Camera, sensors, analysis of data to an astounding encounter on all facets of individual lives
modules, routing algorithms, and many other computations and several automations set up to enable autonomous
need to be used in this kind of management of the traffic. information interchange between the embedded devices.

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The development in the field of IoT has a huge influence on sending end to the receiving end such as Bluetooth, Radio
numerous areas of individual lives which includes the Frequency Identification, ZigBee, LoraWAN, etc. Recent
health, safety, environment, energy efficiency etc. Thus, IoT researchers show that improving the transmission medium is
related concerns and associated challenges need to be a big issue in IoT applications to maintain and persist the
considered such as services and applications, business lifetime of systems. There are still the issues with the
models, enabling technologies, social and environmental in transmission medium like high error rate, bandwidth, fading,
a different manner. Analysis of present research shows that inference, etc. [40] [41] that exist in every application of IoT
most of the exposed issues are due to an expanding as each transmission medium needs compatible network
connected device in numbers which brings the increase in hardware, the bandwidth that must be in competence with
the traffic. On the other hand, there are issues which are the medium of transmission.
related to the combination of the dissimilar technologies,
divergent environment that includes the several devices, D. Security, Privacy and Safety
data types, and network technologies. Therefore, this paper Security is a vital pillar of the Internet as the time goes the
focuses on the issues which are considered from a trend of IoT inflates from hundreds of thousands of gadgets
technology-based perspective. It is considered that the full to billions. As the devices connected grows in the numbers,
capability of IoT can be attained only by deploying the the threat or the exploitation of the safety vulnerabilities is
comparable architectures and enabling technologies. Since likewise to increase and to protect that data may be a
there is a requirement for regular advancement reflecting all challenge in IoT. IoT platform includes the collection of
the aspects. Hence, it is very important to identify the major comparable or adjoining devices. This can also lead to
challenges involved in IoT and how the recent research major security concerns in case any one of the devices gets
places a vital role in that case. hacked or not up to the standard of the security. Over the
A. Standardization years the problem of security is one of the major challenges
of networks. Thus, there are factors like security, privacy
One of the major challenges in the development of IoT
and trust that are crucial for any IoT based application. At
applications is identified as Heterogeneity in technologies. It
the time packets are transmitted through multiple channels
is necessary for the development of IoT in future to
to reach the receiver on the internet, it is highly required to
standardize the architecture and communication of IoT.
maintain the confidentiality and integrity of the data. As the
They are considered as a spine of the IoT [38]. Recent
recent research shows that the IoT devices consumes low
trends entail that having the open standards are one of the
power devices, therefore, already existing cryptographic
major aspects for IoT deployment. These standards are a
solutions cannot be directly applied in the IoT applications
paramount coordinator for innovation because it is available
[42] [43]. Also, currently, the combination of applications in
to the public in a public domain with no cost. It is being
the network infrastructure is targeted on only the
analyzed, developed, accepted, and retained by a collective
functionality rather than considering the security
consensus-based decision-making process to provide
fundamentals when the application is being designed. This
interoperability for systems using different technologies.
is allowing the attackers and hackers to attempt on the
Also, an important factor for the development of IoT in the
application. As the IoT is the most vulnerable technology
recent research mentioned that, by adapting to the open
the cybersecurity experts have warned that they can expect
standards then there are less chances of being controlled by
more attacks on emerging infrastructures. Challenges with
the one vendor or technology. To provide the open standards
respect to the data integrity, data protection and privacy are
architectures, smooth connectivity, interoperability, etc. are
still an issue in the IoT applications.
the scopes of the standardization [38]. However, despite
there being excessive efforts from standardization bodies
V. CONCLUSION
and alliances of IoT, there is still a chance of improvement
as mentioned no reference standard for IoT platforms are The trend of smart and intelligent technology can improve
available. our lives by connecting smart devices, applications and the
latest technology. This in turn improves the quality of life.
B. Big Data In addition, the Internet of Things can improve lives by
The most powerful feature of the IoT is big data. It is automating basic daily activities. However, from the
essential to work on the techniques that help to convert the perspective of the research community, the main drawback
huge amount of data into usable information. The recent of the development of the Internet of Things is that scientists
researchers have mentioned that every two years, data are interested in working in a specific field, rather than
doubles its size and the expectation is that data will cross to considering the overall development of the Internet of
44 Zettabytes in upcoming years. Hence it is really a Things. Therefore, it deteriorates the overall development of
challenge to consider all the aspects of the 5 V’s of big data the concept and hinders the implementation of the Internet
that are value, velocity, volume, veracity and variety. It is of Things in the physical world. Despite all the challenges, it
the major challenge in any of the IoT applications [22] [39]. is expected that this field will have a good impact on our
lives by automating the surrounding things. The technology
C. Transmission Medium
is still in its early stages however, at Infrastructure-level
Transmission Medium is the physical route that authorizes technology is showing a good sign of maturity. The IoT
the connection between the sender and its receiver and field will mature in upcoming years and affect human life in
carries the data. There are many types of network incredible ways and help to shape the future.
technologies in IoT used for sending the information from

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