THERMODYNAMICS 2

Problem Session – I

Gas Power Cycles

1
Air-standard assumptions:
1. The working fluid is air, which
continuously circulates in a closed loop
and always behaves as an ideal gas.
2. All the processes that make up the
cycle are internally reversible.
3. The combustion process is replaced by
a heat-addition process from an
external source.
4. The exhaust process is replaced by a
heat-rejection process that restores the
working fluid to its initial state.
Cold-air-standard assumptions: When
the working fluid is considered to be air
with constant specific heats at room
temperature (25°C).
Air-standard cycle: A cycle for which the
air-standard assumptions are applicable.

2
Isentropic (s = constant) Relations for Ideal Gas:

For Otto & Diesel;

𝑇2 𝑉1 𝑘−1
=
𝑇1 𝑉2

𝑃2 𝑉1 𝑘
=
𝑃1 𝑉2

For Brayton;
𝑘−1
𝑇2 𝑃2 𝑘
=
𝑇1 𝑃1

where k is always a constant!

Change in Entropy for Ideal Gas:

with constant specific heats:

𝑇2 𝑣2 𝑇2 𝑃2
𝑠2 − 𝑠1 = 𝑐𝑣,𝑎𝑣𝑒 ln + 𝑅 ln or 𝑠2 − 𝑠1 = 𝑐𝑝,𝑎𝑣𝑒 ln − 𝑅 ln
𝑇1 𝑣1 𝑇1 𝑃1

with variable specific heats: Everything (u, h, v, s°, etc.) is from Tables (Table A – 17 for air)
𝑃2
𝑠2 − 𝑠1 = 𝑠20 − 𝑠10 − 𝑅 ln where s10 and s20 are from the Tables
𝑃1

3
 only for
constant
specific heats
at room
temperature

4
OTTO CYCLE: THE IDEAL CYCLE FOR SPARK-IGNITION ENGINES

5
1-2 Isentropic Compression
𝑚𝐵𝐸: 𝑚1 = 𝑚2
𝐸𝐵𝐸: 𝑚1 𝑢1 + 𝑊𝐶 = 𝑚2 𝑢2
𝑢1 + 𝑤𝐶 = 𝑢2
𝐸𝑛𝐵𝐸: 𝑚1 𝑠1 + 𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑚2 𝑠2
𝑠1 + 𝑠𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑠2
𝐸𝑥𝐵𝐸: 𝑚1 𝑒𝑥1 + 𝑊𝐶 = 𝑚2 𝑒𝑥2 + 𝐸𝑥𝐷 𝐸𝑥𝐷 = 𝑇0 𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛
𝑒𝑥1 + 𝑤𝐶 = 𝑒𝑥2 + 𝑒𝑥𝐷 𝑒𝑥𝑖 = (𝑢𝑖 − 𝑢0 ) − 𝑇0 (𝑠𝑖 − 𝑠0 ) + 𝑃0 𝑣𝑖 − 𝑣0
2-3 Constant-volume heat addition
𝑚𝐵𝐸: 𝑚2 = 𝑚3
𝐸𝐵𝐸: 𝑚2 𝑢2 + 𝑄𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚3 𝑢3
𝑢2 + 𝑞𝑖𝑛 = 𝑢3
𝑄
𝐸𝑛𝐵𝐸: 𝑚2 𝑠2 + 𝑖𝑛 +𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑚3 𝑠3
𝑇𝑠
𝑞𝑖𝑛
𝑠2 + + 𝑠𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑠3
𝑇𝑠
𝐸𝑥𝐵𝐸: 𝑚2 𝑒𝑥2 + 𝐸𝑥 𝑄𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚3 𝑒𝑥3 + 𝐸𝑥𝐷 𝑇𝑜
𝑒𝑥2 + 𝑒𝑥 𝑄𝑖𝑛 = 𝑒𝑥3 + 𝑒𝑥𝐷 𝐸𝑥 𝑄𝑖𝑛 = (1 − )𝑄
𝑇𝐻 𝑖𝑛
3-4 Isentropic Expansion
𝑚𝐵𝐸: 𝑚3 = 𝑚4
𝐸𝐵𝐸: 𝑚3 𝑢3 = 𝑚4 𝑢4 + 𝑊𝑒
𝑢3 = 𝑢4 + 𝑤𝑒
𝐸𝑛𝐵𝐸: 𝑚3 𝑠3 + 𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑚4 𝑠4
𝑠3 + 𝑠𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑠4
𝐸𝑥𝐵𝐸: 𝑚3 𝑒𝑥3 = 𝑚4 𝑒𝑥4 + 𝑊𝑒 + 𝐸𝑥𝐷
𝑒𝑥3 = 𝑒𝑥4 + 𝑤𝑒 + 𝑒𝑥𝐷
4-1 Constant-volume heat rejection
𝑚𝐵𝐸: 𝑚4 = 𝑚1
𝐸𝐵𝐸: 𝑚4 𝑢4 = 𝑚1 𝑢1 + 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑢4 = 𝑢1 + 𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑄
𝐸𝑛𝐵𝐸: 𝑚4 𝑠4 +𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑚1 𝑠1 + 𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑇𝑏
𝑞
𝑠4 +𝑠𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑠1 + 𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑇𝑏
6 𝑇𝑜
𝐸𝑥𝐵𝐸: 𝑚4 𝑒𝑥4 = 𝑚1 𝑒𝑥1 + 𝐸𝑥 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 𝐸𝑥𝐷 𝐸𝑥 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 = (1 − )𝑄
𝑒𝑥4 = 𝑒𝑥1 + 𝑒𝑥 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 𝑒𝑥𝐷 𝑇𝑏 𝑜𝑢𝑡
The compression ratio of an air-standard Otto cycle is 9.5. Prior to the isentropic
compression process, the air is at 100 kPa, 35°C, and 600 cm3. The temperature at
the end of the isentropic expansion process is 800 K. Using specific heat values at
room temperature, determine

(a) the highest temperature and pressure in the cycle

(b) the amount of heat transferred in, in kJ
(c) the thermal efficiency and the thermal efficiency of a Carnot cycle operating
between the same temperature limits
(d) the mean effective pressure.

Solution:

Assumptions
1 The air-standard assumptions are applicable.
2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
3 Air is an ideal gas with constant specific heats.

7
Using specific heat values at room temperature

2-3 Constant-volume heat addition

𝑚𝐵𝐸: 𝑚2 = 𝑚3 = 𝑚 = 6.788 × 10−4 𝑘𝑔
𝐸𝐵𝐸: 𝑚𝑢2 + 𝑄𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝑢3
𝑄𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚(𝑢3 − 𝑢2 ) = 𝑚𝑐𝑣 𝑇3 − 𝑇2
kj
𝑄𝑖𝑛 = 6.788 × 10−4 𝑘𝑔 0.718 1969 − 757.9 K = 0.59kJ
kgK
4-1 Constant-volume heat rejection
𝑚𝐵𝐸: 𝑚4 = 𝑚1 = 𝑚 = 6.788 × 10−4 kg
𝐸𝐵𝐸: 𝑚𝑢4 = 𝑚𝑢1 + 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑚 𝑢4 − 𝑢1 = 𝑚𝑐𝑣 𝑇4 − 𝑇1
kj
𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 6.788 × 10−4 𝑘𝑔 0.718 (800 − 308)K = 0.24kJ
kgK

308 K
0.844 = 84.4%
1969 K

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DIESEL CYCLE: THE IDEAL CYCLE FOR COMPRESSION-IGNITION
ENGINES

1-2 isentropic compression

2-3 constant-pressure heat addition
3-4 isentropic expansion
4-1 constant-volume heat rejection.

2-3 Constant-pressure heat addition

𝑚𝐵𝐸: 𝑚2 = 𝑚3
𝐸𝐵𝐸: 𝑚2 ℎ2 + 𝑄𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚3 ℎ3
ℎ2 + 𝑞𝑖𝑛 = ℎ3
𝑄
𝐸𝑛𝐵𝐸: 𝑚2 𝑠2 + 𝑖𝑛 +𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑚3 𝑠3
𝑇𝑠
𝑞𝑖𝑛
𝑠2 + + 𝑠𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑠3
𝑇𝑠
𝐸𝑥𝐵𝐸: 𝑚2 𝑒𝑥2 + 𝐸𝑥 𝑄𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚3 𝑒𝑥3 + 𝐸𝑥𝐷
𝑒𝑥2 + 𝑒𝑥 𝑄𝑖𝑛 = 𝑒𝑥3 + 𝑒𝑥𝐷
𝑒𝑥𝑖 = (ℎ𝑖 −ℎ𝑜 ) − 𝑇𝑜 (𝑠𝑖 − 𝑠𝑜 ) 10
 An ideal diesel engine has a compression ratio of 20 and uses air as the working
fluid. The state of air at the beginning of the compression process is 95 kPa and
20°C. If the maximum temperature in the cycle is not to exceed 2200 K,
determine (a) the thermal efficiency and (b) the mean effective pressure.
Assume constant specific heats for air at room temperature.

Solution:

Assumptions 1 The air-standard assumptions are

applicable. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are
negligible. 3 Air is an ideal gas with constant specific
heats.

Analysis (a) Process 1−2: isentropic compression.

11
Process 2−3: P = constant heat addition.

Process 3−4: isentropic expansion.

12
BRAYTON CYCLE: THE IDEAL CYCLE FOR GAS-TURBINE ENGINES

1-2 Isentropic compression (in a compressor)

2-3 Constant-pressure heat addition
3-4 Isentropic expansion (in a turbine)
4-1 Constant-pressure heat rejection
 1-2 Isentropic Compression
Balance Equations 𝑚𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 1 = 𝑚ሶ 2
𝐸𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 1 ℎ1 + 𝑊ሶ 𝑐 = 𝑚ሶ 2 ℎ2
1-2 Isentropic compression (in a compressor) ℎ1 + 𝑤𝐶 = ℎ2
2-3 Constant-pressure heat addition ሶ
𝐸𝑛𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 1 𝑠1 + 𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑚ሶ 2 𝑠2
3-4 Isentropic expansion (in a turbine)
𝑠1 + 𝑠𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑠2
4-1 Constant-pressure heat rejection
𝐸𝑥𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 1 𝑒𝑥1 + 𝑊ሶ 𝑐 = 𝑚ሶ 2 𝑒𝑥2 + 𝐸𝑥ሶ 𝐷 ሶ
𝐸𝑥ሶ 𝐷 = 𝑇0 𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛
𝑒𝑥1 + 𝑤𝐶 = 𝑒𝑥2 + 𝑒𝑥𝐷 𝑒𝑥𝑖 = (ℎ𝑖 − ℎ0 ) − 𝑇0 (𝑠𝑖 − 𝑠0 )
2-3 Constant-pressure heat addition
𝑚𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 2 = 𝑚ሶ 3
𝐸𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 2 ℎ2 + 𝑄ሶ 𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚ሶ 3 ℎ3
ℎ2 + 𝑞𝑖𝑛 = ℎ3
𝑄
ሶ
𝐸𝑛𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 2 𝑠2 + 𝑖𝑛 + 𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑚ሶ 3 𝑠3
𝑇𝑠
𝑞
𝑠2 + 𝑖𝑛 + 𝑠𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑠3
𝑇𝑠
𝑇0
𝐸𝑥𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 2 𝑒𝑥2 + 𝐸𝑥 𝑄𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚ሶ 3 𝑒𝑥3 + 𝐸𝑥ሶ 𝐷
ሶ 𝐸𝑥ሶ 𝑄𝑖𝑛 = (1 − )𝑄ሶ
𝑇𝑠 𝑖𝑛
𝑒𝑥2 + 𝑒𝑥 𝑄𝑖𝑛 = 𝑒𝑥3 + 𝑒𝑥𝐷
3-4 Isentropic Expansion
𝑚𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 3 = 𝑚ሶ 4
𝐸𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 3 ℎ3 = 𝑚ሶ 4 ℎ4 + 𝑊ሶ 𝑇
ℎ3 = ℎ4 + 𝑤𝑇
ሶ
𝐸𝑛𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 3 𝑠3 + 𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑚ሶ 4 𝑠4
𝑠3 + 𝑠𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑠4
𝐸𝑥𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 3 𝑒𝑥3 = 𝑚ሶ 4 𝑒𝑥4 + 𝑊ሶ 𝑇 + 𝐸𝑥ሶ 𝐷
𝑒𝑥3 = 𝑒𝑥4 + 𝑤𝑇 + 𝑒𝑥𝐷
4-1 Constant-pressure heat rejection
𝑚𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 4 = 𝑚ሶ 1
𝐸𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 4 ℎ4 = 𝑚ሶ 1 ℎ1 + 𝑄ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡
ℎ4 = ℎ1 + 𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑄ሶ
𝐸𝑛𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 4 𝑠4 + 𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛ሶ = 𝑚ሶ 1 𝑠1 + 𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑇𝑏
𝑞
𝑠4 +𝑠𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑠1 + 𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑇𝑏
𝑇0
𝐸𝑥𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 4 𝑒𝑥4 = 𝑚ሶ 1 𝑒𝑥1 + 𝐸𝑥ሶ 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 𝐸𝑥ሶ 𝐷 𝐸𝑥ሶ 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 = (1 − )𝑄ሶ
𝑇𝑏 𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑒𝑥4 = 𝑒𝑥1 + 𝑒𝑥 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 𝑒𝑥𝐷
A simple Brayton cycle using air as the working fluid has a pressure ratio
of 8. The minimum and maximum temperatures in the cycle are 310 and
1160 K. Assuming an isentropic efficiency of 75 percent for the
compressor and 82 percent for the turbine,
Take Tsource= 1700K, Tboundary=306K and T0=298K and determine
(a) the air temperature at the turbine exit,
(b) the net work output,
(c) entropy generation
(d) exergy destruction
(e) the thermal efficiency, and
(f) exergy efficiency.
Assumptions
1 Steady operating conditions exist,
2 The air-standard assumptions are applicable,
3 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible,
4 Air is an ideal gas with variable specific heats.

Assuming an isentropic efficiency

of 75 percent for the compressor
(a) the air temperature at the
turbine exit (T4),

Assuming an isentropic efficiency

of 82 percent for the turbine
 b) the net work output (Wnet)=?

𝑊ሶ 𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑊ሶ 𝑇 − 𝑊ሶ 𝐶
𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑤𝑇 − 𝑤𝐶
𝑤𝐶 =? 𝑤𝑇 =?

1-2 Isentropic Compression

𝐸𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 1 ℎ1 + 𝑊ሶ 𝑐 = 𝑚ሶ 2 ℎ2 ℎ1 =310.24kJ/kg ℎ1 + 𝑤𝐶 = ℎ2
ℎ1 + 𝑤𝐶 = ℎ2 ℎ2 =646.7kJ/kg 𝑤𝐶 =336.36 kJ/kg

3-4 Isentropic Expansion

𝐸𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 3 ℎ3 = 𝑚ሶ 4 ℎ4 + 𝑊ሶ 𝑇 ℎ3 =1230.92kJ/kg ℎ3 = ℎ4 + 𝑤𝑇
ℎ3 = ℎ4 + 𝑤𝑇 ℎ4 =789.16kJ/kg 𝑤𝑇 =441.76 kJ/kg

𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑤𝑇 − 𝑤𝐶 =105.4kJ/kg
Compressor
ሶ
𝐸𝑛𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 1 𝑠1 + 𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑚ሶ 2 𝑠2
𝑠1 + 𝑠𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑠2

𝑠1 𝑜 = 1.73498 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔𝐾
𝑠2 𝑜 = 2.47319 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔𝐾
𝑃2
𝑠2 − 𝑠1 = 𝑠2 𝑜 − 𝑠1 𝑜 − 𝑅𝑙𝑛
𝑃1
𝑠𝑔𝑒𝑛,𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑟 = (2.47319 − 1.73498)𝑘𝑗/𝑘𝑔𝐾 − (0.287𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔𝐾)𝑙𝑛8
𝑠2 − 𝑠1 = 𝑠𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 0.141 𝑘𝑗/𝑘𝑔𝐾

Heat Exchanger or Combustion Chamber

𝑄ሶ
ሶ
𝐸𝑛𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 2 𝑠2 + 𝑖𝑛 + 𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑚ሶ 3 𝑠3
𝑇𝑠
𝑞
𝑠2 + 𝑖𝑛 + 𝑠𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑠3
𝑇𝑠

𝑠2 𝑜 =2.47319 kJ/kgK
𝑠3 𝑜 =3.13916 kJ/kgK

ℎ2 + 𝑞𝑖𝑛 = ℎ3 ➔ 𝑞𝑖𝑛 = 584.22 kj/kg

𝑃
𝑠3 − 𝑠2 = 𝑠3 𝑜 − 𝑠2 𝑜 − 𝑅𝑙𝑛 3 , 𝑃3 = 𝑃2
𝑃2
𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑇𝑠 = 1700 𝐾
𝑠𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 0.322 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔𝐾
Turbine
ሶ
𝐸𝑛𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 3 𝑠3 + 𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑚ሶ 3 𝑠4
𝑠3 + 𝑠𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑠4

𝑠3 𝑜 =3.13916 kJ/kgK
𝑠4 𝑜 =2.67601 kJ/kgK

𝑃4
𝑠4 − 𝑠3 = 𝑠4 𝑜 − 𝑠3 𝑜 − 𝑅𝑙𝑛
𝑃3
𝑘𝑗 1
𝑠4 − 𝑠3 = 𝑠4 𝑜 − 𝑠3 𝑜 − 0.287 𝑙𝑛 = 0.1339 = 𝑠𝑔𝑒𝑛
𝑘𝑔𝐾 8

Heat Exchanger (in Closed Cycle)

𝑄ሶ
ሶ
𝐸𝑛𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 4 𝑠4 + 𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑚ሶ 1 𝑠1 + 𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑇𝑏
𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑠4 +𝑠𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑠1 +
𝑇𝑏
𝑠4 𝑜 =2.67601 kJ/kgK
𝑠1 𝑜 = 1.73498 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔𝐾
𝑃1
𝑠1 − 𝑠4 = 𝑠1 𝑜 − 𝑠4 𝑜 − 𝑅𝑙𝑛 , 𝑃1 = 𝑃4
𝑃4
ℎ4 = ℎ1 + 𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡 ➔𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 479.36kJ/kg
𝑇1 = 310𝐾
𝑇0 = 298𝐾
𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑇𝑏 = 306𝐾
𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑠𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑠1 − 𝑠4 + = 0.636𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔𝐾
𝑇𝑏
Exergy Destruction (ExD, exD)

ሶ
𝐸𝑥ሶ 𝐷 = 𝑇0 𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛
𝑒𝑥𝐷 = 𝑇0 𝑠𝑔𝑒𝑛

𝑒𝑥𝐷,𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑟 = 298𝐾 × 0.141𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔𝐾 = 42.018𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

𝑒𝑥𝐷,𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 = 298𝐾 × 0.322𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔𝐾 = 95.956𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑒𝑥𝐷,𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 298𝐾 × 0.1339𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔𝐾 = 39.902𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑒𝑥𝐷,ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑟 = 298𝐾 × 0.636𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔𝐾 = 189.53𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
 d) the thermal efficiency, and
e) exergy efficiency.

𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡 105.4
𝜂𝑡ℎ = = = 18%
𝑞𝑖𝑛 584.22

𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡 105.4
𝜂𝑒𝑥 = = = 16.68%
𝑒𝑥 𝑄𝑖𝑛 631.806
THE BRAYTON CYCLE WITH REGENERATION
An ideal Brayton cycle with regeneration has a pressure ratio of 10. Air
enters the compressor at 300 K and the turbine at 1200 K. Account for
the variation of specific heats with temperature. If the effectiveness of
the regenerator is 100 percent, determine
a) the net work output,
b) the thermal efficiency of the cycle,
c) exergy efficiency of the cycle
d) entropy generation in combustion chamber

Take T0 = 300 K and Tsource = 1500 K

Assumptions
1 The air standard assumptions are applicable.
2 Air is an ideal gas with variable specific heats.
3 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
1-2 Isentropic Compression 3-4 Isentropic Expansion
𝑚𝐵𝐸: 𝑚1 = 𝑚2 𝑚𝐵𝐸: 𝑚3 = 𝑚4
𝐸𝐵𝐸: 𝑚1 ℎ1 + 𝑊𝐶 = 𝑚2 ℎ2 𝐸𝐵𝐸: 𝑚3 ℎ3 = 𝑚4 ℎ4 + 𝑊𝑇
ℎ1 + 𝑤𝐶 = ℎ2 ℎ3 = ℎ4 + 𝑤 𝑇

𝑤𝐶 = ℎ2 − ℎ1 ℎ3 − ℎ4 = 𝑤 𝑇
Combustion Chamber
𝑚𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 5 = 𝑚ሶ 3
𝐸𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 5 ℎ5 + 𝑄ሶ 𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚ሶ 3 ℎ3
ℎ5 + 𝑞𝑖𝑛 = ℎ3
𝑞𝑖𝑛 = ℎ3 − ℎ5
𝑄ሶ
ሶ
𝐸𝑛𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 5 𝑠5 + 𝑖𝑛 + 𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑚ሶ 3 𝑠3
𝑇𝑠
𝑞
𝑠5 + 𝑖𝑛 + 𝑠𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑠3
𝑇𝑠
𝐸𝑥𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 5 𝑒𝑥5 + 𝐸𝑥ሶ 𝑄𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚ሶ 3 𝑒𝑥3 + 𝐸𝑥ሶ 𝐷
𝑒𝑥5 + 𝑒𝑥 𝑄𝑖𝑛 = 𝑒𝑥3 + 𝑒𝑥𝐷 𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡
𝜂𝑒𝑥 = =?
𝑒𝑥 𝑄𝑖𝑛

𝑇0 300
𝑒𝑥 𝑞𝑖𝑛 = 1 − 𝑞𝑖𝑛 = 1 − 601.94 = 481.55 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑇𝑠 1500

322.26
𝜂𝑒𝑥 = = 0.67 (67%)
481.55