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Unit 1: Computer Systems Topics

SHORT QUESTIONS (EXERCISE)................................................................................................................................... 1
LONG QUESTIONS (EXERCISE) .................................................................................................................................... 6
EXTERA SHORT QUESTIONS (TOPIC WISE) .................................................................................................................. 16
EXTERA LONG QUESTIONS (TOPIC WISE) ................................................................................................................... 21
MCQS................................................................................................................................................................ 26

Short Questions (Exercise)

1. What is the function and significance of Napier's Bones in early computing?

Answer: Napier's Bones was an early calculating device invented by John Napier. It was used to
simplify complex mathematical calculations, such as multiplication, division, and square roots. Its
significance lies in paving the way for mechanical calculators and showing the early concepts of
computation.

2. How did Charles Babbage's Difference Engine differ from the Analytical Engine?
Answer:

• Difference Engine: Designed to perform simple calculations, such as polynomial equations

and tables, mechanically. It was limited to one type of operation.

• Analytical Engine: Considered the first programmable computer, it could perform any kind of
computation using punch cards, loops, and conditional branching.

3. What is the primary goal of fifth-generation computers?

Answer: The primary goal of fifth-generation computers is to develop machines with Artificial
Intelligence (AI). These computers aim to understand natural language, think logically, and make
decisions like humans, using technologies like machine learning and expert systems.

4. Name the three types of memory mentioned on the motherboard in the Von Neumann
architecture.
Answer:

1. Cache Memory: Very fast, temporary storage for frequently used data to speed up
processing.

2. RAM (Main Memory): Volatile memory that temporarily holds data and instructions for
active processes.

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3. ROM (Read-Only Memory): Non-volatile memory that stores firmware or permanent

instructions for booting up the system.

5. Differentiate between volatile and non-volatile memory.

Answer:

• Volatile Memory:

o Loses data when the power is turned off.

o Example: RAM (Random Access Memory).

• Non-volatile Memory:

o Retains data even after power loss.

o Example: ROM (Read-Only Memory), Hard Drives.

6. Show memory hierarchy with the help of a diagram.

Answer: Memory hierarchy (from fastest to slowest):

1. Registers

2. Cache Memory

3. RAM (Main Memory)

4. Hard Disk Drives (HDD)

5. Secondary Storage (USB, CDs, etc.)

(You can draw this hierarchy as a pyramid in your notes, with Registers at the top and Secondary
Storage at the bottom.)

7. Why is the word size of a processor important, and how does it affect the computer's
performance?
Answer: The word size determines how much data the processor can handle at one time (e.g., 32-bit
or 64-bit). A larger word size means:

• More data can be processed in one cycle.

• It improves the computer’s performance for applications requiring high data processing like
gaming, simulations, and AI.

8. What is pipelining, and how does it improve the efficiency of a CPU?

Answer: Pipelining is a technique where the CPU breaks down the execution of instructions into
smaller stages (fetch, decode, execute, etc.) and overlaps them.
Improvement: It allows multiple instructions to be processed simultaneously, increasing efficiency
and reducing execution time.

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9. Imagine you are building a custom computer for a friend. Give three considerations you
would take into account when choosing the type and size of memory for this computer.
Answer:

1. Purpose of the Computer: For gaming, large RAM and fast memory are required. For basic
tasks, smaller memory is sufficient.

2. Speed Requirements: Faster RAM (e.g., DDR4/DDR5) improves performance for multitasking
and heavy applications.

3. Storage Needs: SSDs are faster but expensive; HDDs are slower but cost-effective for large
storage.

10. You are a computer technician tasked with upgrading an older computer with a slow CPU.
How might you improve its performance without replacing the entire CPU?
Answer:

1. Add more RAM to improve multitasking performance.

2. Upgrade to an SSD for faster boot and load times.

3. Remove unnecessary software, defragment drives, and optimize startup programs.

11. Your school is planning to purchase new printers for the computer lab. Give three
advantages and disadvantages of impact and non-impact printers to help them make a
decision.
Answer:

• Impact Printers:

o Advantages: Cheap, durable, can print carbon copies.

o Disadvantages: Noisy, slow, and low-quality prints.

• Non-Impact Printers:

o Advantages: Fast, quiet, and high-quality prints.

o Disadvantages: Expensive, and require costly ink/toner.

12. Define "protocol" in the context of data communication.

Answer: A protocol is a set of rules that governs how data is transmitted and received in a network.
For example, HTTP governs web communication, while FTP handles file transfers.

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13. Define simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex modes of communication with one example
each.
Answer:

• Simplex: One-way communication. Example: TV broadcasting.

• Half-duplex: Two-way communication, but one at a time. Example: Walkie-talkies.

• Full-duplex: Two-way communication simultaneously. Example: Telephones.

14. What are start and stop bits, and where are they used in data transmission?
Answer: Start and stop bits are used in asynchronous communication to mark the beginning and end
of a data packet. This ensures proper synchronization of data between sender and receiver.

15. How does a switch differ from a hub in a network?

Answer:

• Switch: Sends data only to the intended device, improving efficiency and reducing traffic.

• Hub: Broadcasts data to all devices, creating unnecessary traffic.

16. How does asynchronous transmission differ from synchronous transmission, and in what
situations are they typically used?
Answer:

• Asynchronous Transmission: Sends data with start/stop bits, used in slower communication
like emails.

• Synchronous Transmission: Sends continuous data in real-time, used in video calls or live
streams.

17. Explain the concept of a peer-to-peer network and its limitations compared to a
client/server network.
Answer:

• Peer-to-Peer Network: Devices share resources directly without a central server.

o Limitations: Less secure, difficult to manage with many devices.

• Client/Server Network: A central server manages all resources, providing better security and
management.

18. Compare and contrast the star and ring network topologies.
Answer:

• Star Topology:

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o Reliable and easy to manage.

o Failure of one node doesn’t affect others.

o Expensive due to cabling.

• Ring Topology:

o Efficient data flow in one direction.

o A single failure can disrupt the entire network.

19. Which network topology is considered the most reliable but also the most expensive?
Answer: Star topology is the most reliable as each node connects to a central hub, but it is expensive
due to the cost of cables and the hub.

20. What do you mean by the Application Layer in the OSI model?
Answer: The Application Layer is the topmost layer of the OSI model. It interacts with end users and
provides network services like file transfer, email, and web browsing. Examples: HTTP, FTP, and SMTP.

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Long Questions (Exercise)

Q1: Describe the evolution of computer generations from the first generation to the fourth
generation, highlighting the key technological developments and their impact on computing.
Answer:
The evolution of computers is divided into different generations based on significant technological
advancements:

1. First Generation (1940-1956)

o Technology: Used vacuum tubes as the primary electronic component.

o Key Features: Large size, slow processing, consumed massive power, and unreliable.

o Examples: ENIAC, UNIVAC.

o Impact: Introduced electronic computing for the first time but was impractical for
commercial use.

2. Second Generation (1956-1963)

o Technology: Used transistors instead of vacuum tubes, making computers smaller,

faster, and more energy-efficient.

o Key Features: More reliable, less heat generation, and reduced size compared to the
first generation.

o Examples: IBM 7094, UNIVAC 1108.

o Impact: Opened the door for commercial computers, making them more practical
and affordable.

3. Third Generation (1964-1971)

o Technology: Used Integrated Circuits (ICs) that combined multiple transistors on a

single chip.

o Key Features: Smaller size, faster processing, improved storage capacity, and
reduced costs.

o Examples: IBM System/360, PDP-8.

o Impact: Computers became accessible to businesses and smaller organizations.

4. Fourth Generation (1971-Present)

o Technology: Use of microprocessors, which integrated thousands of ICs on a single

chip.

o Key Features: Faster processing, reduced size, and widespread use of personal
computers.

o Examples: Intel 4004 (first microprocessor), IBM PCs, Apple Macintosh.

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o Impact: Made computers affordable for individuals, introduced personal computers,

and led to significant advancements like networking and the internet.

The evolution has transformed computers from large, impractical machines to powerful, compact,
and user-friendly devices with profound impacts on society, economy, and daily life.

Q2: Discuss the importance of categorizing and understanding different types of systems,
both natural and artificial, and provide examples of each type.
Answer:
Categorizing and understanding systems is crucial for analyzing their behavior, functions, and
applications. Systems can be divided into two main types: natural systems and artificial systems.

1. Natural Systems:

o These are systems that exist in nature without human intervention.

o Examples:

▪ Solar System: The sun, planets, and other celestial bodies functioning in
harmony.

▪ Ecosystems: Biological systems consisting of plants, animals, and the

environment working together.

▪ Human Body: A complex system with organs working in coordination to

sustain life.

o Importance: Understanding natural systems helps us learn how they function,

predict changes (e.g., climate), and develop solutions for environmental challenges.

2. Artificial Systems:

o These are human-made systems designed to perform specific tasks.

o Examples:

▪ Computers: Systems that process data and execute tasks.

▪ Transportation Systems: Networks like roads, railways, and airways for travel
and logistics.

▪ Communication Systems: Devices and protocols enabling data transfer, like

the internet and telephone networks.

o Importance: Artificial systems are essential for technological progress, industrial

automation, and improving efficiency in human activities.

By understanding both types of systems, we can harness natural processes and design artificial
systems that enhance productivity, solve problems, and sustain life.

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Q3: Explain the characteristics and potential challenges associated with fifth-generation
computers that aim to understand natural languages and possess thinking capabilities. What
are the implications of such advancements in computing on society?
Answer:
Characteristics of Fifth-Generation Computers:

1. Artificial Intelligence (AI): These computers can learn, think, and make decisions using
machine learning algorithms and neural networks.

2. Natural Language Processing (NLP): Ability to understand and process human languages like
English for tasks like translation and voice recognition.

3. Parallel Processing: Capability to perform multiple tasks simultaneously to increase speed.

4. Quantum Computing: Use of quantum mechanics for faster and more complex calculations.

5. Knowledge-Based Systems: These systems can solve complex problems by mimicking human
reasoning.

Challenges of Fifth-Generation Computers:

1. Complexity: Building systems that can truly think and process natural language is extremely
complex.

2. Ethical Concerns: AI raises questions about privacy, data misuse, and decision-making
accountability.

3. Cost: Developing and maintaining advanced AI systems is expensive.

4. Dependency: Over-reliance on AI may reduce human skills and critical thinking.

Implications on Society:

• Positive Impacts:

o Automation of industries improves efficiency and reduces human error.

o AI-driven healthcare systems provide accurate diagnoses and personalized

treatments.

o Smart assistants and robotics enhance convenience in daily life.

• Negative Impacts:

o Job displacement due to automation.

o Risks of AI being misused for unethical purposes (e.g., surveillance).

o Increased digital divide between developed and developing nations.

Fifth-generation computers represent a significant leap in computing technology, offering immense

opportunities but requiring careful management to address ethical and societal challenges.

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Q4: Explain the fundamental components of network communication, and how do they work
together to facilitate data transfer?
Answer:
The fundamental components of network communication include:

1. Sender (Source): The device or system that initiates communication and sends data.

o Example: A computer sending an email.

2. Receiver (Destination): The device or system that receives the transmitted data.

o Example: A server or another computer receiving the email.

3. Transmission Medium: The physical path or channel used for transferring data.

o Examples: Ethernet cables (wired) or Wi-Fi signals (wireless).

4. Protocols: A set of rules that govern how data is transmitted and received.

o Example: TCP/IP protocol for internet communication.

5. Message: The actual data being transferred (e.g., text, video, or files).

6. Network Devices: Devices that facilitate communication.

o Examples: Hubs, switches, routers, and gateways.

How They Work Together:

• The sender prepares the data into packets according to network protocols.

• The transmission medium carries the data to the destination.

• Devices like routers and switches guide the data to the correct path.

• At the receiver's end, the data packets are reassembled into the original message.

These components work together seamlessly to ensure reliable and efficient data transfer in
networks.

Q5: Describe the roles of common communication devices like hubs, switches, routers, and
gateways in data communication. How do they contribute to the functionality of a network?
Answer:

1. Hub:

o Role: Broadcasts data to all devices in a network, regardless of the destination.

o Contribution: Simplistic device used for small networks; inefficient for large-scale
data communication.

2. Switch:

o Role: Directs data to the specific device based on MAC addresses.

o Contribution: Reduces network traffic and improves efficiency by sending data only
where needed.

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3. Router:

o Role: Connects multiple networks and directs data packets based on IP addresses.

o Contribution: Enables communication between devices across networks (e.g.,

connecting a local network to the internet).

4. Gateway:

o Role: Acts as a bridge between two different networks using different

communication protocols.

o Contribution: Translates data between incompatible systems, ensuring smooth data

flow.

Together, these devices play a critical role in ensuring seamless, efficient, and organized
communication in a network.

Q6: Discuss the advantages and limitations of different network topologies, including bus,
star, ring, and mesh. When should each topology be used in a network design?
Answer:
Network topologies define how devices are connected in a network. Here are their types,
advantages, limitations, and usage:

1. Bus Topology:

o Description: Devices are connected to a single central cable (backbone).

o Advantages:

▪ Cost-effective and easy to set up.

▪ Suitable for small networks.

o Limitations:

▪ If the backbone fails, the entire network goes down.

▪ Limited cable length reduces scalability.

o When to Use: Small networks with low data traffic.

2. Star Topology:

o Description: All devices connect to a central hub or switch.

o Advantages:

▪ Easy to manage and troubleshoot.

▪ Failure of one node doesn’t affect the entire network.

o Limitations:

▪ Failure of the central hub disrupts the network.

▪ Expensive due to additional cables.

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o When to Use: Offices and large networks where reliability is critical.

3. Ring Topology:

o Description: Devices are connected in a circular loop where data travels in one
direction.

o Advantages:

▪ Data flows efficiently with no collisions.

▪ Suitable for medium-sized networks.

o Limitations:

▪ A single node failure disrupts the entire network.

▪ Troubleshooting is difficult.

o When to Use: Networks requiring consistent data flow, like telecommunications.

4. Mesh Topology:

o Description: Each device is connected to every other device.

o Advantages:

▪ High redundancy; failure of one link doesn’t disrupt communication.

▪ Data can take multiple paths.

o Limitations:

▪ Very costly and complex to set up.

▪ Requires a lot of cables and ports.

o When to Use: Mission-critical networks where reliability and fault tolerance are
required (e.g., military, banking).

Conclusion: Choosing a topology depends on network size, reliability needs, budget, and
performance requirements.

Q7: What is the OSI model, and how does it help in understanding the process of data
communication? Explain each of the seven layers and their functions.
Answer:
The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) Model is a conceptual framework that describes how data
is transmitted across a network in seven layers. It helps standardize communication and troubleshoot
network issues.

The 7 Layers of the OSI Model are:

1. Physical Layer:

o Handles the physical connection of devices and transmission of raw data (bits).

o Example: Cables, hubs, and connectors.

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2. Data Link Layer:

o Ensures error-free data transfer between two directly connected nodes.

o Divided into MAC (Media Access Control) and LLC (Logical Link Control).

o Example: Ethernet switches, MAC addresses.

3. Network Layer:

o Determines the best path for data transfer and handles logical addressing.

o Example: IP addresses, routers.

4. Transport Layer:

o Ensures reliable data transfer using segmentation, sequencing, and error recovery.

o Example: TCP (Transmission Control Protocol), UDP.

5. Session Layer:

o Manages and controls communication sessions between applications.

o Example: NetBIOS, RPC (Remote Procedure Call).

6. Presentation Layer:

o Translates data into a readable format (e.g., encryption, compression).

o Example: SSL/TLS for encryption, JPEG/MP3 formats.

7. Application Layer:

o Provides user interfaces and services for applications.

o Example: HTTP (web browsing), FTP (file transfer), SMTP (email).

Importance of the OSI Model:

• It standardizes communication across networks.

• Simplifies troubleshooting by isolating issues to specific layers.

• Promotes interoperability between different systems and technologies.

Q8: Explain the evolution of the Internet from its origins to the modern-day global network.
What major technological advancements contributed to its growth?
Answer:
The evolution of the Internet can be described in key phases:

1. Origins (1960s):

o ARPANET was developed by the US Department of Defense to connect research

institutions.

o Packet switching technology allowed efficient data transfer.

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2. 1970s:

o Development of TCP/IP protocols standardized data transmission across networks.

o Email was introduced as a form of communication.

3. 1980s:

o ARPANET expanded, and NSFNET was created to link academic institutions.

o Domain Name System (DNS) was introduced for naming websites.

4. 1990s – The World Wide Web (WWW):

o Tim Berners-Lee developed the World Wide Web using HTTP, HTML, and URLs.

o Web browsers like Netscape and Internet Explorer made internet access user-
friendly.

5. 2000s – Broadband and Wireless Access:

o Broadband connections replaced dial-up, increasing speed.

o Wi-Fi enabled wireless access, and mobile devices became internet-capable.

6. Modern-Day (2010s to Present):

o The growth of 4G/5G, cloud computing, and IoT (Internet of Things).

o Platforms like social media, video streaming (YouTube, Netflix), and online gaming
emerged.

Technological Advancements:

• TCP/IP protocols, DNS, web browsers, broadband, cloud computing, and mobile internet
contributed to the global network's growth.

Impact: The internet has become integral to communication, education, commerce, entertainment,
and research worldwide.

Q9: Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the Internet, considering factors like global
connectivity, information access, privacy concerns, and digital addiction.
Answer:
The Internet offers numerous advantages and poses certain challenges:

Advantages:

1. Global Connectivity: Connects people globally for communication, collaboration, and sharing
information.

2. Access to Information: Provides unlimited resources for education, research, and self-
learning.

3. E-Commerce: Enables businesses to reach customers worldwide and facilitates online

transactions.

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4. Entertainment: Offers movies, music, gaming, and social media platforms.

5. Convenience: Simplifies day-to-day activities like banking, shopping, and healthcare.

Disadvantages:

1. Privacy Concerns: Personal data can be hacked, misused, or tracked without consent.

2. Cybercrime: Increases risks of hacking, phishing, and online fraud.

3. Digital Addiction: Excessive use of social media and games leads to reduced productivity and
mental health issues.

4. Misinformation: Spread of fake news and unreliable content.

5. Digital Divide: Unequal access to the internet in different regions, creating gaps in
opportunities.

Conclusion: While the internet is a transformative tool, addressing its challenges like security and
addiction is crucial for its responsible use.

Q10: Explore common applications of the Internet and their impact on various aspects of
society, including communication, education, business, entertainment, and research.
Answer:
The Internet has revolutionized several aspects of society:

1. Communication:

o Email, instant messaging, and video calls allow real-time communication globally.

o Social media platforms like Facebook and WhatsApp connect people.

2. Education:

o Provides access to online courses (e.g., Coursera, Khan Academy).

o Students can research and learn using online libraries and tools.

3. Business:

o E-commerce platforms (e.g., Amazon) enable businesses to sell products globally.

o Remote working and cloud storage improve efficiency and collaboration.

4. Entertainment:

o Streaming services (e.g., Netflix, YouTube) provide on-demand movies and music.

o Online gaming and social media offer leisure activities.

5. Research:

o Researchers access vast resources, journals, and data worldwide.

o Collaboration between global scientists leads to faster advancements.

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Impact: The Internet has connected the world, improved accessibility, and transformed industries,
but it also raises concerns about privacy, screen time, and the digital divide.

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Extera Short Questions (Topic Wise)

1. What were the limitations of vacuum tubes in first-generation computers?

Answer: Vacuum tubes in first-generation computers were large, unreliable, and generated a lot of
heat. They consumed excessive power and were prone to frequent failures, which made computers
inefficient and costly to operate.

2. How did microprocessors revolutionize the fourth generation of computers?

Answer: Microprocessors combined thousands of transistors onto a single chip, making computers
faster, smaller, and more efficient. This innovation led to the creation of personal computers (PCs)
that were affordable and accessible for individuals and businesses.

3. Why are integrated circuits considered a major breakthrough in the third generation?
Answer: Integrated Circuits (ICs) allowed multiple electronic components, such as transistors and
resistors, to be placed on a single chip. This breakthrough significantly reduced the size, cost, and
power consumption of computers while increasing their speed.

4. Name one example of each generation of computers from first to fourth.

Answer:

• First Generation: ENIAC (1946)

• Second Generation: IBM 7094 (1959)

• Third Generation: IBM System/360 (1964)

• Fourth Generation: Apple Macintosh (1984)

5. What is an example of an artificial system, and how does it improve efficiency?

Answer: A computer system is an example of an artificial system. It improves efficiency by
automating complex tasks, processing data quickly, and reducing human effort in areas like
calculations, communication, and data management.

6. Explain why ecosystems are considered natural systems.

Answer: Ecosystems are natural systems because they function without human intervention,
consisting of living organisms (plants, animals) and non-living components (water, air, soil) that
interact to maintain balance in nature.

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7. What role do artificial systems play in transportation?

Answer: Artificial systems in transportation, such as road networks, traffic signals, and GPS systems,
ensure smooth and organized movement of vehicles, reduce congestion, and improve safety and
efficiency.

8. How are artificial systems inspired by natural systems? Give an example.

Answer: Artificial systems often mimic natural systems. For example, airplane wings are inspired by
the structure of bird wings, allowing efficient flight through aerodynamic principles.

9. How does Artificial Intelligence (AI) differentiate fifth-generation computers from earlier
ones?
Answer: AI enables fifth-generation computers to perform tasks that require human-like intelligence,
such as learning, reasoning, and decision-making. This makes them capable of handling complex
problems, unlike earlier generations.

10. What is the role of robotics in fifth-generation computing?

Answer: Robotics in fifth-generation computing automates physical tasks, improving efficiency and
reducing human labor in industries such as manufacturing, healthcare, and logistics.

11. Mention two societal challenges caused by AI in fifth-generation computers.

Answer:

1. Job Displacement: Automation reduces the need for human labor, leading to
unemployment.

2. Privacy Concerns: AI systems collect and analyze vast amounts of personal data, raising
security risks.

12. How do fifth-generation computers contribute to automation?

Answer: Fifth-generation computers use AI and robotics to automate repetitive and complex tasks,
increasing productivity and accuracy in industries like manufacturing and healthcare.

13. What is the function of the receiver in a communication system?

Answer: The receiver in a communication system accepts and decodes the transmitted data from the
sender, ensuring that the intended message is delivered accurately.

14. How does the transmission medium affect data communication speed?
Answer: The transmission medium, such as fiber optics or copper cables, determines the speed and
reliability of data transfer. For example, fiber optics offer faster speeds and less signal loss compared
to traditional copper cables.

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15. What role do protocols play in ensuring successful data transfer?

Answer: Protocols define rules and standards for communication between devices, ensuring data is
sent, received, and interpreted correctly. Examples include TCP/IP for internet communication and
HTTP for web access.

16. Why is error detection important in network communication?

Answer: Error detection ensures data integrity by identifying and correcting errors that may occur
during transmission, preventing corrupted or incomplete data from reaching the receiver.

17. How does a hub differ from a router?

Answer: A hub broadcasts data to all devices in the network, while a router directs data only to its
intended destination using IP addresses, making communication more efficient.

18. Why is a switch more efficient than a hub in managing network traffic?
Answer: A switch sends data only to the specific device it is intended for, reducing unnecessary
traffic, improving network speed, and minimizing congestion.

19. What is the purpose of a gateway in communication networks?

Answer: A gateway connects two different networks using different protocols, enabling smooth data
transfer and communication between otherwise incompatible systems.

20. How do routers handle IP addresses in large networks?

Answer: Routers use IP addresses to determine the best path for data packets, directing them
efficiently to their correct destination across multiple networks.

21. What are the advantages of using a mesh topology?

Answer: Mesh topology provides high reliability and fault tolerance because each device is
connected to multiple others. If one path fails, data can take an alternative route.

22. How does a star topology handle node failure?

Answer: In star topology, the failure of a single node does not affect the rest of the network because
each device is independently connected to the central hub.

23. What happens if a single node fails in a ring topology?

Answer: If a single node fails in a ring topology, the entire network can be disrupted because data
travels in one direction through the loop.

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24. In which scenarios is bus topology preferred despite its limitations?

Answer: Bus topology is preferred in small networks with low data traffic because it is inexpensive
and easy to set up.

25. What is the main function of the data link layer in the OSI model?
Answer: The data link layer ensures error-free transfer of data between two directly connected
nodes by framing and controlling access to the transmission medium.

26. Which OSI layer manages encryption and compression of data?

Answer: The presentation layer manages data encryption for security and compression to reduce file
size during transmission.

27. What is the role of the network layer in data routing?

Answer: The network layer determines the best path for data to travel across networks and assigns
logical IP addresses for proper routing.

28. How does the transport layer ensure reliable data transfer?
Answer: The transport layer divides data into segments, ensures error checking, and provides
retransmission of lost or corrupted data to guarantee reliability.

29. What was ARPANET, and how did it contribute to the development of the internet?
Answer: ARPANET was the first network developed in the 1960s by the U.S. Department of Defense.
It introduced packet-switching technology and became the foundation of the modern internet.

30. How did the invention of web browsers make the internet more accessible?

Answer: Web browsers provided a graphical interface that allowed users to access websites and
navigate the internet easily, making it user-friendly for non-technical users.

31. Name one major advancement in the 2000s that improved internet connectivity.
Answer: The development of broadband internet replaced dial-up, offering higher speeds and
enabling faster access to online content and applications.

32. What role did TCP/IP play in the growth of the global internet?
Answer: TCP/IP standardized communication protocols, allowing devices across different networks to
connect and communicate seamlessly, enabling the growth of a global internet.

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33. How does the internet enable global connectivity?

Answer: The internet connects people, businesses, and systems worldwide in real-time, enabling
communication, collaboration, and resource sharing across geographical boundaries.

34. What is one major disadvantage of the internet in terms of privacy?

Answer: The internet poses privacy risks as personal data can be collected, tracked, or hacked,
leading to misuse and identity theft.

35. How has the internet contributed to the spread of misinformation?

Answer: The internet allows the rapid spread of false or misleading information, especially through
social media, which can create confusion and mistrust.

36. What are the effects of internet addiction on productivity?

Answer: Internet addiction can reduce productivity as excessive use of social media, gaming, or
streaming distracts individuals from important tasks and responsibilities.

37. How has the internet transformed online education?

Answer: The internet provides access to online courses, educational resources, and virtual
classrooms, enabling learning from anywhere in the world.

38. Give two examples of how businesses use the internet for global reach.
Answer:

1. E-commerce platforms like Amazon allow businesses to sell products worldwide.

2. Digital marketing helps businesses reach a global audience through online ads and social
media.

39. How does the internet improve communication in modern society?

Answer: The internet enables instant communication through email, messaging apps, video calls,
and social media, making it easier to stay connected globally.

40. Why is the internet considered a valuable tool for research and innovation?
Answer: The internet provides access to vast databases, journals, and research papers, enabling
scientists, students, and innovators to collaborate and develop new ideas efficiently.

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Extera Long Questions (Topic Wise)

Q1: Describe the evolution of computer generations with emphasis on their technologies,
features, and examples.
Answer:
The evolution of computers is categorized into five generations, each marked by major technological
advancements.

1. First Generation (1940–1956):

o Technology Used: Vacuum tubes.

o Features: Large size, high power consumption, slow processing, and unreliable.

o Examples: ENIAC, UNIVAC.

o Impact: Early stages of electronic computation but impractical for widespread use.

2. Second Generation (1956–1963):

o Technology Used: Transistors replaced vacuum tubes.

o Features: Smaller, faster, energy-efficient, and more reliable than first-generation

computers.

o Examples: IBM 7094, UNIVAC 1108.

o Impact: Made computers more suitable for businesses and scientific research.

3. Third Generation (1964–1971):

o Technology Used: Integrated Circuits (ICs).

o Features: Compact size, higher processing speed, and lower cost.

o Examples: IBM System/360, PDP-8.

o Impact: Enabled mass production and affordability, making computers more

accessible.

4. Fourth Generation (1971–Present):

o Technology Used: Microprocessors.

o Features: Highly compact, fast, and user-friendly with personal computers (PCs).

o Examples: Intel 4004, Apple Macintosh, IBM PCs.

o Impact: Popularized computers for individual use and introduced networking and
the internet.

5. Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond):

o Technology Used: Artificial Intelligence (AI), robotics, and parallel processing.

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o Features: Machines capable of learning, decision-making, and understanding human

language (NLP).

o Examples: AI-powered systems like Siri, Alexa, and robotics.

o Impact: Transformed industries with automation, problem-solving, and smart

systems.

Conclusion: The evolution of computer generations has significantly improved technology,

transforming computers from large machines to essential tools in everyday life.

Q2: Explain the OSI model and discuss the role of each of the seven layers in data
communication.
Answer:
The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) Model is a conceptual framework that standardizes
network communication into seven layers:

1. Physical Layer:

o Transmits raw binary data (bits) over physical media like cables or wireless signals.

o Devices: Hubs, cables, network interface cards (NIC).

2. Data Link Layer:

o Ensures error-free data transfer between two directly connected nodes.

o Divides data into frames and manages MAC (Media Access Control) addresses.

o Devices: Switches.

3. Network Layer:

o Determines the best path for data transfer and handles logical addressing using IP
addresses.

o Devices: Routers.

4. Transport Layer:

o Ensures reliable data transfer with segmentation, error detection, and

retransmission.

o Protocols: TCP (reliable), UDP (unreliable).

5. Session Layer:

o Manages and maintains communication sessions between applications.

o Example: Logging in to a remote server.

6. Presentation Layer:

o Translates data into readable formats, encrypts data for security, and compresses it
for efficient transfer.

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o Example: SSL/TLS encryption, JPEG format.

7. Application Layer:

o Provides network services directly to end-users.

o Examples: HTTP (web browsing), FTP (file transfer), SMTP (email).

Conclusion: The OSI model simplifies data communication, promotes interoperability, and aids in
troubleshooting by dividing communication into logical layers.

Q3: Discuss the advantages and limitations of different network topologies: Bus, Star, Ring,
and Mesh.
Answer:

1. Bus Topology:

o Advantages: Cost-effective, easy to install, and suitable for small networks.

o Limitations: A single backbone failure affects the entire network; limited scalability.

o Best Used For: Small networks with low data traffic.

2. Star Topology:

o Advantages: Easy to manage and troubleshoot; node failure does not affect others.

o Limitations: If the central hub fails, the entire network goes down; expensive due to
extra cabling.

o Best Used For: Office or business networks where reliability is essential.

3. Ring Topology:

o Advantages: Data flows efficiently without collisions.

o Limitations: A single node failure can disrupt the entire network; troubleshooting is
difficult.

o Best Used For: Networks requiring consistent and orderly data flow, like
telecommunications.

4. Mesh Topology:

o Advantages: High fault tolerance; multiple paths for data ensure reliability.

o Limitations: Expensive and complex due to numerous connections.

o Best Used For: Mission-critical systems like military or financial networks.

Conclusion: Choosing the right topology depends on factors like network size, reliability needs, and
budget.

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Q4: Discuss the evolution of the Internet and the technological advancements that
contributed to its growth.
Answer:
The Internet has evolved significantly over the decades due to major advancements:

1. 1960s – ARPANET:

o The U.S. Department of Defense developed ARPANET, the first network to use packet
switching technology.

2. 1970s – TCP/IP Protocol:

o The introduction of TCP/IP standardized data communication across different

networks, enabling global connectivity.

3. 1980s – Expansion of Networks:

o NSFNET connected academic institutions, and the Domain Name System (DNS)
simplified website addressing.

4. 1990s – World Wide Web (WWW):

o Tim Berners-Lee developed the WWW, which used HTTP, HTML, and URLs to make
the internet user-friendly.

o Web browsers like Netscape and Internet Explorer allowed easy access to online
content.

5. 2000s – Broadband and Wireless Access:

o Broadband replaced slow dial-up connections, and Wi-Fi enabled wireless internet
access.

o Smartphones and mobile internet became widely available.

6. Modern Day – 4G/5G, IoT, and Cloud Computing:

o Faster networks like 4G/5G, cloud storage, and the Internet of Things (IoT)
connected devices and systems globally.

Conclusion: The internet has transformed communication, business, and education worldwide,
driven by continuous technological advancements.

Q5: Explain the advantages and disadvantages of the Internet in modern society.
Answer:

Advantages of the Internet:

1. Global Connectivity: Connects people worldwide, enabling communication and

collaboration.

2. Access to Information: Provides unlimited resources for education, research, and self-
learning.

3. E-Commerce: Allows businesses to sell products and services globally.

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4. Entertainment: Offers streaming platforms, online gaming, and social media.

5. Convenience: Simplifies daily tasks like online banking, shopping, and healthcare.

Disadvantages of the Internet:

1. Privacy Concerns: Personal data can be hacked, tracked, or misused.

2. Cybercrime: Increases risks of hacking, phishing, and identity theft.

3. Digital Addiction: Excessive use of the internet, particularly social media, reduces
productivity and affects mental health.

4. Misinformation: Fake news and unreliable content spread easily, causing confusion and
distrust.

5. Digital Divide: Unequal internet access creates gaps between developed and developing
nations.

Conclusion: While the internet has revolutionized society with its numerous benefits, addressing its
challenges like privacy, security, and addiction is critical for its responsible use.

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MCQS

1. Which technology was used in first-generation computers?

a) Vacuum Tubes (✓) b) Transistors c) Integrated Circuits d) Microprocessors

2. What replaced vacuum tubes in the second generation of computers?

a) Microprocessors b) Integrated Circuits c) Transistors (✓) d) Artificial Intelligence

3. Which component is the backbone of third-generation computers?

a) Transistors b) Integrated Circuits (✓) c) Vacuum Tubes d) Microprocessors

4. What was introduced in fourth-generation computers?

a) AI b) Microprocessors (✓) c) Transistors d) Punch Cards

5. What feature defines fifth-generation computers?

a) Artificial Intelligence (✓) b) Integrated Circuits c) Transistors d) Vacuum Tubes

6. Which system occurs naturally without human intervention?

a) Solar System (✓) b) Computer System c) Traffic System d) Robotics

7. What type of system is a computer?

a) Natural b) Artificial (✓) c) Mechanical d) None

8. What is the main feature of Natural Language Processing (NLP)?

a) Data Storage b) Understanding Human Language (✓) c) Encryption d) Logical Addressing

9. What is the key advantage of AI in fifth-generation computers?

a) Faster Calculation b) Machine Learning and Reasoning (✓) c) Manual Operation d) Small
Size

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10. Which device connects different networks using different protocols?

a) Hub b) Switch c) Router d) Gateway (✓)

11. What does a router use to direct data?

a) MAC Address b) IP Address (✓) c) Port Number d) Start Bits

12. Which layer of the OSI model manages encryption and compression?

a) Network b) Presentation (✓) c) Data Link d) Transport

13. What device broadcasts data to all devices in a network?

a) Hub (✓) b) Switch c) Router d) Gateway

14. What device sends data only to the intended recipient?

a) Hub b) Switch (✓) c) Repeater d) Gateway

15. In which topology does failure of one device affect the entire network?

a) Bus b) Star c) Ring (✓) d) Mesh

16. What is the function of start and stop bits?

a) Addressing b) Error Checking c) Data Synchronization (✓) d) Routing

17. Which topology has a central hub?

a) Star (✓) b) Bus c) Ring d) Mesh

18. What protocol governs web communication?

a) FTP b) TCP/IP c) HTTP (✓) d) SMTP

19. What layer assigns logical addresses to data?

a) Transport b) Network (✓) c) Session d) Application

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20. What replaced dial-up connections for faster internet access?

a) Wireless LAN b) Broadband (✓) c) ARPANET d) TCP/IP

21. Who developed the World Wide Web?

a) Charles Babbage b) Tim Berners-Lee (✓) c) Alan Turing d) John Napier

22. What is the primary function of the Physical Layer?

a) Error Checking b) Data Formatting c) Raw Data Transmission (✓) d) Routing

23. What is a major disadvantage of the internet?

a) Global Connectivity b) Privacy Issues (✓) c) Online Education d) Research Access

24. What type of communication is used by walkie-talkies?

a) Simplex b) Half-Duplex (✓) c) Full-Duplex d) Synchronous

25. Which topology is the most expensive but highly reliable?

a) Bus b) Star c) Mesh (✓) d) Ring

26. What device connects devices in the same network segment?

a) Hub b) Switch (✓) c) Router d) Gateway

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