 Power Transmission

 Belt Drive

Advantages of Belt drive:

 Belt drive has Greater reliability.

 It has less maintenance compared to chain and shaft drives.
 Less noise compared to chain drives.
 Better performance in dusty environments.
 No oiling or greasing is required.
 Higher torque capacity than chain drives (especially for heavy loads)
 Excellent bearing life.
 Belt drives are more flexible and easy to replace.
 Lubrication is eliminated as the only maintenance needed is periodic cleaning of the teeth on
the gears or shafts.

Disadvantages of Belt drive:

 The main disadvantage of belt drives is that they are susceptible to contamination by dirt,
lubricants, oil, water, etc., which can cause problems with operation.
 Belt drive requires filter elements that help reduce contaminants from entering the system
during operation.
 The belt drive requires regular replacement due to wear and tear on the pulleys and bearings.
 Life span is less compared to shaft and gearbox system.
 Difference between V-Belt and Flat Belt Drives

Application of belt drive

Belt drives are used to transmit power from one rotating shaft to another using a flexible belt. Here are
some common applications of belt drives:

1. Industrial machinery: Belt drives are used in a wide range of industrial machinery such as
conveyor systems, compressors, pumps, and fans. Belt drives provide a flexible and reliable
means of transmitting power between shafts in a variety of different applications.

2. Automotive industry: Belt drives are used in the automotive industry to drive various
components such as the alternator, water pump, and power steering pump. Timing belts are
also used to synchronize the movement of the engine’s valves and pistons.

3. Agriculture machinery: Belt drives are used in agricultural machinery such as combines and
harvesters to drive various components such as the threshing mechanism, grain auger, and
straw chopper.

4. Home appliances: Belt drives are used in home appliances such as washing machines, dryers,
and vacuum cleaners to drive various components such as the drum, blower, and brush roll.

5. Exercise equipment: Belt drives are used in exercise equipment such as treadmills and
stationary bikes to provide a smooth and quiet means of transmitting power from the motor to
the workout mechanism.

Differences between flat belt drive and V-belt drive

Flat Belt Drive V-Belt Drive

Flat belts have a rectangular cross-section, V-belts have a trapezoidal cross-section, where maximum
where width of belt is much larger than width is almost same with the thickness.
thickness.
The pulleys for flat belt drive are simple in Here pulleys must contain V-slot to accommodate V-belts.
construction and thus cheaper. Slot angles must match with that of the belt, otherwise
power transmission capability will reduce. Thus these
Page |1
 pulleys are costlier.
In flat belt drive, only one surface of the belt In case of V-belt drive, two inclined surfaces continuously
remains in contact with the pulley. remain in contact with the pulley.
Wide range of velocity ratio can be obtained by Such shifting provision does not exist in V-belt drive.
utilizing stepped pulleys of different diameters
and easily shifting belt from one pulley to
another.
Flat belts can be used for transmitting power to V-belt drive is suitable for power transmission in short
a long center distance (even up to 15m). center distance (usually below 1m).
Flat belt drive can be used either in open V-belt is always used in open configuration.
configuration or in crossed configuration.
Efficiency of the flat belt drive is comparatively Efficiency of the V-belt drive is low.
higher.
Power transmitting capability of flat belt drive is V-belt drive can transmit comparatively higher power
low. because of the increased friction force due to wedge action.
Flat belt drive is suitable when velocity ratio is Higher velocity ratio (up to 7:1) can be obtained by V-belt
up to 4:1. drive.
Slip occurs frequently in flat belt drive. Thus is Due to higher friction force for wedge action, slip does not
not a positive drive. occur at low speed in V-belt drive. However, if load exceeds
the rated capacity, then slip may occur.
Flat belts are jointed (hinged), so their operation V-belts are endless, so their operation is quite.
is noisy.
Flat belt drives are usually suitable for V-belt drives are preferred for transmitting power in any
horizontal power transmission. direction, even when belt is vertical.
Flat belts are also relatively cheaper. V-belts are costlier.
Flat belts are commonly used in belt conveyer, V-belts are commonly used in electric pumps, compressors,
saw mills, food industries, etc. machine tools, etc.

Advantages of Flat Belt Drive.

1. The flat belt drives are simple, less expensive, flexible, and durable.
2. This belt drive gives better performance at high speeds and is more economical to use.
3. This can withstand high load and have a long life.
4. Use of flat belt drive gives smooth operation and require less repair and maintenance.
5. This belt drive is suitable for long-distance.
6. They are very economical when shafts are separated by large distances.

Disadvantages of Flat Belt Drive.

1. Slip and creep will be higher, and both will result in loss of power and efficiency of belt drive.
2. Large power transmission is not possible.
3. To maintain the correct velocity ratio is difficult.
4. This belt drive is not suitable for short-distance and occupies large space.
5. Belt length increases due to tension and compression at the tight and slack side of the belt.
6. After long service, the belt may fail to function well.
7. The angular-velocity ratio is not constant.
8. They generate heat due to the operation of belt drive for a long duration.

Advantages of V-Belt Drive:

1. Low noise levels.
2. Low vibration levels.
3. Less chance of slippage.
4. Easy installation and maintenance.
5. A wide variety of sizes and shapes is available.
6. Suitable for both high and low power applications.
7. It is a simple, efficient way to transmit power, and it is relatively inexpensive.
8. The V-belt drive is a reliable way to transmit power.
9. There is less chance of the belt slipping when compared to other belts. V belts also tend to last
longer than some other kinds of belts.

Disadvantages of V-Belt Drive:

Page |2
 1. Limited speed range
2. Susceptible to wear and tear
3. Not suitable for very large or very small applications
4. Can be expensive to replace when worn out.
5. It can be prone to slippage, and it can be difficult to adjust.

o Belt Materials

1. Leather belts. The most important material for flat belt is leather. The best leather belts
are made from 1.2 metres to 1.5 metres long strips cut from either side of the back bone of the
top grade steer hides. The hair side of the leather is smoother and harder than the flesh side,
but the flesh side is stronger. The fibres on the hair side are perpendicular to the surface, while
those on the flesh side are interwoven and parallel to the surface. Therefore for these reasons
the hair side of a belt should be in contact with the pulley. This gives a more intimate contact
between belt and pulley and places the greatest tensile strength of the belt section on the
outside, where the tension is maximum as the belt passes over the pulley.
The leather may be either oak-tanned or mineral salt-tanned e.g. chrome-tanned. In order
to increase the thickness of belt, the strips are cemented together. The belts are specified
according to the number of layers e.g. single, double or triple ply and according to the thickness
of hides used e.g. light, medium or heavy. The leather belts must be periodically cleaned and
dressed or treated with a compound or dressing containing neats foot or other suitable oils so
that the belt will remain soft and flexible.
2. Cotton or fabric belts. Most of the fabric belts are made by folding convass or cotton duck to
three or more layers (depending upon the thickness desired) and stitching together. These belts
are woven also into a strip of the desired width and thickness. They are impregnated with some
filler like linseed oil in order to make the belt water-proof and to prevent injury to the fibres. The
cotton belts are cheaper and suitable in warm climates, in damp atmospheres and in exposed
positions. Since the cotton belts require little attention, therefore these belts are mostly used in
farm machinery, belt conveyor etc.
3. Rubber belt. The rubber belts are made of layers of fabric impregnated with rubber composition
and have a thin layer of rubber on the faces. These belts are very flexible but are
quickly destroyed if allowed to come into contact with heat, oil or grease. One of the principle
advantage of these belts is that they may be easily made endless. These belts are found suitable
for saw mills, paper mills where they are exposed to moisture.
4. Balata belts. These belts are similar to rubber belts except that balata gum is used in place
of rubber. These belts are acid proof and water proof and it is not effected by animal oils or
alkalies. The balata belts should not be at temperatures above 40°C because at this temperature
the balata begins to soften and becomes sticky. The strength of balata belts is 25 per cent
higher than rubber belts.

o Applications of Flat Belts

Conveyors
Flat belts are often used in conveyor systems to transport materials such as boxes, packages, and raw
materials from one location to another.
Printing Presses
Flat belts are used in printing presses to transfer power from the motor to the printing cylinders.
Machine Tools
In machine tools such as lathes, flat belts are used to transfer power from the motor to the cutting
tools.
Textile Machinery
Flat belts are used in textile machinery to transfer power to spindles, needles, and other components.
Textile industry flat belts are used for a variety of applications within the textile industry, including
power transmission, material handling, and process control. They are commonly used for driving and
conveying equipment, such as spinning and weaving machines, calenders, and finishing machines.
Agricultural Equipment
Flat belts are often used in agricultural equipment to transfer power from the engine to the implements
such as plows and harrows. Agricultural equipment flat belts are used to drive and power various types
of farm machinery, such as threshers, combine harvesters, balers, and plows. Flat belts are preferred in
agricultural equipment due to their ability to transmit power over a larger surface area and their ability
to be made in different widths and thicknesses to match specific requirements.
Woodworking Machinery
Flat belts are used in woodworking machinery to transfer power from the motor to the cutting blades
and other components.
Page |3
 o Applications of V Belts

1. Industrial Machinery:
 V-belts are widely used in industrial machinery such as conveyor systems, pumps,
compressors, and manufacturing equipment to transmit power efficiently from electric
motors to driven components.
2. Automotive Industry:
 V-belts are used in automobiles to drive various engine components such as alternators,
water pumps, and power steering pumps. They are also employed in air conditioning
systems and other auxiliary components.
3. Agricultural Equipment:
 Tractors, combines, and other agricultural machinery often utilize V-belts to transfer
power from the engine to different components such as fans, augers, and other
implements.
4. HVAC Systems:
 Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems commonly use V-belts to drive
fans and blowers, ensuring efficient air circulation in buildings and other environments.
5. Mining Industry:
 V-belts are employed in various mining equipment such as crushers, conveyors, and
pumps, facilitating the movement and processing of raw materials in mining operations.
6. Power Transmission:
 In general power transmission applications, V-belts are used to transfer power between
electric motors and driven machinery, providing a cost-effective and reliable means of
power transfer.
7. Printing Industry:
 Printing presses use V-belts to transfer power from electric motors to various
components, enabling the printing process.
8. Woodworking Machinery:
 V-belts are utilized in woodworking equipment such as saws, drills, and sanders to drive
the moving parts and achieve efficient cutting or shaping of wood.
9. Fitness Equipment:
 V-belts are often found in gym equipment like treadmills and stationary bikes, providing
the necessary power to drive the belts and deliver resistance or movement.
10. Power Tools:
 Many handheld and stationary power tools use V-belts to transfer power from the motor
to the cutting or grinding components, ensuring the tool's functionality.

Pulley

A pulley can be described as a machine that helps in pulling heavy-weight objects. It consists of a
wheel, a rope or any other type of thing similar to it, and a rim. They are used in an individual manner
as well as in combination connected with other pulleys.

Types of pulleys

Pulleys are of the following types:

Fixed pulley
A fixed pulley changes the direction of the input force but does not change the amount of force applied
to it. Fixed pulleys are usually attached to a stationary object above the load, which means its axle and
wheel will stay in one place. The mechanical advantage of a fixed pulley is 1.

Page |4
For example
Perfect examples of flexible pulleys are:
 Flag pole
 Water bucket of the well
Movable pulley
A movable pulley does not change the direction of the force but increases the amount of force applied.
Moving pulleys are attached to the loads, which means its axle is in a movable block. They made the
load feel much lighter, and they have a mechanical advantage of two.

Page |5
For example
Examples of the movable pulleys include:
 Elevators
 Construction cranes
Compound pulley
Compound pulleys are also known as combination pulleys, and they are made up of both fixed and
movable pulleys. Together, they let you change the direction of force and make the weight feel lighter.
The size of the wheel and the length of the rope, chain, and belt of this simple machine are designed to
lessen the efforts.

Page |6
For example:
 The most common examples of compound pulleys are:
 Gym equipment such as chest exercises that pulls down exercise machines.
Block and tackle pulley
A block and tackle pulley comprise several movable pulleys, and fixed pulleys are arranged parallel.
They are known as a specific form of compound pulleys where movable pulleys are aligned parallel with
movables and fixed pulleys are fixed. Moreover, the mechanical advantage of the block and tackle
pulley is 3.

Page |7
For example
Overall, block and tackle systems have two types of pulleys: fixed and moveable, and the mechanical
advantage of all their examples varies.
 Gyn tackle
 Gun tackle
 Double luff tackles
Cone pulley
A cone pulley is made up of multiple pulleys. They are simple in design, cost less, and have larger
circumferences. They are called cone pulleys because multiple pulleys form a cone shape at a point. Its
small wheel requires small circumferences and produces less work in the result. Likewise, big wheels
will have a larger circumference. Moreover, the operator of cone pulleys can alter the speed of its
movement.

Page |8
For example
 Electric motor, and that’s a powerful electric pulley system.

Gear Drive Application

1. Automotive Transmissions:
 Gear drives are extensively used in automotive transmissions to transfer power from the
engine to the wheels. Different gears are engaged to achieve varying speeds and torque
levels, allowing the vehicle to move efficiently under different driving conditions.
2. Industrial Machinery:
 Various types of industrial machinery, such as gearboxes, mills, and presses, use gear
drives to control the speed and torque of rotating components. Gear drives are crucial in
manufacturing processes that require precise control over machinery movements.
3. Power Generation:
 Gear drives play a role in power generation applications, such as in wind turbines and
hydroelectric generators. They help convert the rotational motion of the turbine or
generator into the desired speed for electrical power generation.
4. Aerospace:
 Aircraft and spacecraft often incorporate gear drives in their systems. For example, gear
mechanisms are used in landing gear systems, flap control, and other critical
components that require precise control over motion.
5. Mining Equipment:
 Heavy-duty mining equipment, like crushers and conveyors, may utilize gear drives for
power transmission. Gears help control the speed and torque required for efficient
material handling and processing in mining operations.
6. Marine Applications:
 Gear drives are commonly used in marine propulsion systems to transfer power from
engines to propellers. Marine vessels, such as ships and boats, rely on gears for speed
control and maneuverability.
7. Printing Industry:
Page |9
 
Printing presses often employ gear drives to synchronize the movement of various
components, ensuring precise registration and alignment during the printing process.
8. Textile Machinery:
 Gear drives are used in textile manufacturing equipment to control the speed and
coordination of different components, such as spindles and rollers, in weaving and
spinning machines.
9. Construction Equipment:
 Construction machinery, including excavators, cranes, and bulldozers, may use gear
drives for power transmission, enabling controlled movement and operation of heavy
equipment.
10. Robotics and Automation:
 Gear drives are integral in robotic systems and automated machinery where precise
control over movement and torque is required. They help in achieving the desired motion
and coordination of robotic arms and other moving parts.

 Advantages of Gear Drives:

 Efficiency: Gear drives are known for their high efficiency in power transmission. The
efficiency can be well above 90%, especially in well-designed systems.
 Precise Speed Control: Gears provide precise control over the speed of driven
components. This is crucial in applications where specific speeds need to be maintained
or varied with accuracy.
 Torque Transmission: Gear drives are effective in transmitting high levels of torque,
making them suitable for applications requiring significant power.
 Compact Design: Gears can achieve high gear ratios in a relatively compact space,
allowing for the creation of compact and space-efficient mechanical systems.
 Reliability: When properly lubricated and maintained, gear drives are durable and
reliable, offering long service life with minimal wear.
 Directional Control: Gears can change the direction of rotation, allowing for versatile
applications where the orientation of the driven component is essential.
 Wide Range of Applications: Gear drives find applications in various industries, from
automotive to manufacturing, due to their versatility and adaptability.
 Low Maintenance: In many cases, gear drives require relatively low maintenance,
especially when compared to some other forms of power transmission.

 Disadvantages of Gear Drives:

 Noise and Vibration: Gears can generate noise and vibration, especially at high speeds.
This can be a drawback in applications where noise levels need to be minimized.
 Precision Manufacturing: Achieving high precision in gear manufacturing is crucial for
optimal performance. This precision can increase the cost of production.
 Limited Speed Range: Some types of gears may have limitations in their speed range.
For example, high-speed applications may require specialized gear designs to handle the
increased forces and minimize wear.
 Backlash: Gears often have a small amount of play or backlash, which can affect the
accuracy of motion, especially in applications where precise positioning is crucial.
 Maintenance Requirements: While generally low-maintenance, gears can suffer from
wear and tear over time. Regular lubrication and periodic inspections are necessary to
maintain optimal performance.
 Complex Design: In certain applications, the design of gear systems can be complex,
requiring careful consideration of gear types, sizes, and arrangements.
 Cost: High-precision gears and gear systems can be costly to manufacture, especially
when customized designs are required for specific applications.
 Weight: In some applications, the weight of gear systems may be a disadvantage,
particularly in industries where minimizing weight is a priority, such as aerospace.

Chain Drive Applications:

1. Bicycles and Motorcycles:
 Chain drives are widely used in bicycles and motorcycles to transmit power from the
pedals or engine to the wheels, providing an efficient and lightweight means of
propulsion.

P a g e | 10
 2. Automotive Timing Systems:
 Timing chains are employed in internal combustion engines to synchronize the
movement of the engine's crankshaft and camshaft, ensuring proper valve timing.
3. Industrial Machinery:
 Chain drives are used in industrial machinery such as conveyors, elevators, and
agricultural equipment for power transmission in applications where a flexible and
reliable mechanism is needed.
4. Power Transmission in Manufacturing:
 Chain drives are utilized in manufacturing equipment, including assembly lines,
packaging machines, and various processing systems for conveying and transferring
power efficiently.
5. Motorcycles and ATVs:
 Chain drives are commonly found in the final drive systems of motorcycles and all-
terrain vehicles (ATVs), transmitting power from the engine to the rear wheel.
6. Agricultural Equipment:
 Chain drives are used in agricultural machinery like combine harvesters, tractors, and
crop processing equipment to transfer power for functions such as cutting, harvesting,
and threshing.
7. Mining Equipment:
 Chain drives are applied in mining equipment such as conveyors, crushers, and
elevators, providing a robust and reliable solution for power transmission in challenging
environments.
8. Material Handling Systems:
 Conveyor systems in warehouses, distribution centers, and manufacturing facilities often
use chain drives for moving materials along production lines or through storage areas.
9. Printing Industry:
 Chain drives can be found in printing presses, helping to synchronize the movement of
different components for precise printing operations.
10. Water Treatment Plants:
 Chain drives are utilized in water treatment plants for applications like sludge removal,
where a durable and efficient power transmission system is required.

Advantages of Chain Drives:

1. High Efficiency: Chain drives are known for their efficiency in power transmission, often
comparable to, or even higher than, other mechanical transmission systems.
2. High Torque Transmission: Chain drives can transmit high levels of torque, making them
suitable for applications requiring substantial power.
3. Versatility: Chains can be used in a wide range of applications, from lightweight, high-speed
systems to heavy-duty industrial machinery.
4. Cost-Effective: Chain drives are often cost-effective compared to some other power
transmission methods, providing a balance of performance and affordability.
5. Ease of Installation: Chains are relatively easy to install and replace, making maintenance and
repairs more straightforward compared to certain other transmission systems.
6. Long Service Life: When properly maintained, chain drives can have a long service life,
particularly in applications where durability is essential.

Disadvantages of Chain Drives:

1. Noise and Vibration: Chain drives can generate noise and vibration during operation, which
may be undesirable in certain applications.
2. Maintenance Requirements: Chains require regular lubrication and periodic tension
adjustments to ensure optimal performance. Neglecting maintenance can lead to wear and
failure.
3. Limited Speed Range: Chain drives may have limitations in terms of speed, especially when
compared to some other transmission systems like gears or belts.
4. Bulkiness and Weight: In some applications, the bulkiness and weight of chain drives may be a
disadvantage, especially when space and weight are critical factors.
5. Environmental Sensitivity: Exposed chain drives may be susceptible to environmental factors
such as dust, moisture, and contaminants, which can affect their performance and lifespan.
6. Precision Requirements: In applications where precise control over speed and position is
crucial, chain drives may not be as precise as some other transmission methods.

Rope Drive Applications:

1. Mining Industry:
P a g e | 11
 Rope drives are used in mining equipment for conveying materials, operating lifts, and
powering other machinery in challenging environments.
2. Marine Applications:
 Rope drives are employed in marine systems for controlling various mechanisms on
ships, such as steering systems, crane operations, and winches.
3. Aerial Tramways and Cable Cars:
 Rope drives are used in aerial tramways and cable cars for the transportation of
passengers or goods, providing a reliable and flexible means of power transmission.
4. Textile Industry:
 Rope drives can be found in textile machinery for controlling the movement of different
components, such as rollers and spindles, in spinning and weaving processes.
5. Theater and Entertainment Industry:
 Rope drives are used in stage rigging systems to control the movement of curtains,
backdrops, and other theatrical elements.
6. Elevators and Lifts:
 Some elevators and lifts use rope drives for vertical transportation, providing a flexible
and reliable mechanism for moving the elevator car.
7. Agricultural Equipment:
 Rope drives are applied in certain agricultural machinery for functions such as raising
and lowering implements or controlling other mechanical components.
8. Material Handling Systems:
 Rope drives are utilized in material handling equipment, such as cranes and hoists, to
lift and move heavy loads.

Advantages of Rope Drives:

1. Flexibility: Rope drives offer flexibility in terms of the path they can follow, allowing for more
versatile and adaptable power transmission in various applications.
2. Overload Protection: Rope drives can provide a degree of overload protection due to the
flexibility of the rope, reducing the risk of damage to the drive system and connected
components.
3. Silent Operation: Compared to some other power transmission systems, rope drives can
operate relatively quietly, making them suitable for applications where noise is a concern.
4. High Power Transmission Capability: Rope drives can transmit high levels of power, making
them suitable for applications requiring substantial torque.
5. Long Distances: Rope drives can transmit power over long distances without significant loss of
efficiency, making them suitable for applications where the power source and driven
components are spatially separated.
6. Smooth Operation: Rope drives can provide smooth and continuous power transmission,
reducing vibrations and ensuring consistent operation.

Disadvantages of Rope Drives:

1. Complex Installation: Installing and maintaining rope drives can be more complex than some
other power transmission systems, requiring proper tensioning and periodic inspections.
2. Limited Precision: Rope drives may not provide the same level of precision as some other
transmission methods, making them less suitable for applications requiring extremely accurate
control over speed and position.
3. Wear and Stretching: Over time, ropes can experience wear and stretching, which may require
regular maintenance and replacement to maintain optimal performance.
4. Environmental Sensitivity: Exposed rope drives may be susceptible to environmental factors
such as moisture, dust, and contaminants, which can affect their performance and lifespan.
5. Bulkiness: In certain applications, the bulkiness of rope drives may be a disadvantage,
especially when compared to more compact transmission systems.

Differences between gear drive and belt drive

Gear Drive Belt Drive

Gear drive is one type of engagement drive. Belt drive is one type of friction drive.

P a g e | 12
In gear drive, driver and driven shafts are In belt drive, driver and driven shafts are
connected by rigid links. No intermediate connected by intermediate flexible element
flexible element exist between the two (belt).
shafts.

It is a positive drive; so velocity ratio It is non-positive drive as slip and creep

remains constant. occur frequently.

Gear drive cannot protect the system from Slip in belt drive helps protecting the system
impact and overloading. from impact and overloading.

It cannot isolate driver shaft from vibrations The intermediate flexible element can
on driven shaft. absorb vibration and thereby protects driver
shaft.

It can transmit large torque and power. Belt drive is not preferred for large torque
and power transmission.

High speed reduction can be achieved It cannot provide steep velocity reduction.
easily.

It is suitable for short distance power and It is suitable for medium to larger distance
motion transmission. power and motion transmission.

Driver and driven shafts rotate in opposite Driver and driven shafts can be rotated
directions. Additional gear is required to either in same or opposite direction
obtain rotation in same direction. employing flat or close belt system.

Gear drive cannot tolerate small amount of Small amount of locational or angular
locational or angular misalignment. misalignment does not pose any problem in
belt drive.

Gear drive requires full lubrication. Its Seldom lubrication is required in belt drive.
initial cost and maintenance cost are also Moreover, its initial cost and maintenance
higher. cost are lower.

Here line contact occurs between two Here area contact occurs between belt and
mating gears, which results low friction and pulley. So power loss is more due to high
low power loss. So it provides high friction, which also results in lower
efficiency. efficiency.

P a g e | 13
Performance of gear drive is not affected by Length of belt increases with increase in
small variation in atmosphere temperature. temperature and thus slip occurs
undesirably.

Difference between belt drive and chain drive

Belt Drive Chain Drive

Belt drive is one friction drive. Chain drive is one engagement drive.

It is one non-positive drive because of Chain drive tends to offer a positive drive as
frequent slip and creep. it is free from slip.

Belt drive is preferred for medium to large Chain drive is preferred for small to medium
centre distance. centre distance.

Only one face of the belt can be utilized for Both faces of the chain can be
transmitting motion and power. simultaneously utilized for transmitting
motion and power.

Due to friction loss, efficiency of belt drive is Negligible friction loss results higher
comparatively low (92 – 96%). efficiency in chain drive (95 – 98%).

Workroom temperature influences Chain drive is usually not affected by

performance of belt drive. workroom temperature.

Although belt drive is commonly used for Chain drive can transmit power between
parallel shafts, a quarter-turn belt can be parallel shafts only.
employed for perpendicular shafts.

Small angular and locational misalignment Chain tends to leave the sprocket if
posses no problem in belt drive alignment is not perfect.
performance.

To tight the belt with pulleys, an initial Additional load on shaft is eliminated in
tension is desired, which increases load on chain drive as initial tightening is not
shafts. desired.

Belt drive requires minimum lubrication. Chain drive requires proper and regular
lubrication for longer life.

Belt drive Chain drive Gear drive

Main element Pulleys, belt Main element Sprockets, chain Main element Gears
Slip may occur No-slip No-slip
Suitability For the large center Suitability For the moderate Suitability For the short center
distance center distance
distance
Large Space requires Moderate Space requires Less Space requires
Simplest Design, Simplest Design, manufacturing, Complicated Design,
manufacturing, complexity manufacturing,
complexity complexity
Failure of the belt does not Failure of a chain may not Failure of gear may
cause the further seriously damage the cause serious break
damage of machine machine. down in the
machine.
Less Life Moderate Life Long Life
Lubrication Not required Lubrication required Requires proper
lubrication
Less Installation cost Moderate Installation cost More Installation cost
P a g e | 14
 Belt drive Chain drive Gear drive
Used For low-velocity ratio Used For moderate velocity Used For high velocity
ratio ratio

Purpose of Flywheel:
1. Energy Storage:
 The primary purpose of a flywheel is to store energy in the form of rotational kinetic
energy. It accumulates energy during periods of excess or high-speed rotation and
releases it during periods of lower speed or increased demand.
2. Smooth Power Delivery:
 Flywheels help provide a more consistent and stable power output in systems where the
input power source may vary. They mitigate fluctuations and ensure a smoother delivery
of power.
3. Inertia Compensation:
 Flywheels have significant rotational inertia due to their mass distribution. This inertia
helps maintain a constant speed and resist changes in rotational motion, providing
stability to the system.
4. Vibration Damping:
 Flywheels absorb and dampen vibrations in mechanical systems, reducing the impact of
sudden load changes or disturbances. This is particularly important in applications
where vibration control is critical.
5. Regulating Mechanical Systems:
 In certain applications, flywheels are used to regulate the speed of mechanical systems,
acting as a stabilizing element to ensure consistent performance.
6. Emergency Energy Storage:
 Flywheels can serve as a form of emergency energy storage in systems where a quick
burst of energy is needed for short durations. They can be coupled with backup power
sources to provide rapid responses during power outages.

Applications of Flywheel:
1. Automotive Engines:
 Flywheels are commonly used in internal combustion engines to smooth out the power
delivery, reduce vibrations, and store energy during the power strokes for use during
compression and exhaust strokes.
2. Electric Power Generation:
 Flywheels are employed in some electric power generation systems to store excess energy
during low-demand periods and release it during peak demand, helping to stabilize the
electrical grid.
3. Heavy Machinery and Industrial Equipment:
 Flywheels are used in various industrial applications, such as metalworking machinery,
to maintain consistent speed and improve overall system stability.
4. Railway Systems:
 Flywheels are utilized in certain railway systems to store energy during braking and
release it during acceleration, improving overall energy efficiency and reducing wear on
braking systems.
5. Renewable Energy Systems:
 Flywheels can be integrated into renewable energy systems, such as wind or solar power,
to store excess energy and provide a stable power output.
6. Machine Tools:
 Flywheels are employed in machine tools to maintain a consistent cutting speed and
improve the precision of machining operations.
7. Automotive Transmission:
 In manual transmissions, flywheels are used to store rotational energy and provide a
smooth transition between gears.
8. Energy Storage Systems:
 Flywheels are used in some energy storage systems, serving as a means to store and
release energy rapidly for various applications.

Purpose of a Governor:
1. Speed Control:
 The main purpose of a governor is to control and regulate the speed of a machine or
system, ensuring that it operates at a predetermined speed, regardless of changes in load
or external conditions.
P a g e | 15
 2. Stability and Precision:
 Governors provide stability and precision in the operation of engines and machines by
preventing excessive speed variations, which can lead to inefficiency, wear and tear, or
unsafe operating conditions.
3. Load Sharing:
 Governors help distribute loads evenly among multiple machines or components in a
system, ensuring that each part operates at a balanced and coordinated speed.
4. Energy Efficiency:
 By maintaining a constant speed under varying loads, governors contribute to energy
efficiency by optimizing the performance of engines and machinery.
5. Prevention of Overspeeding:
 Governors are crucial in preventing overspeeding of engines or machines, which can lead
to mechanical failure, damage, or unsafe operating conditions.
6. Controlled Acceleration and Deceleration:
 Governors can control the rate of acceleration and deceleration in machines, providing a
smooth and controlled response to changes in load or operating conditions.
7. Safety:
 Governors play a vital role in ensuring the safety of machines and systems by preventing
them from operating at speeds beyond their design limits.
8. Controlled Processes:
 In certain industrial processes, governors are used to control the speed of equipment,
such as pumps, fans, and conveyors, to maintain optimal operating conditions.

Applications of Governors:
1. Steam Engines and Turbines:
 Governors have been historically used in steam engines and turbines to regulate the
speed of rotation by controlling the admission of steam or other energy sources.
2. Internal Combustion Engines:
 Governors are commonly employed in internal combustion engines, such as those in
automobiles and industrial machinery, to control the fuel supply and maintain a
constant speed.
3. Hydraulic Turbines:
 Governors are used in hydraulic turbines to regulate the flow of water and control the
rotational speed of the turbine for optimal power generation.
4. Generators and Alternators:
 Governors regulate the speed of generators and alternators in power plants to ensure a
consistent frequency in the generated electrical output.
5. Industrial Machinery:
 Governors are utilized in various industrial machines, such as textile machines, to
control the speed and maintain precision in manufacturing processes.
6. Aircraft Engines:
 Governors are employed in aircraft engines to control the speed of the propeller and
maintain optimal performance during flight.
7. Pumps and Compressors:
 Governors are used in pumps and compressors to control the speed and optimize the
efficiency of fluid handling and compression processes.
8. Governor Systems in Control Theory:
 Governors are also used as components in control systems and feedback loops in control
theory to regulate the behavior of dynamic systems.

No. Flywheel Governor

1. Flywheel is used to reduce the Governor is used to maintain the mean speed
fluctuation in speed with respect to with respect to given particular value.
mean speed.
2. Flywheel cannot used to change the Governor cannot used to control the
mean speed. fluctuation in speed.
3. The flywheel is continue with cycle to The operation of governor is not continue its
cycle. intermittent.
4. Speed of engine can be controlled Speed of engine can be controlled over a
in single cycle. period of time.
5. Working of Flywheel does not depend on Working of governor does depend on the
the change in load. change in load or variation in load.

P a g e | 16
 6. Flywheel does not have any control to Governor does have a control to supply the
supply the fuel to engine. fuel to the engine.
7. Weight of the flywheel is more compare Weight of the governor is light compare to
to governor. flywheel.
8. Flywheel runs with respect to engine Governor runs when engine does not runs at
speed. its mean speeds.
9. Flywheel need not be necessary to use in Governor is necessary for all type of engines.
all engine.
10. Flywheel having large moment of Governor having less moment of
inertia compare to governor. inertia compare to flywheel.
11. Flywheel stored the excessive rotational Governor keeping constant mean speed of
energy to reduce the fluctuation of engine by regulating the supply of fuel.
energy.
12. Mathematically, Mathematically,
Flywheel control the Governor control the
change in speed(∆N)/change in time(∆t) Change in speed(∆N)
13. Flywheel used in Governor used in
Punching machines, rolling mills, four All type of engines, large steam turbines, gas
stroke engines(some), fabrication turbines, hydraulic machines, diesel generator
machines etc. set etc.

Sensitiveness of governor / Sensitivity

 The sensitivity of the governor is defined as the maximum changes in the speed to its mean
equilibrium speed N
 Maximum changes in speed = Maximum speed – Minimum speed
= N1 – N2
Sensitivity of governor = (N1 – N2)/N

Hunting of governor
A governor is said to be hunting if the speed of the engine fluctuates continuously above and below the
mean speed. This is caused by a too sensitive governor which changes the fuel supply by a large
amount when a small change in the speed of rotation takes place.

Stability of governor

A governor is said to be stable when for every speed within the working range there is a definite
configuration i.e. there is only one radius of rotation of the governor balls at which the governor is in
equilibrium. For a stable governor, if the equilibrium speed increases, the radius of governor balls must
also increase.

Isochronism of governor

A governor is termed isochronous when the equilibrium speed is constant for all radii of rotation of
balls within working range. For the slightest change of speed due to a change in load, such a governor
would jump from one extreme position to another. Thus, an isochronous governor is oversensitive.

P a g e | 17