Science Journal of Public Health

2015; 3(4): 453-459

Published online May 25, 2015 (http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/sjph)
doi: 10.11648/j.sjph.20150304.12
ISSN: 2328-7942 (Print); ISSN: 2328-7950 (Online)

Prevalence and Associated Factors of Alcohol

Consumption Among College Students in Gondar Town,
Northwest Ethiopia
Shewaye Yismaw1, *, Hassen Kebede2
1
Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and computational Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
2
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia

Email address:
[email protected] (S. Yismaw), [email protected] (H. Kebede)

To cite this article:

Shewaye Yismaw, Hassen Kebede. Prevalence and Associated Factors of Alcohol Consumption Among College Students in Gondar Town,
Northwest Ethiopia. Science Journal of Public Health. Vol. 3, No. 4, 2015, pp. 453-459. doi: 10.11648/j.sjph.20150304.12

Abstract: Background: Excessive alcohol drinking is an important risk factor for many socioeconomic and health problems.
The use of alcohol during the teenage and young adulthood years is a common phenomenon in many societies. Thus the study
was conducted with the objective of assessing the prevalence and associated factors of alcohol consumption among college
students. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from January to May, 2014 among college students in Gondar town.
In this study, 454 questionnaires were distributed to Gondar College of teacher’s education and Gotoneal college of health
sciences students and questionnaires were recollected to assess prevalence of alcohol consumption and associated factors.
Result: A total of 454 students participated in the study and all the study participants gave response to the questions. From the
survey, it was found that 48.23 % and 26.4 % of the respondents have the experience of alcohol use as ever based and during
last thirty days of interview period, respectively. Alcohol consumption experience under differing categories were assessed and
a statistically significant difference in alcohol consumption existed only between males (67.6 %, 34.1 %) and females (35.3 %,
21.32 %); Muslims (12.8 %, 10.3 %) and Christians (51.6 %, 27.9 %) with both having P-values less than 0.05 at ever use and
last 30 day basis. Based on current findings alcohol drinking was not risk factor for cigarette smoking (OR = 2.93; P>0.1) and
Khat chewing (OR=1.18; P>0.1). However, presence of friends with drinking experience was significantly associated for
alcohol consumption (OR=13.12; P<0.001). Conclusion: The proportion of students who have engaged in abusive alcohol use
was significantly high. Therefore, we recommend regulatory monitoring on alcohol use and intervention activities to bring
behavioral change among college students.
Keywords: Alcohol Use, Risk Factors, College Students

Epidemiological studies indicate for substantial proportion of

1. Introduction alcohol users progressing to problematic drinking or become
There is global concern about drinking trends among alcohol dependent. Alcohol consumption at a young age
young people [1]. Alcohol consumption is an important risk increases the risk of developing alcohol related problems
factor for morbidity, mortality and social harm worldwide [2- later in life [7-12]. Among youth, drinking often coexists
4] leading to 2.5 million deaths each year [5]. It is with other problematic behaviors such as poor academic
responsible for approximately 4 % of the global burden of performance and absenteeism which may impair healthy
disease. This burden is higher in high income countries and development and successful transition from adolescence to
among men, accounting for 11 % of all male deaths in the adulthood [13,14].
World Health Organization (WHO) of European region in A study conducted among high school adolescents in
2004 [3]. Even though the problem is said to be increasing in Ethiopia from 2001 to 2002 reported that about 8.9 % drunk
the developing world, there are no sufficient data on alcohol alcohol at least on a weekly bases [15], where as other
use and its consequences in many developing countries [5,6]. reports among students in southern Ethiopia and a private
The use of alcohol during the teenage and young school in Addis Ababa found a prevalence of 57.7 % and
adulthood years is a common phenomenon in many societies. 19.2 % respectively [6]. In other sub-Saharan African
454 Shewaye Yismaw and Hassen Kebede: Prevalence and Associated Factors of Alcohol Consumption
Among College Students in Gondar Town, Northwest Ethiopia

countries like Kenya ever drinking prevalence of up to 15 % pre-tested questionnaire survey was used to assess the
were found among secondary school students [16], where existing patterns in alcohol consumption and associated
some private universities had rates as high as 84 % [17]. A factors among college students. It was focused on gender
study from South Africa also reported an alcohol use distribution, partner alcohol consumption behavior, family
prevalence of 39.1 % among high school adolescents [18]. alcohol use history, type of alcoholic drink experienced and
As in any other developing countries, the distribution and reason for preferences as well as collateral habits like khat
consumption of substances including alcohol are not chewing and cigarette smoking.
sufficiently studied in Ethiopia. Alcohol consumption unless
complained is not legally prohibited in Ethiopia and there are 2.4. Sample Size and Sampling
no age limits practiced on the ground pertaining to alcohol For questionnaire survey on students, [19] derivation was
drinking. Culturally, it is consumed in social gatherings and followed to estimate for number of individuals to be included
among friends as a leisure time activity and relaxation for the survey.
experience [6]. Description of the interaction between
alcohol consumption and other important variables would Zα 2 P (1 − P )
have an important value to mitigate alcohol related n=
physiological and social health hazards via regulating on e2
alcohol consumption patterns. College students, as very Where n = Sample size required;
important age of transition with regard to partial freedom Zα = is the abscissa of normalized curve at confidence
from parent care and pre-occupation age before livelihood level α
stabilization, are prone to related substance use and abusive e = the desired level of precision;
drinking. It also encompasses the stage at greater risk for p = the estimated proportion of an attribute.
HIV/AIDS. Although there are published reports in some Based on this, the following assumptions were made to
other localities of Ethiopia, alcohol use and related variables calculate the number of individuals to be included in the
in Gondar town college students were not encountered. In survey. Since no published reports related to college student
this regard going through alcohol use and related variables alcohol use in Gondar town, 50 % prevalence was used to
among college students in Gondar town seem to be necessary. maximize the representativeness of sample. Non-response
Therefore; the main objective of this study was to assess the rate was expected to be 15 %. The 95 % level of confidence
prospects of alcohol consumption among college adolescents and 5 % desired level of precision were considered.
in Gondar town. Substituting for Zα = 1.96 at 95 % CI; P=0.5 (50 %
prevalence) ; e=5 % (0.05); Non response rate = 15 %, result
2. Materials and Methods in n= [1.96*1.96*(0.5*0.5)/(0.05) 2]/0.85 = 454 individuals
were included for questionnaire survey. For inclusion of
2.1. Study Area participants, Gondar College of teacher education and
The study was conducted in colleges found in Gondar Gotoneal health Science College were selected from two
town, North Gondar administrative zone, Amhara National public and three private colleges using simple random
Regional State, Ethiopia. It is located in Northwest part of sampling method. From college of teacher education seven
Ethiopia, at about 735 km away from Addis Ababa. Gondar classes on duty during day of survey were randomly selected.
town consist of three public tertiary education institutions Objective and procedures for questionnaire briefed for
namely: Gondar University, Gondar College of teacher’s students and 305-questionnaire format were distributed and
education and Gondar vocational college and private recollected. Similarly, from Gotoneal health science college
institutions such as Gotoneal, Abyssinia, Blue Nile and three classes on duty were randomly selected and 149
Redfox colleges. Students in these colleges come from questionnaire formats were distributed and recollected.
mainly different districts of north Gondar. Due to complexity 2.5. Data Collection and Processing
in terms of population size, diversity and origin of students,
Gondar University was excluded from sampling frame. All data obtained during each step of the data collection
procedure was entered to Microsoft excel and exported into
2.2. Source Population statistical software for social sciences (SPSS V. 20) for
Source population consists of adolescents enrolled and summarizing the data. Chi square (X2) values were also used
actively learning in five public and private colleges, namely together with P-value, odds ratio and confidence intervals.
Gondar vocational college, Gondar regional College of Descriptive statistical methods, such as tables with frequency
teachers Education, Abyssinia health Science College, and proportion were used to present prevalence of alcohol
Gotoneal health Science College, Blue Nile college and consumption experience by different factors considered. P-
Redfox animal health college. value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

2.3. Study Design 2.6. Ethical Considerations

A Cross-sectional study design using pre-structured and Ethical clearance was obtained from Gondar University,
 Science Journal of Public Health 2015; 3(4): 453-459 455

College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institutional Reasons for alcohol consumption
Research Ethics Review Committee. The purpose and the From reasons indicated by respondents, 39.7 % of them
importance of the study was explained and written consent depend on their previous experiences to select type of
was obtained from each participant. They were briefed about alcoholic beverage to consume, while only 7.3 % of them
the confidentiality of their response and the importance of rely on cost affordability (figure 2). Similarly, the motive
providing correct and accurate information, and voluntary behind alcohol drinking was also summarized and vast
participation. Permission was also obtained from both majority (48 %) has no reason as to why they consume
surveyed colleges. alcohol, while 29.7 % of them consume alcohol to get
happiness and luxury (Figure 3). From analysis, respondents
3. Results with alcohol consuming friend and family has greater likely
hood for alcohol consumption behaviour compared to
Questionnaire Survey Findings respondents having friends and families without experience
Alcohol Use Prevalence of consumption of alcohol (P<0.001, OR>1) (Table 3).
A total of 454 students participated in the study. All the Alcohol consumption and related behaviors
study participants gave response to the distributed The association of alcohol consumption and related
questioners. The total prevalence of alcohol use among behaviors were assessed from responses collected from
college students at ever use and experience during last 30 questionnaire. Only 12 (5.5 %) of respondents with
days was found to be 48.23 % and 26.4 %, respectively experience of alcohol consumption have experience of Khat
(Table 1 and Table 2). The prevalence of alcohol chewing while 207 (94.5 %) of respondents with alcohol use
consumption experience under different participant experience have no history of Khat chewing. However, no
categories namely gender, year of study, living style and statistically significance association was perceived and no
religious background was summarized and a statistically significance in odds of Khat users with reference to their
significant difference in alcohol consumption prevalence alcohol consumption status (P>0.05) ( Table 4).
existed between males (67.6 %, 34.1 %) and females (35.3 %, Furthermore, association and risk of alcohol consumption
21.32 %); Muslims (12.8 %, 10.3 %) and Christians (51.6 %, and cigarette use was also assessed. Only 8 (3.7 %) of
27.9 %) with both having P-values less than 0.05 at ever use respondents with alcohol consumption were found to
and last 30 day basis (Table 1 and 2). No statistically experience cigarette smoking while the remaining of 211
significant difference in alcohol consumption proportion (96.3 %) respondents having no experience of cigarette
among groups categorized by their housing accommodation smoking. Similarly to Khat chewing, cigarette smoking was
styles, P>0.05 (Table 1). not associated with alcohol use experience (P>0.1) (Table 4).

Figure 1. Percentage distribution of alcoholic beverages among those who consume alcohol (n=219).
456 Shewaye Yismaw and Hassen Kebede: Prevalence and Associated Factors of Alcohol Consumption
Among College Students in Gondar Town, Northwest Ethiopia

Figure 2. Percentage distribution of reasons for alcohol consumption preference (n=219).

Figure 3. Percentage distribution reasons for alcohol consumption (n =219).

Table 1. Prevalence of Alcohol use by categories of respondents as ever use basis (n=454).

Alcohol consumption Experience

Category Significance
Respondents Number with alcohol experience Proportion (%)
Female 272 96 35.3 X2 = 45.56
Sex
Male 182 123 67.6 P< 0.001
Freshman 224 99 41.2
X2 = 4.357
Year of study Sophomere 172 92 53.5
P> 0.05
Seniors 58 27 46.6
Christians 415 214 51.6 X2 = 26.2
Religion
Muslims 39 5 12.8 P< 0.001
X2 = 9.726
House accommodation Styles Parents 200 87 43.5
P> 0.05
Relative 29 11 37.9
Friends 118 67 56.7
Alone 1.7 54 50.5
Total 454 219 48.23
 Science Journal of Public Health 2015; 3(4): 453-459 457

Table 2. Prevalence of alcohol use during the last thirty days of interview by respondents categories (n=454).

Alcohol consumption Experience

Category Significance
Respondents Number with alcohol experience Proportion (%)
Female 272 58 21.32 X2 = 9.15
Sex
Male 182 62 34.06 P< 0.005
Freshman 224 46 20.5
X2 = 8.77
Year of study Sophomere 172 53 30.8
P< 0.05(P=0.03)
Seniors 58 21 36.2
Christians 415 116 27.95 X2 = 11.5
Religion
Muslims 39 4 10.3 P< 0.005
Total 454 120 26.4

Table 3. Prevalence of alcohol consumption relative to friends’ alcohol consumption (n= 454).

Personal Alcohol Friends experience of Drinking

Total Significance
consumption With alcohol consuming friend Without alcohol consuming friend
Pre sent 144 75 219
OR = 13.12 [10.6,15.7]
Absent 30 205 235
X2 =28.2; P<0.001
Total 105 349 454

Table 4. Prevalence of alcohol consumption and concomitant Khat and cigarette Consumption (n=454).

Cigarette smoking
Alcohol consumption Khat use experience
Total Significance experience Total Significance
experience
With Without With Without
Alcohol Consumption 12 207 219 8 211 219
OR =1.18; [0.51,2.73] OR =2.932 [0.77,11.2]
No alcohol
11 224 235 3 232 235
Consumption
X2 =0.30; P>0.1 X2 =2.71; P>0.1
Total 23 431 454 11 443 454

males. Ethiopian national data record document, with female

4. Discussion alcohol consumption at ever use basis was 17 % which is less
From current study, alcohol consumption prevalence at than males [23]. In Debre Markos University, three fold level
ever use and last 30 day basis among college students of of ever based alcohol use was reported in males than
Gondar town was found to be 48.23 % and 26.4 % females[22]. Therefore, all research reports are in agreement
respectively. Similar result finding of lifetime prevalence rate with the level of alcohol use at ever use basis that females are
of alcohol use, 51.9 % was reported in college students from more abstained.
Eldoret, western Kenya [21]. Additionally in private Kenyan Alcohol consumption prevalence by religious categories
university with rates as high as 84% of alcohol use was also also show variations being Muslim participants with higher
reported [16]. A study conducted in Debre Markos University degree of both life time abstinence (87.2 %) and past time 30
shows greater prevalence rate of alcohol use at ever based day abstinence (89.3 %) unlike that of their Christian fellows
(59%) [22]. On the contrary, the global alcohol consumption life time abstinence (48.4 %) and alcohol use abstinence
report encountered was 29.8 % for the entire population during last 30 day basis (72.1 %). In line with the present
above 15 years of age [23]. A lower rate of alcohol use at observation, the contribution of religion for societal level of
ever use basis of 22.2 % was reported in high school students alcohol use has been reported in many published articles.
from eastern Ethiopia [24]. This difference might have Lower proportion of Muslim high school students (27 %)
occurred due to cultural and regulation difference, the time relative to other faith categories of Orthodox (74 %) and
the research was undertaken and variations in level of Catholics (43 %) but greater than protestant groups (20 %)
transparency. was reported [24]. The degree of commitment to religion (the
Alcohol consumption experience under participant same category) promoting abstinence from alcohol use was
categories of gender has revealed significant difference in also reported [25]. Furthermore, differences in alcohol use or
alcohol consumption between male (67.6 %, 34.1 %) and abstinence was reported among different categories with in
females (35.3 %, 21.32 %) at ever use and last 30 day Christian and Jewish religious categories [26]. The lower
experience basis, respectively. In line with the present study, prevalence rate of alcohol drinking was reported in United
many studies indicated that in both ever-use and use near to States with greater number of Muslim population [27].
the survey periods, prevalence of alcohol use and exposure Religions of Islam and Buddhism prohibit followers of their
for alcohol drinking related problems are higher among religion from alcohol drinking while Christianity and
Judaism have largely approached alcohol with mixed
458 Shewaye Yismaw and Hassen Kebede: Prevalence and Associated Factors of Alcohol Consumption
Among College Students in Gondar Town, Northwest Ethiopia

messages conceiving alcohol as both blessing and curse [28]. Acknowledgements

Alcohol consumption experience was not seen to show
variation among respondents in different years of study and We are grateful to Mr. Mulugeta Fentie, head of school of
housing accommodation styles at both ever-use and for last pharmacy, Gondar University, for his kindness in writing
30 days experience basis. Similar findings on residency letter of cooperation and facilitation of our research work.
accommodation was encountered in studies from Kenyan The kind cooperation by respondents, individuals in colleges
private college student [21] and Haromaya university and other offices were also appreciable.
students [29]. Similarly, no association between year of study
and substance use including alcohol, was reported in studies
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