Basic Electronics

EC21201

Dr. Debanjan Das

Centre of Excellence in Affordable Healthcare
Office: NA-101
Email: [email protected] Mob: 9432121661
 Evaluation Policies

Credit: 4 (L3-T1) ➢Lecture Schedule:

Grading Scheme: Total-100 Thu 3-5, Fri 2-4
✓ MidSem Exam: 30% ➢Tutorial: Fri 3-4
✓ EndSem Exam: 50% ➢Venue: NR112
✓ TA: 20%
✓ CT
Follow the
✓ CT 7th Feb (tentative) Lectures
✓ CT 11th Apr (tentative)
✓ Tutorial Read Books Solve Tutorial
✓ Attendance
 Books
Text Books:
➢ Donald Neamen: Electronic Circuits: Analysis and Design, McGraw-Hill
➢ Boylstead R.L., Nashelsky L., Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, Pearson.
➢ Floyd T.L., Buchla D.L., Electronics Fundamentals: Circuits, Devices and Applications, Pearson.
Reference Books:
➢ Millman J., Halkias C.C., Jit S., Electronic Devices and Circuits, McGraw-Hill.
➢ Dorf R.C., Smith R.J., Circuits, Devices and Systems: A First Course in Electrical Engineering, Wiley.
➢ Adel S. Sedra, Kenneth C. Smith: Microelectronic Circuits: Theory and Applications, Oxford.
Motivation
Electronics circuits seem to be everywhere!
 Questions Arise???
• I want to develop a product.
How should I do the electronics connections?
How do I develop a circuit ?
• If there be any problem can I identify it as an engineer?
• How can I analyze a particular electronics circuit?

• If you are given the following circuit, how can we determine (1) VOUT,
(2) current through resistor, etc.

What are the things

which we need to know
in order to determine
the answers?
 What will you learn?
• Fundamental/physics of electronics/semiconductor
• Working principle of different semiconductor devices.
• How should we apply these devices to develop
electronics circuit with our desired output?
• How to analyze and handle an electronics circuit?
• How to describe a physical phenomena in
terms of engineering point?
e.g. →Mathematical tools to analyze it
 Course Outline
➢Semiconductor & p-n junction diodes
➢Diode circuits
➢Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJT)
➢ BJT Amplifier
➢Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors (MOSFET)
➢ Basic MOSFET Amplifier
➢Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp) and Op-Amp circuits
➢Basic of Feedback circuit
➢ Basic principles of sinusoidal oscillation
 What is electronics?
➢Electronics is science of motion of charges in a gas, vacuum,
or semiconductor.
✓transistors and circuits involving transistors.
➢The branch of physics and technology concerned with the
design of circuits using transistors and microchips, and with
the behaviour and movement of electrons is a semiconductor,
conductor, vacuum, or gas.
➢The distinction between electrical and electronics is no
longer as clear as originally defined but can be stated as high
voltage and low voltage, respectively.
 Example of electronic circuits and system
• DC Analysis
• Signal Analysis

➢Where do we use?
✓To process signals in
different fields of
engineering and
science
 Signal
➢Signal is a physical representation of some important information
 Analog and Digital Signals

➢Electronic circuits that process analog signals are called analog

circuits.
✓One example of an analog circuit is a linear amplifier.
➢Electronic circuits that process digital signals are called digital circuits
➢Semiconductor devices are the basic components in electronic
circuits.
➢The electrical characteristics of these devices provide the controlled
switching required for signal processing
➢However, the basics must be understood and analysed before the
operation, properties the overall system characteristics.
 Basic Electronics: Syllabus
Sl No. Module Name
Module-1 Introduction to Semiconductor:Semiconductor materials- intrinsic and extrinsic types, Ideal Diode, Terminal characteristics of
diodes: p-n junction under open circuit condition p-n junction under forward bias and reverse bias conditions p-n junction in
breakdown region
Module-2 Diode and its Applications:Basic structure and operating principle, current-voltage characteristic, large and small-signal
models, iterative and graphical analysis, Rectifier circuits (half-wave and full-wave rectifiers, rectifiers with capacitor filter),
Voltage regulator (using Zener diode), Clipper (limiter) circuits, Clamper circuits

Module-3 Bipolar Junction Transistors and their Applications: Structure and modes of operation; n-p-n and p-n-p transistor in active
mode, DC analysis of both transistor circuits; BJT as an amplifier, small-signal equivalent circuits, single-stage BJT amplifier
(common-emitter mode); BJT as a switch
Module-4 Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors and their Applications: Structure and physical operation of n-type and
p-type MOSFET, DC analysis of MOSFET circuits, MOSFET as an amplifier, small-signal equivalent circuits, single-stage
MOSFET amplifier (common-source mode), MOSFET as a switch

Module-5 Operational Amplifier (Op Amp): Ideal op amp; inverting amplifier, amplifier with a T-network, effect of finite gain, summing
amplifier; non-inverting configuration, voltage follower; op amp applications like current-to-voltage converter, voltage-to-current
converter, difference amplifier, instrumentation amplifier, integrator and differentiator;

Module-6 Feedback: Basic concepts of negative feedback; four ideal feedback topologies

Module-7 Oscillators: Basic principles of sinusoidal oscillation; Example circuits;

 Semiconductor
Materials and Properties
Outline
➢Gain a basic understanding of semiconductor material
properties
➢Charge carriers of semiconductor: holes and electrons
➢Finding out density of carriers
➢n-type and p-type semiconductor
➢Majority and Minority charge carriers
 What are Semiconductors?
Semiconductor
➢Conductivity can be tailored ➢Can use as:
unlike Metal ✓Switch—ON/OFF
✓Amplifier- Gain
✓Logic deice
✓Memory device
✓LED
✓Solar

➢The properties of a semiconductor

can be modified from a highly
conductive to highly resistive state
 Elemental Vs Compound Semiconductor

➢Elemental Semiconductors- Single species of Group IV

✓Si, Ge, Carbon (sp2 hybridized)
➢Compound Semiconductor- More than one atomic species (Gr III-V)
✓GaAs, InP, InSb, AlAs, InAlAs, etc.
Recap: Bohr Model Representation of Si
➢Valance Shell- 8
available, 4 filled
➢Core electrons (1s,
2s, 2p) are tightly
held by nucleus and
don’t contribute to
conduction.
➢Electrons in the
outermost shell are
called valence
electrons
Silicon Crystal

Five non-interacting Silicon atoms:

4 valence electrons in
the outermost shell
 When Silicon atoms come into close proximity of each
other the valence electrons interact to form crystal.

The crystal is tetrahedral and valence electrons are

shared among atoms forming covalent bonds.

2D Representation

More?? Yes!
 Formation of energy bands

• Isolated atoms have discrete energy levels

• Interacting system, wave function changes and discrete energy levels become
continuous energy bands with many states.
Materials –
- Large bandgap 3 to 6 eVs (@ 0 K) are insulators,
no free electron at room temperature.
- Large number of free electrons (@ 0 K) in the
conduction band are conductors at room
temperature.
- In a semi conductor the bandgap is of the order of
1eV (@ 0 K).

The net charge of a semiconductor is zero.

 2D representation of Silicon crystal at 0 Kelvin

At 0 Kelvin, the valence electrons are at its lowest possible

energy held in covalent bond

There is no electron free of the bond and electrons will not

move. So at 0 K Silicon is an insulator.
Effect of Temperature

As temperature increases, a bond can

break, releasing a valence electron
and leaving a broken bond (hole).
Current can flow.
 Hole Current

➢When a valence electron moves left to right to fill a hole while leaving
another hole behind, the hole has effectively moved from right to left.
 Intrinsic semiconductor -
- Has no other types of atom→Pure silicon
- As the temperature increases, more covalent bonds are
broken, and more free electrons and positive empty states are
created.
- A valence electron acquiring thermal energy can move to
adjacent empty state. This movement of a negatively charged
electron also signifies the movement of positively charged
"hole".
 Charge movement in Intrinsic semiconductor
Two types of charged particles contribute to the current:
- The negatively charged free electron
- The positively charged hole

Concentration of electrons and holes are important parameters

related to the magnitude of the current

There can be conduction of current by movement of free

electrons and holes

Movement of electrons is ~2.5 times faster than that of holes.

 Generation and Recombination: Intrinsic carrier
concentration
➢At a given temp, no of electrons and holes are equal and constant per
unit volume.
➢At equilibrium condition
✓Rate of generation = rate of recombination
✓n=p=ni
➢n and p→concentration (per unit volume) of electrons and holes,
respectively

✓B - Specific to a semiconductor material

✓k - Boltzmann's constant
✓T - Temperature in K
✓Eg - Bandgap energy
Q. Calculate the intrinsic carrier concentration in silicon at T =
300 K.
Comment: An intrinsic electron concentration of 1.5 × 1010
cm−3 may appear to be large, but it is relatively small
compared to the concentration of silicon atoms, 5 × 1022
cm−3. suitable for carrying only small currents.