SITE PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT

UNIT 1 – NOTES

SETTING-OUT

Setting out of building foundation trenches is the process of laying down the excavation line
and centerline on the ground based on the foundation plan. The setting out process is also
called as ground tracing that is performed before commencing the excavation process. Once
the design of foundation is complete, a setting out plan or foundation layout is prepared for a
suitable scale and the plan is dimensioned accordingly. Procedure and requirements in setting
out foundation trenches are explained below.

Procedure for Setting Out Building Foundation

The basic steps involved in setting out the foundation trenches are:

1. The initial step is to mark the corners of the building. After which, the lengths of the
sides are checked by diagonal measurements.
2. The axial lines (center lines) of the trenches are marked with the help of profiles,
sighting rails, strings, and pegs.
3. The trench positioning is controlled by outline profile boards. Profiles are set 2m
away from the outline so that they do not interrupt the excavation process.
4. The offsets are measured from axial lines and the frontage lines are placed in their
correct position relative to local requirements.
5. The cross walls positioning is performed by measuring along the main walls and
squared from these walls as required. The total width of trenches must be carefully
outlined during this process.

Fig.1.Setting Out Foundation Trenches Using Pegs

Requirements in Setting Out Foundation
The setting out layout must establish the following requirements:

1. The size of the excavation

2. The shape of excavation
3. The direction
4. The width of the walls
5. The position of the walls

The following points should be observed while setting out trenches:

1. In order to set out foundation plan, nails, pegs, profiles, strings, and lime are used.
2. In order to correctly determine the position of trenches, the sight rails have to be
properly erected at the corners of the building.
3. Accurate center lines or axial lines can be determined and marked by using a
theodolite.
4. To the nails or pegs on the profiles, strings are tied and stretched to achieve horizontal
control of dimensions.
5. At a distance of 1 meter from the edges of excavation vertical reference pillars are
erected. Hence vertical control is achieved during building construction.
6. A standard datum is previously determined and marked by the surveyor, based on
which the levels on the site are obtained. The depth of trenches and other levels
should also be regulated by measurements from this point.
7. Before placing the concrete into the trenches, the bottom must be properly rammed
and compact.
8. The width is marked by means of lime powder when the excavation is performed by
hand. These markings give accurate cutting.
9. Centreline is marked when the excavations are performed by a machine.

The following procedure is recommended for demarcation of a building.

Using 3-4-5 method
Disadvantages for doing the work without layout
At some sites of work the contractor brings steel pieces, erects the same on the ground and
start the work of excavation. In due course these steel pieces are just discarded. Thus no
proper reference point is available while doing further jobs.

 It involves extra time for measuring the offset again and again.
 Accuracy can not be checked at early stage and it will be very difficult to rectify the
same in later stage.
 It involves wastage of time and money while doing rectification. This also leads to
bad quality of work.

Materials used during Setting up of Layout

1. Leveling Instrument
2. Balli
3. Long Nails
4. Hammer
5. Right Angle(Guniya)
6. Steel Tape
7. Thin Cotton Thread
8. Bricks
9. Cement
10. Screen Sand
 11. Lime Powder
12. Theodolite

TYPES OF PLANS in Site development stage

CENTER-LINE DRAWING

Here's what a centerline drawing typically involves in architecture and construction:

Spatial layout: The centerline drawing provides a graphical representation of the spatial
layout of a building or structure, typically in plan view. It shows the location and alignment
of major components such as walls, columns, beams, and partitions.
Key dimensions: Along with showing the spatial layout, centerline drawings often include
key dimensions that help define the size and position of various building elements. These
dimensions may include distances between walls, column spacing, clearances for doorways
and windows, and other critical measurements.
Axes and reference lines: Centerline drawings often incorporate axes or reference lines to
establish a framework for locating building elements accurately. These lines serve as guides
for positioning walls, columns, and other components symmetrically or according to a
specific grid system.
Structural elements: In addition to architectural features, centerline drawings may also
depict structural elements such as foundation walls, footings, slabs, and structural columns.
These elements are essential for supporting the weight of the building and transmitting loads
to the foundation.
Building systems: Depending on the complexity of the project, centerline drawings may
include information related to building systems such as plumbing, electrical, HVAC (heating,
ventilation, and air conditioning), and fire protection. These systems often have specific
spatial requirements that need to be coordinated with the architectural layout.
Annotation and labeling: Centerline drawings typically include annotations and labels to
provide additional information about building elements, dimensions, materials, and other
relevant details. Clear labeling helps ensure that everyone involved in the construction
process understands the drawing and can accurately interpret it.
Centerline drawings play a crucial role in the architectural design and construction process by
providing a detailed visual representation of the building layout and alignment. They serve as
a reference for architects, engineers, contractors, and other stakeholders involved in the
project, helping to ensure that the building is constructed according to the intended design
and specifications
MARKING PLAN – A plan prepared to mark the building or any structure within the plot.
  SITE MARKING FOR CONSTRUCTION

Check the layout received and the land layout as per the drawing.

Measure the length from the existing or already constructed building and verify it. Also check
the length from the road side and confirm it as per the given layout and drawing.

Then locate the building exact layout and cross check the measurement two times.

Construct temporary brick masonry/ any permanent marking (instead a peg) on each outside
corner of the layout and mark the centre line of the building. This is the final marking and all
the measurement is taken from this final mark.
Before marking firstly we need to check the layout is inclined, square or rectangular. Even if
it’s inclined, the building wall should make straight and right angle only. But the compound
wall can inclined in any direction respective to the site boundary and neighbouring character

After the base mark on each side of the layout we need to do line marking by room
measurement with thread. After that we can do the excavation.

Precautions while marking layout on ground

o Correct measurement of distances by steel tape.

o Correct fixing of plot boundaries with the help of location sketches.
o Use of level dumpy level.
o Correct marking of face line or center line.
o Checking of distances from at least two independent measurements.
o Diagonal checks for individuals room positions as well as complete bldg.
o Use of correct plumb bob for transferring points on ground.
o Precise measurements must be taken.

SITE LAYOUT PLAN

A layout plan is drawn with a certain perspective in order to highlight the position of a
building, structure or structures, of which the projects are completed but not the
constructions, on a construction site. Such plans are drawn at a certain scale and do not
demonstrate the interiors of buildings, but rather all exterior elements surrounding the
buildings in detail

Content - details in the construction site must be indicated on the layout plan. They are,
entrance road, telephone posts, electricity and water lines driveway, locations of trees, land
slope, defined benchmark, total square meter of the land, security booth, pool, playground,
sports fields, septic tank pits, cisterns and wells, if any, must be indicated on the layout plan.
BUILDING LAYOUT PLAN
(For your reference) - FLOOR PLAN