WAVES

The transfer of disturbance energy from one region

matter is
actual of
transfer
to another without
called wave phenomenon

Mechanical Non mechanical

wave wave
medium which don't requires
which requires
for propagation medium for propagation
11th War
string Electromagnetic
waves on a EM waves
sound waves 11th
12th
light wave 12th
 Mechanical wave

Transverse Longitudional
particles oscillates particle oscillates
wave
to wave propagation along
propagation
E waves on a string ex sound waves

WAVES on a string

Transverse Mechanical wave

is associated with particle's velocity not

KE
Iet with wave velocity
Assumptions For waves on a string Travelling wave

1 Disturbance simple Harmonic

simple
t.ee In our Jee syllabus we'll discuss
harmonic waves only

i
ACC X

iii No damping oscillate

All particles will
source
with same amplitude as that of
particle
All particle will follow source particle blindly
Revision of S.H.M

jE.Pf
KNsHMconst ma
F E igf.tt
kn
M.p
a w n always towards
from at
m. e
displacement

W
Fm TP 2 JMI
4 sin
A sin
initial phase
V wfÉT
amplitude towards right
0 move

If particle starts from mp g IT move towards left

T starts from right Ex
If particle starts from E P Left ext
In maths there are functions Today Let's discuss
many
one more function progressive wave function
f antbt c
A function
f x t of the form
where a b c ER
bounded
the fux is defined

for all a EER

to be progressive
then x t is said
y
wave function
is are progressive wave
Q check if the following function
or not
fux
y is sin St 81

St 82
i y 4 cot
 Y 15 sin 5th 40L E
St 8K
y is sin I
1
4 5 9
unbounded
1 y 5T
Let's generate travelling wave eqn

V vet of wave
Asin wt
yl.it

Task ycx.tl

fine
y
x t
Y o t
4
ycoi.tl Y nitty
t
YCx.tl 4 a o t E
t
4 4
Asinfw
 A sin wt
yla.tl wave fux
progressive
Sinosoidal

simple Harmonicg.LI

wtt0
Asin
tl
in
yco

g I
yex.tl
y out Y 0

w e 4
Y out Asin

yeast
A sin wt into
Iii

Y x1 t Asin t

Find Y x A

yln.tl Y x t 4

Asin wht n 4
Given
yex.ge A sink
I at t 0

yexit gut Asin ka wt

ylx.tl Y a vt O Asink ft
Asin k n VA

you Asinka

wt tka
ylx.tl A sin
A sink atut

ylx.it y atvt O
 In Books simple Harmonic wave
eqn of travelling
wave travelling
YH.tl A sin wt ka eqn of
in x direction

wave travelling
that eqn of
Y A A sin wt direction
in x

opposite sign
coeff of t coeff of x
tx propagation
for
For x propagation I Coeff oft coeff.fi same sign

travelling along n dis

A sin wt ka
ylxi.tl
kz travelling along 2 direct
Y Zit A sin wt

R
Note
y of Vwave
 wave No
k propagation const or angular
K 2

wave

wave
f I
wave
General progressive travelling
c
Yait f Katwt

Let's derive wave differential

egn LI riav
 If
18001 w f rut wt
C

wtt c
w f kat
1
rat wt
c
k f
If
k f katwt.to
f

1 I 1 valid for
all wares progressive
waves
 Given

1 9
off
write Vwave

501 Vw 3ms

Yost particle No
is x position of
of particle
potation
x

Y displacement from Mip

4ft
ft
or
vel of particle Hf or
ft or

He df.nl const
 7

Up
1
for general wave Vp w f katwt.to
wt that
sin
for simple Harmonic wave vp.tw
a wave time
NOW snapshot of a
particular
at
wildsee fix
Y
I

slope
f time
at given

general k f
wttkn.to
For slope
wave
 Vwave

Vwave slope
particle

Q snapshot
y
u

At this instant Direction of motion of 1,213

 Vp Vwave slope Vwave the

Fort slope ve

Vp ve
particles up

For 2 slope the Vp

ve
particle2 down

Nte Wave slope false

QI
consider a travelling wave
Vp 107 cos 2Mt 5TH 3
STIX 37
5mm sin 2Mt
Y aP 2otisin 2TIt
t in
x
seconds

in meters
w.az
Stiat K
5H
 x
i Direction of propagation

II Vwave coeff oftlcoefe.gg

2 0.4ms

Iii X 1 2 0.4m
3
N f f 1

tels
for 2 1m

displacement from
m.p.at 3mm
Y
at t s 8T mm
n m
Vi Vpartide for

t s 12142mm
Vii for n m at j
Aparticle
 nY for a

w Ñ it

Given Time period

as 1 second
Find 4 t
Y
ii x t 2T rad
y W 2 2

wt 0
Y A sin Rat
2
271 4
Y Asin
1
4 2Mt
Y A sin It
att O y A sin
Given
cost
Vp
the 2Mt
t o
3 a µ
cos
 I
Y Xt A sin Rat wt
velocity of Transverse wave on a string
tension in the string
FIT
Linear mass density

vet of wave on a string

relativeto it

E 1
10ms have 10m s
n µ

ex 15m15
Vwaveground
5ms
Vwave rel.to string 5ms
I
Lomls
QI w

M L

T Ggg
0 µ My
94
46
1yg
L
i write Tly Megg
write V 4
w fÉ Ty
Iii aware
dftdff vdfy.MG y f
constant

uniform
Mil
a
4 very

0
A O C y

time taken to reach top

µ
S L
U 0

s utt at
t 4
4
 As the wave moves up comment on
a
freq same t.sk length

wavelength increase
b

C speed incr

un

i
T t
149 my
ML

FI IT
I

pt
t
T
fygtm
II U
11mF
a
vfy
 day
v

49ᵗʰ s
y

S ut at
t
1
17,9 E
Get the value of't

k
Molock 77 Mstring

T msn.mg
constant Fm nfi.IE
V constant a 0
 S uttf a

me
are light wires of
B A and B
A 2M
and
of radii
r
respecti
and 35
mass density S
e
me 2m

v
r m.gg
4
 Fri
FEE
9129 FY
TED
4 55 meeting time
be the
wit
LY down
S
meeting
y up
Y
a
v06 C t
LY FLA 4
t
y Oct E
L t J Y
 g
M02 wrt pulse is Ty Tz F
O GL 2
QQ
FLT
Ti o

Arel 0

urele.GL

L
Srel Ure tt

ff
t
FgLt

write T Y 0 9432
i
QI
mm

Mil ii Y g 3149441

µ L
His acy
to reach ceiling
2m 31 IV time taken
2
µ
o
 049431
1
15449 349 3 4 41
2mg
fly
Y 3L
Fy o
Iii
FI BLEY 4L
Ftp
05453L
Fy
3L y 4L
Fyi
144431
a r
day off
3244441
 t v

v FT Of
green
FÑg
v F t.tv F
tyellow
Ey.FI
4 0
time Fyi Fyi

Any

Derivation of Vw
Ifm

I Vwave
 wot a frame
Vwave
IT

Fcentripetal dm ac

w d dm
II
if ats.nl l dmrf
add
2T
VI
ten
do

Vw JET
 Travelling wave

A sin wt kat 0
Y
1 I fix my x
If
Y A sin wt amplitude
A
with
g Him
performing
Allparticles diff
particle can have
But all diff phase
reach mean position
All particle will
not
ie
simultaneously
simultaneously
extreme position
Y A sin wt ka

SNA a Kut
Asin
y

Up Of
Ap FIF
Vp
Mpartide

KE
Energy analysis in travelling wave
energy
pot massless
energy spring
pot spring

HAMY eEgfasent
tmmm.EE

I from
agent
re
change
intan

length
µ
fin du Fda

12km

de
ᵈY
an
 kE of small element dm up

dk dm Vp Mdr Vp

do T al da Endy die

T da 11 4 1

Face
T da it l

du Tda
E f
check wow dk do Recallup
Vw slope
ii ftp
 du

f
do
Indu Vp

observation dk du
is for travelling wave

Ii dk α Vp
all trauma man

fqqfagd.ae
0,0 0
oof

Khax

Umax
For simple harmonic wave

Y A sin wt Kat 4

dk Vp du
fuda
dk
In 1
dk Ñw cos wt kn.to du
freda

9 AWcoslwt kn.to
In
Avg value
MAW mA w
4
 total energy
4 7 97 7
4
mA w

MA w

In terms of freq w 21T

value total
enerm 2517mA
A 41752
avg
perunit
dfm
In
una s 0

4 277A
avgvalue of
9 dv sdn

total
energyvol
2T A f g ME
 DE 25172mA dn

21772µA Vw
Power
LI
2172529A'Vw
Intensity

dkefmdaaicoscwt kn.to

dE d p
udnA'wcos wt Kato
It

MVwave V5
p
 y n to given
Y a V tAD to
YC
Asin I
DX 10M
0.5
dphase 10Mt 0.172
1 0 2 0 4 O.IT OX
a slope Vw f t the 0 17110 IT

X X X VW 30
1 2 D w 601k 2
f
m
M 25 22
t o.sn
20M 1
T 200N
f propefty of source 8 40
T.ITv times 121
Eimes

f speedy
w
fI
 ip
V 253
fIm a 1,9
Vart
Tas 0553
IT y Asincwt kn 9
Eo a o y o Vp ve

0 0 IT

AW cos wt hat
4101 riven
wt knts
Vp Awws 0 I
Awasincwt.hn
P
ape w Y yeasincwt knt.tl
A4

3 XE.EE t
vw tf r

w̅ 1i 7
X X 253 4 sinftit
A
man

mx̅AwÉ
W 800ms Info 9
Vp 4 A cos I
A 0800187
11400 80 A.no FmIT MVw 2
 FEET
if nX 5 mine1,2
2M 1
12 1.5110

wife_ Don't use

spy formula 2
Mfg p double Areaxlength
2 n 2m 1
MVwave Vp
p
lent
1 IE
a M 2
p AFMWV 40 153 20 Vp
my m
Mgs
Vp 400
m m
Y Emts
n 5 15 25

eqn

samespeed
1 4
5 1 a 4 1 1
 7
1 2 AI LI
YE IxA f
1e
I α w

E
1 16
a
P 2TFA f FuTT

90 211015 10 5 f x 2
151104

f 3ooHz

µ Vw
P 27 A f
Att 27 A f µVw
18 11 ΔE K A EW
 A 2m15
QI
219 on

9 2
T me
N
m 2N

12,1 En
Vw
JÉ aw 2
N l
n
awe
Vo IM V E
2n
t
wave I

aw 1
t
E
 w

4 0

iii.ie
1 t
d
1 t
1 D V2 t

t
1 Ft
0.25
d 121 f
 wave
Superposition ofwaves if a number of travelling
disturbance
in space then net displacement
cross a point
to algebric sum
equals
the particle at that point
of
each wave individually
by
produced
of disturbance

Ynet Yi
ie

I
We Al
g p y Aisin wit Kix to

A sin wet Kex 02

É 42

Wa Az 00 wat 2 2 02 wit Kix

Wz W t kzxz.tk x
In 12th class we've to discuss Y.D.SE
we take coherent sources
I
those due to which
are sources
constant
phase difference at any point is
ie it won't change with time

It doesn't mean ph.d.isat all points

same

For Δ to be constant

W Wz

b case K kz k 2

00 K X X2
d
path diff
 Ph.d 2 ax

Ph d 2 path diff

idea in 12th we're to discuss Y.D.SE

Interference of light

LIGHT LIGHT MORE Light

Darkness or less light
Light Light

is the parameter
Intensity

9 A sin wt Kx

92 A sin wt Kx Ynet Y 42
 A sin wt Kx A sin wt Kx
I KA
a _Anet
I K A a
100
Inet K Aiet

Inet k AP A t 2A A cos 00

Inet I 12 2 JI.IT Cos04

remember Anet Inet

Condition of maxima Inet Max

cos of max
constructive Interference
050 I

0 2H 41T

Ox bd 0 1,21

Imax I Fz Amax Ait Az

 Condition of Minima Destructive Interference
Inet Minimum

Cosy Min

050 1
3 5
00 IT 31T 5M 001
1
Imin FI FI

Amin At Az

Sf case If A Az Ao
08 I Iz I

Inet I I 2 0500

Iot Iot 2 Io 0500

 21 2 05

Inet 41 cos

08

0
Inet 41 cos

Imax 41
Imin 0
circular screen
No ofmaximas
no of minimas
Que
 8 is Canada email
3 si
85 18 maximas
4.8 ÉÉÉ
5min 4
zominimas

89 0

y
Take
D I I Is

d write
Intensity as a

Take disco fuxh of y

 P
pd SIP Sap
y
Q JD I ftp.T
d
g
d

Take disco

d SIPHS P
SP S P S Q QP SLP
S Q
dcos

Pd dcoso d 00 2 a
g y
 I 41 Cos
y

Intensity f Y
8
dec g
51 y

d so
D

S P
S P
bd

d 102 19 17 15 427
14
Q
s
under dec D
S.PHS P
 Dd Sup S P 520 t.Q.pt_ Sip

Q d sino

ed
dj.IT
I 41 co

41 Cos

Reflected Transmitted wave

0
junction at
WE take
V2
M k Kz Ms flu
vi ok
Given amplitude incident wave Ai
 calculate amplitude of reflected Ar and

transmitted wave At

Analyse properly

AnI Are Ai
At
If
Yi Ai sin wt Kin

Yr A sin wt kid
P MW A V
Yt At sin wt R n
v
JI
P Put Pt In
M
J
M WA V µ w Aiv 12M w A V2
 AI Eh Af PI remember

I
A A AI

continuity at junction

Yittal Ytln o

on solving i'll get

AitAr member__
At

Ai Ar At

2A At
 At Ai
24

similarly Ar Ai
v.tt
A
An FYI
observation d Aiwill always have same sign so
At incident pulse
transmitted pulse is never inverted wrt
at junction

i have same or opposite sign

Ar Ai can

Samesign v27
2 is Rarer 1 is Denser
whenever reflection takes place from medium
rarer
 No phase change occur

opposite's whenever
reflection takes place from
Denser medium an additional phase diff of
it will be there

ve
Ar

Yr Are sin wt Kix

wt Kix
An sin

Art sin wt tkix.tt

Mathematically for sinusoidal wave the ve sign of Ar

by using it in
can be compensated a ph diff of
the ean or a path diff of
 kiek.no 4m
In
µ

Yi Ao sin wt Kx
K α TM
Find Y and 2K
Yt K

place from denser med

Here Reflection is taking

Are At Ai
III Ai
4

Fyffe at
fifty
a

An Ag At A
 Ait Ar At
A A 2A
Aot At

Yr Ar sin wt ka

wt a ka 9 Agsinlwttknt.tl
Ag sin

sin wt 2k n
Yt At
21 sin wt 2km

is transmitted
Given that 64 of incident wave energy
at a junction of two strings in series If A is amplitude
of incident wave Find Ar
Also find
At
s P
F to
An 0.6 Ai

An I 0.6 Ao

Ait Ar At
At As I 0.6A

0.4 Ao 1 6A

Reflection
Reflection
from from
Denser Rarer
Q
Yi A sin Re cut 30

It is reflected from a heavy string

junction is at N 0

64 is reflected
Find equation of reflected wave

wt 30 180
a 0.8A sin Kx
kntw.tt 30
ka t wt 430 4180 0.8A sin
0.8A sin
Kat wt 30
c 0.8A sin
d 0.8A sin wt kn 30

in which at junction
choose that option 08Th
Ph d b w Yi Y 180

Atx o phase of Inci cut 30

option B Ath o i ref Wt 4304180
 Ph d 2wt 180

C Yn 0.8A sin kntwt 30

ka wt 30
0.8A sin
ka wt 30th
0.8A sin
wave wt 30 ATL
at71 0
phase of ref
ph d TL

V1 100m15 0 V2 50m s
Q 1
Yi 6 sin wt ka in mm
v
Find Yr and Yt
I Ar 5
f
6 2mm
 Yn 2mm sin wt that Tl

At 2
9 6 4mm

It 4mm sin wt 2km

Repeat previous problem if junction is at 2cm

Given Yi 6mm sin wt ka
sin wt k a 2 2k
Yi 6mm

6mmsin wt k x 2 2k
Yi
k n 2 2k
Yn 2mm sin wt

kin 2 2k a
2mm
Sin wt

sin wt 2km 2 2k
Yt 4mm
Q
A harmonic oscillator at n o oscillates with
a freq
and amplitude a It is generating waves at the

v and
end of thin string in which vel of wave is
whichis connected to another string heavier in which vel of

wave is V2 of first l as shown

Length string is
C Vr V2

1 0 L
a sinewt
harmonic oscillator oscillates by an eqn y
If
incident wave in 1st string is given by
ean of
wave in 2nd string is given by
Ii an of transmitted
Take amplitude as 4

1 Eqn of reflected wave take amplitude as an

 Yi 0 t
Yi mgt
11
yicai.tl a sin wt Wy
sin w t
a
Yi ait

Yin
a
sinfoot 1
w
a sin wt
yicn.tl

i Yeca.tl at sinfurt off te

E y Ca Wh
Iii Yala A an sin wt
Standing waves stationary wave
Y A sin wt Kx
T.it
Eiifrertom yz
Asin wttkn s.tt m with equal
amplitude A At

Ynet Yi Y anyinstant diff

Particlehavediff
A 2 sinout cos
kn phase

Ynet A coska sinwt standingwave

A.ltparticles perform
Ynet Aca sin wt g Him with diff
amplitudes
will reach
All particles
their extreme position
simultaneously

General eqn
ofstanding wave
sin wt 82
Y Aosin Rat 8 component wave
 I
when two travelling waves
having same amplitude freq
moving in opposite direction interfere their superposition
results STANDING WAVE these two travelling waves

are names as component wave

standing wave has no velocity

asked by default
But if inque Vel of standing wave is
examiner wants vel of component wave

Let's analyse Y 2A sink coswt

ry
2A

2A
t 2 A sinka All at ext position
Y
Y all at mean position
Is o

4 all at ext position

Y 2Asinka

e
AIN O

o
ginkn
Rn nil

n n

2 0 d 21
consecutive nodes
distance b w
two

Max
ForAntinades fatal
Sinka It
n
 4

two consecutive nodes are in same phase

bw
All particles
map ve extreme
at the extreme
e they simultaneous are position

loop
1 Particles from 1st
Two consecutive loops ph.d b w particles 2nd 2nd Loop

Particles b w N N2
partide 2 b w Nz Nz
Ñ n Ng

Ph.d It

is at the extreme
t.ee If P1
will be at ve extreme
then P2

37
Q 101mm sin STX cos lott
y
in meters

t in sec
 wave
i eqn of component lott 37
A
Y 5mm sin SIN
57N 10Mt 37
92 5mm sin
it so 4m

f 5 Hz

Vw 2ms

Iii Location of nodes stident

N n 0 0.2M 0 4m 0.6m

of antinodes
Location

N O.IM 0 3M 0.5M
 Inst power
Energyanalysis for standing wave

Antinode slope O

Inst power O p T.JP

T Vp sin

Ide Vp O T Vp tano
Inst Power 0
InstP T Vp slope

Energy bw consecutive node

antinode must be a constant

Energy never crosses the loop

 2Asinka sincot
Let's take Y
dk 12dmVp

Mda 20Asin kn coswt

L
wA cost strika da
dk EM
what sinka da
Koneloop IMIA

WA coswt
M

P.E of one loop

V
JIT
Itffe tK mw

2AM coska sinwt da

do EM
 A kndn
onloop
Imw siriwtf.co

µw A striwt
I
1mw A constant
Totalenergyofa loop length
wavelength
2
half
1 µw A
Total energy of half loop
wavelength 4
4th
wavelength
d µw A
Total energyofone
2loops

one wavelength
total energy of
smarter way to get
1 wavelength oftravelling
2x Energyof wave
wave
MWA 2 Mw A d
P wavelength pp
1 A waveT
Energyof 1MW µw A d
 A d
IMw

string length I
a 1 loop ofstanding wave
e

MW A mw A L

b 2 loop
new'A uw A L
E mw A

L
c n loops nI MWA L
E n MW A

will be independent of
fixed length ofstring total energy
for
number of loops
 14 at t
A_
i i

write eqn of standing wave

1ns
y A sin ka sin wtt

Y A sin Rat sin wt 02

2 0 4 0 sin01 0

0,1
let's take o

y A sin ka sin wt

At t 2
4 Y A Vp o

sin sin 2

cost
 60
300
co
At Aw sinkncosfott.dz
If
Up
in

0
Aw sin
sink 0

60

Y Asinka sincott E

Reflection from fixed

end free end
N2
fixed End Mr
µ
are Ai

µ 0

V2
An Ai
 1001 reflection
Reflected wave inverted

ii

Mathematically we can think an inverted wave pulse is

coming from other side

1
I
i free end

00
M 0 V2
masslessbead
Ar A
4T

Iff
An Ai

Po

Ar Ai
bead gets displacement A from incident pulse then
Note If
it willgo upby 2Ao
Mathematically
VARIOUS modes
of vibration on string standing wave
Terms Harmonic integral multiple of basic or fundamental
Basic fundamental freq 5042

5th Har freq 5150 25042

30042 6thHarmonic

Haimonic
tooth 22442

fistfran

overtone counting in sequence from zero

40042
20042
300th
10042 4thHar
2nd Har 3rdHar
Isthar 3rd0 T
1ˢᵗ O T 2nd0.7
oth0.7

15042 25042 34 Afar

Soltz
3rdHar 5th Har
1stHar
2nd 0.7 3rd OT
0th OT 1st 0.7
 SONOMETER
TEA
STANDING wave b w Two fixed Ends ftp

1 f 1stHarmonic
No n 1 fundamental
0th 0.7

f 12 and Har
no N 1 214
1st 0.7

3
2ndHAT

WINN
1 3 4 f

nth an
www.n i.no end
f vain n 1 th o.T
n loops
Q
2m
y
T
3rd f
Harmonic
string
resonance with
16th O.T ofright
string is in
e 3rd Harmonic of left
3
SI 4

3,5T III
Get T in termsof T
Cased and free at other
string fixed at one end

L
go.ae t f fundamental
1st Mar
0th OT

altar
f
1 34 f
1st O T

t.ie ststhHar
2nd O T

f 24 1 2n 1 th Har
nth OT
Q

fixed at both ends free at one end

L
2L
To T2
µ 5M
with 18th o T
17th O T is in resonance

v v
37th Har
18th Har

18
IT
JET
5T 4
 LAO
3L
165
5

Take junction as a node by default

in resonance
is found that two strings are
It
Find possible modes of vibration
mth Har of B
of A is in resonance with
let nth harmonic
Natural No
M n.me

nF f n
B
A is in reso with 24th Har of
1st Has of 48th a

2nd 11