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Lecture 4

The document discusses the principles of two-dimensional elasticity, including the simplification of three-dimensional stress and strain analysis into two-dimensional models such as plane stress and plane strain. It covers stress-strain relationships, equilibrium equations, boundary conditions, and the modeling of 2-D elasticity problems, emphasizing the importance of mesh properties in achieving accurate solutions. Additionally, it introduces the von Mises stress as a criterion for assessing material safety under load and presents a case study using ANSYS Workbench to analyze a combination wrench.

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2 views

Lecture 4

The document discusses the principles of two-dimensional elasticity, including the simplification of three-dimensional stress and strain analysis into two-dimensional models such as plane stress and plane strain. It covers stress-strain relationships, equilibrium equations, boundary conditions, and the modeling of 2-D elasticity problems, emphasizing the importance of mesh properties in achieving accurate solutions. Additionally, it introduces the von Mises stress as a criterion for assessing material safety under load and presents a case study using ANSYS Workbench to analyze a combination wrench.

Uploaded by

fake1616161
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture 4

Two-Dimensional Elasticity
Introduction
Many structures that are three-dimensional can be
satisfactorily treated as two-dimensional problems
Review of 2-D Elasticity Theory
In general, the stresses and strains at any point
in a structure consist of six independent
components, that is ,
σx, σy, σz, τxy, τyz, τzx
for stresses, and
ε x, ε y, ε z, γxy, γyz, γzx
for strains.

Under certain conditions, the state of stresses


and strains can be simplified. A 3-D stress
analysis can, therefore, be reduced to a 2-D
analysis. There are two general types of
models involved in this 2-D analysis: plane
stress and plane strain.
Plane Stress
In the plane stress case, any stress component related
to the z direction is zero, that is,

A thin planar structure with constant thickness and loading within the plane of the
structure (xy-plane) can be regarded as a plane stress case
Plane Strain
In the plane strain case, any strain component related
to the z direction is zero, that is,

A long structure with a uniform cross section and


transverse loading along its thickness (z-direction), such
as a tunnel or a dam, can be regarded a plane strain
case
Stress–Strain (Constitutive) Equations
For linear elastic isotropic materials, in terms of stress
Stresses can be written in terms of strain,
For plane strain case, we need to replace the material
constants in the above equations in the following
fashion:
Initial strain due to a temperature change (thermal
loading) is given by the following for the plane stress
case

where α is the coefficient of thermal expansion, ΔT the


change of temperature. For the plane strain case, α
should be replaced by (1 + ν)α in equation
Strain and Displacement Relations
For small strains and small rotations

in matrix form,
Equilibrium Equations
In plane elasticity, the stresses in the structure must
satisfy the following equilibrium equations:

where fx and fy are body forces (forces per unit


volume, such as gravity forces)
Boundary Conditions
The boundary S of the 2-D
region can be divided into
two parts, Su and St. The
boundary conditions (BCs)
can be described as

in which tx and ty are tractions (stresses on the


boundary) and the barred quantities are those with
known values.
Exact Elasticity Solution
The exact solution (displacements, strains, and
stresses) of a given problem must satisfy the
constitutive relations, equilibrium equations, and
compatibility conditions (structures should deform in a
continuous manner, with no cracks or overlaps in the
obtained displacement fields).
Modeling of 2-D Elasticity Problems
For a plane stress or plane strain analysis, we model
only a 2-D region, that is, a planar surface or cross
section of the original 3-D structure. The region then
needs to be divided into an element discretization
made of triangles, quadrilaterals, or a mixture of both.
The element behaviors need to be specified to set up
the problem type as either plane stress or plane strain.
Modeling of 2-D Elasticity Problems
The discretization can be structured (mapped mesh on
a three-sided or four-sided surface region with equal
numbers of element divisions for the opposite sides) or
unstructured (free mesh),

(a) unstructured (free) mesh; and (b) structured (mapped) mesh.


• Mesh properties such as the mesh density and the
element shape quality are important factors that
affect the solution accuracy and efficiency. Finer
mesh is usually needed in areas where a high
stress/strain is expected.
• All types of loads (distributed forces, concentrated
forces and moments, and so on) are converted into
point forces acting at individual nodes.
• Boundary conditions are no exception, and will be
converted into nodal DOF constraints.
2D Elements

Constant Strain Triangle (CST or T3) Quadratic triangular element (T6)


2D Elements

Linear quadrilateral element (Q4) Quadratic quadrilateral element (Q8)


The von Mises Stress
The von Mises stress is the effective or equivalent
stress for 2-D and 3-D stress analysis. For a ductile
material, the stress level is considered to be safe, if
σe ≤ σ Y
where σe is the von Mises stress and σY the yield stress
of the material. This is a generalization of the 1-D
(experimental) result to 2-D and 3-D situations. The von
Mises stress is defined by
The von Mises Stress
in which σ1, σ2 and σ3 are the three principle stresses at
the considered point in a structure.
For 2-D problems, the two principle stresses in the
plane are determined by

or
Case Study with ANSYS Workbench
A combination wrench is a convenient tool that is used
to apply torque to loosen or tighten a fastener. The
wrench shown below is made of stainless steel and has
a thickness of 3 mm. Determine the maximum
deformation and the distribution of von Mises stresses
under the given distributed load and boundary
conditions.

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