Some problems on

1st & 2nd Topics

Matrices
Problems on definitions of special types of Matrices

Prepared by:
Dr. Sunil
NIT Hamirpur (HP)
(Last updated on 01-08-2010)
Now let us use the various definitions of special types of matrices in the following
problems:
3 − 4 6  1 0 1
Q.No.1.: Evaluate 3A − 4B , where A =   and B = 2 0 3 .
5 1 7   
3 − 4 6  1 0 1
Sol.: Here A =   and B = 2 0 3 .
5 1 7  
 9 − 12 18 4 0 4 
Therefore 3A =   and 4B =  
15 3 21 8 0 12
 9 − 4 − 12 − 0 18 − 4  5 − 12 14
Now 3A − 4B =  = . Ans.
15 − 8 3 − 0 21 − 12 7 3 9 

0 1 2  1 − 2
Q.No.2.: If A = 1 2 3 , B = − 1 0  , form the product of AB.
 
2 3 4  2 − 1

Is BA defined ?
Sol.: Since the number of columns of A = the number of rows of B (each being = 3).
∴ The product AB defined and
Matrices: Problems on definitions of special matrices 2
Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur

 0.1 + 1.(− 1) + 2.2 0.(− 2 ) + 1.0 + 2.(− 1) 3 − 2

AB = 1.1 + 2.(− 1) + 3.2 1.(− 2) + 2.0 + 3.(− 1) = 5 − 5 .
2.1 + 3.(− 1) + 4.2 2.(− 2 ) + 3.0 + 4.(− 1) 7 − 8

Again, since the number of columns of B ≠ the number of rows of A

∴ The product BA is not possible.

 1 3 0  2 3 4
Q.No.3.: If A = − 1 2 1 , B =  1 2 3 ,
 
 0 0 2 − 1 1 2

compute AB and BA and show that AB ≠ BA .

 1 3 0  2 3 4
Sol.: Here A = − 1 2 1 , B =  1 2 3 .
 
 0 0 2 − 1 1 2

 1.2 + 3.1 + 0.(− 1) 1.3 + 3.2 + 0.1 1.4 + 3.3 + 0.2   5 9 13
Now AB = (− 1).2 + 2.1 + 1.(− 1) (− 1).3 + 2.1 + 1.1 (− 1).4 + 2.3 + 1.2 =  − 1 2 4  .
 0.2 + 0.1 + 2.(− 1) 0.3 + 0.2 + 2.1 0.4 + 0.3 + 2.2  − 2 2 4 

 2.1 + 3.(− 1) + 4.0 2.3 + 3.2 + 4.0 2.0 + 3.1 + 4.2   − 1 12 11
BA =  1.1 + 2.(− 1) + 3.0 1.3 + 2.2 + 3.0 1.0 + 2.1 + 3.2  =  − 1 7 8  .
(− 1).1 + 1.(− 1) + 2.0 (− 1).3 + 1.2 + 2.0 (− 1).0 + 1.1 + 2.2 − 2 − 1 5 
Hence AB ≠ BA .
1 3 2 
Q.No.4.: Prove that A3 − 4A 2 − 3A + (11)I = O , where A = 2 0 − 1 .
1 2 3 

1 3 2 
Sol.: Here A = 2 0 − 1 .
1 2 3 

1 3 2  1 3 2 
Now A = A × A = 2 0 − 1 × 2 0 − 1
2

1 2 3  1 2 3 

1 + 6 + 2 3 + 0 + 4 2 − 3 + 6  9 7 5
= 2 + 0 − 1 6 + 0 − 2 4 + 0 − 3 = 1 4 1 ,
1 + 4 + 3 3 + 0 + 6 2 − 2 + 9 8 9 9
Matrices: Problems on definitions of special matrices 3
Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur

9 7 5 1 3 2 
and A = A × A = 1 4 1 × 2 0 − 1
3 2

8 9 9 1 2 3 

9 + 14 + 5 27 + 0 + 10 18 − 7 + 15  28 37 26
=  1 + 8 + 1 3+ 0+ 2 2 − 4 + 3  = 10 5 1  .
8 + 18 + 9 24 + 0 + 18 16 − 9 + 27 35 42 34

28 37 26 9 7 5 1 3 2  1 0 0 
      
∴ A3 − 4A 2 − 3A + (11)I = 10 5 1  − 41 4 1 − 32 0 − 1 + 110 1 0

35 42 34 8 9 9 1 2 3  0 0 1

28 − 36 − 3 + 11, 37 − 28 − 9 + 0, 26 − 20 − 6 + 0  0 0 0
=  10 − 4 − 6 − 0, 5 − 16 + 0 + 11, 1 − 4 + 3 + 0  = 0 0 0 = O . Ans.
 35 − 32 − 3 + 0, 42 − 36 − 6 + 0, 34 − 36 − 9 + 11 0 0 0

Q. No.5: Which of the following matrices are singular:

1 2 3 1 1 1  2 5 19 
(i) 1 1 2 , (ii) 2 4 8  , (iii)  1 − 2 − 4 .
    
1 3 4 3 9 25 − 3 2 0 

1 2 3
Sol.: (i). Here the given matrix is A = 1 1 2 .
1 3 4

Since, we know that a matrix A is said to be singular if A = 0 .

1 2 3
∴ A = 1 1 2 = 1(4 − 6) − 2(4 − 2) + 3(3 − 1) = −2 − 4 + 6 = 0 .
1 3 4

Hence, the given matrix A is singular.

1 1 1 
(ii). Here the given matrix is B = 2 4 8  .
3 9 25

1 1 1
Now B = 2 4 8 = 1(100 − 72) − 1(50 − 24) + 1(18 − 12) = 28 − 16 + 6 = 18 ≠ 0
3 9 25
Matrices: Problems on definitions of special matrices 4
Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur

Now since B ≠ 0 . Hence, the given matrix B is non-singular.

2 5 19 
(iii). Here the given matrix is C =  1 − 2 − 4 .

− 3 2 0 

2 5 19
Now C = 1 − 2 − 4 = 2(0 + 8) − 5(0 − 12) + 19(2 − 6) = 16 + 60 − 76 = 0
−3 2 0

Hence, the given matrix C is singular.

3 − x 2 2 

Q.No.6.: For what values of x, the matrix  2 4−x 1  is singular ?
 − 2 − 4 − 1 − x 

3 − x 2 2 

Sol.: Here the given matrix is A =  2 4−x 1  .
 − 2 − 4 − 1 − x 

Now a matrix is said to be singular is A = 0 .

3− x 2 2
Here A = 2 4−x 1
−2 − 4 −1− x

= (3 − x )[(4 − x )(− 1 − x ) + 4] − 2[2(− 1 − x ) + 2] + 2[− 8 + 2(4 − x )]

( )
= (3 − x ) − 4 − 4x + x + x 2 + 4 − 2(− 2 − 2x + 2) + 2(− 8 + 8 − 2x )

(
= −9 x + 3x 2 + 3x 2 − x 3 + 4x − 4 x = − x 3 + 6x 2 − 9x = − x x 2 + 6 x − 9 )
[
= − x (x − 3)2 . ]
[ ]
Now A = 0 ⇒ − x (x − 3)2 = 0 ⇒ x = 0 and x = 3 . Ans.

Q.No.7.: Find the values of x, y, z and a , which satisfy the matrix equation
 x + 3 2 y + x  0 − 7 
 z − 1 4a − 6  = 3 2a  .
   
Sol.: As the given matrices are equal, equating the elements of both the matrices, we get
x + 3 = 0 ; 2 y + x = −7 ; z − 1 = 3 ; 4a − 6 = 2a .
Matrices: Problems on definitions of special matrices 5
Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur

∴ x = −3, y = −2, z = 4, a = 3 . Ans.

Q.No.8.: Find x, y, z and w, given that:
x y   x 6   4 x + y
3  =  + .
 z w   − 1 2 w  z + w 3 
Sol.: Given
x y   x 6   4 x + y 3x 3y   x + 4 x + y + 6
3 =
  +
  ⇒  3z 3w  = − 1 + z + w
 z w   − 1 2 w  z + w 3     2w + 3 
Now, both the matrices are equal, equating the elements of both the matrices, we get
3x = x + 4 ⇒x=2
3y = x + y + 6 ⇒y=4
3w = 2w + 3 ⇒w =3
3z = −1 + z + w ⇒ z = 1 . Ans.
Q.No.9.: Matrix A has x rows and x + 5 columns. Matrix B has y rows and 11 − y
columns. Both AB and BA exist. Find x and y.
Sol.: Since the order of A is x × (x + 5) and order of B is y × (11 − y ) .
Since AB exist ⇒ x + 5 = y ⇒ x − y = −5 . (i)
Also BA exist ⇒ 11 − y = x ⇒ x + y = 11 . (ii)
Solving (i) and (ii), we get
2x = 6 ⇒ x = 3 . Ans.
∴ y = 8 . Ans.

1 − 1 3 1
Q.No.10.: If A + B =   and A − B =   . Calculate the product AB.
3 0  1 4
1 − 1
Sol.: Here given A + B =  . (i)
3 0 
3 1
and A − B =  . (ii)
1 4
4 0 2 0
Adding (i) and (ii), we get 2A =  ⇒A= 2 2 .
 4 4  
 − 2 − 2 − 1 − 1
Subtracting (i) and (ii), we get 2B =   ⇒B= .
 2 − 4  1 − 2
Matrices: Problems on definitions of special matrices 6
Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur

 2 0   − 1 − 1   − 2 + 0 − 2 + 0  − 2 − 2  1 1
∴ AB =     =  =  = −2  . Ans.
 2 2  1 − 2  − 2 + 2 − 2 − 4  0 − 6  0 3
1 2 3 4   2 1 0
Q.No.11.: If A = 2 0 1 2 and B = 3 2 1 ,
3 1 0 5 3×4 1 0 1 3×3

find AB or BA, whichever exist.

Sol.: Here AB does not exist because the number of columns in A is not equal to the
number of rows in B and BA exist because the number of columns in B is equal to the
number of rows in A.
 2 1 0  1 2 3 4   2 + 2 + 0 4 + 0 + 0 6 + 1 + 0 8 + 2 + 0 
Now BA = 3 2 1 2 0 1 2 =  3 + 4 + 3 6 + 0 + 1 8 + 2 + 0 12 + 4 + 5
1 0 1 3 1 0 5  1 + 0 + 3 2 + 0 + 1 3 + 0 + 0 5 + 0 + 4 

 4 4 7 10
⇒ BA = 10 7 11 21 . Ans.
 4 3 3 9 

 1 2 2 1 − 3 1
Q.No.12.: If A =   , B=  and C =  ,
 − 2 3 2 3  2 0
verify that (AB)C = A(BC) and A ( B + C) = AB + AC .

 1 2 2 1  2 + 4 1 + 6  6 7 
Sol.: Now AB =     =  = 2 7 .
 − 2 3  2 3  − 4 + 6 − 2 + 9   
6 7 − 3 1 − 18 + 14 6 + 0 − 4 6
∴ (AB)C =   = = . (i)
2 7  2 0  − 6 + 14 2 + 0  8 2
2 1 − 3 1 − 6 + 2 2 + 0 − 4 2
Now BC =   = = .
2 3  2 0  − 6 + 6 2 + 0  2 2
 1 2  − 4 2  − 4 + 0 2 + 4   − 4 6 
∴ A(BC) =   = = . (ii)
 − 2 3  2 2  8 + 0 − 4 + 6  8 2 
From (i) and (ii), we get (AB)C = A(BC) .
2 1 − 3 1 − 1 2
Now B + C =  + = 
2 3  1 0  4 3
Matrices: Problems on definitions of special matrices 7
Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur

 1 2   − 1 2  − 1 + 8 2 + 6   7 8
∴ A(B + C) =   = = . (iii)
− 2 3  4 3  2 + 12 − 4 + 9 14 5
 1 2  − 3 1  − 3 + 4 1 + 0   1 1 
Now AC =   = = 
− 2 3  2 0  6 + 6 − 2 + 0 12 − 2
6 7   1 1   7 8
∴ AB + AC =   + = . (iv)
2 7 12 − 2 14 5
From(iii) and (iv), we get A ( B + C) = AB + AC .
Hence verified.
a h g x 
Q.No.13.:Evaluate (i) [x y z ] h b f   y  ,
g f c   z 

2 1 − 1  3 1
 5 3
(ii)  4 − 5 6  × − 6 4 × 
 ,
 − 2 1
− 3 7 3  − 2 5

1  2
(iii) − 2 × [4 5 2] × − 3 × [3 2] .
 3   5 

a h g x  x 
Sol.: (i). [x y z ] h b f   y  = [ax + hy + gz hx + by + fz gx + fy + zc]  y 
   
g f c   z   z 

[
= ax 2 + hxy + gxz + hxy + by2 + fzy + gzx + fyz + z 2c ]
= [ax 2
]
+ by 2 + cz 2 + 2hxy + 2fyz + 2gzx . Ans.

2 1 − 1  3 1
 5 3
(ii). Now  4 − 5 6  × − 6 4 × 
 
 − 2 1 2×2
− 3 7   
3  3×3 − 2 5 3×2

 6−6+2 2+4−5   2 1
   5 3   5 3
= 12 + 30 − 12 4 − 20 + 30  ×   =  30 14  × 
− 2 1 − 2 1 2×2
 − 9 − 42 − 6 − 3 + 28 + 15  − 57 40 3×2 
Matrices: Problems on definitions of special matrices 8
Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur

 10 − 2 6 +1   8 7 

=  150 − 28  
90 + 14  =  122 104  . Ans.
− 285 − 80 − 171 + 40 − 365 − 131

1  2
(iii). Now − 2 × [4 5 2]1×3 × − 3 × [3 2]1×2
 
 3  3×1  5  3×1

4 5 2 6 4
= − 8 − 10 − 4 × − 9 − 6
  
 12 15 6  3×3  15 10  3×2

 24 − 45 + 30 16 − 30 + 20   9 6 
= − 48 + 90 − 60 − 32 + 60 − 40 = − 18 − 12 . Ans.
  
 72 − 135 + 90 48 − 90 + 60   27 18 

 cos 2 θ cos θ sin θ

Q.No.14.: Prove that the product of two matrices   and
cos θ sin θ sin 2 θ 

 cos 2 φ cos φ sin φ

  is a null matrix when θ and φ differ by an odd
cos φ sin φ sin 2 φ 

π
multiple of .
2
 cos 2 θ cos θ sin θ  cos 2 φ cos φ sin φ
Sol.: Here product of two matrices =    
cos θ sin θ sin 2 θ  cos φ sin φ sin 2 φ 

cos 2 θ cos 2 φ + cos θ cos φ sin θ sin φ cos 2 θ cos φ sin φ + cos θ sin θ sin 2 φ
= 2 2 2 2 
 cos θ sin φ cos φ + sin θ cos φ sin φ cos θ cos φ sin θ sin φ + sin θ sin φ 

cos θ cos φ[cos(θ − φ)] cos θ sin φ[cos(θ − φ)]

= .
 cos φ sin θ[cos(θ − φ)] sin θ sin φ[cos(θ − φ)]
Now if above matrix is a null matrix, then
π π
cos(θ − φ) = 0 ⇒ θ − φ = (2n + 1) ⇒ θ = φ + (2n + 1) .
2 2
π
Hence, θ and φ differ by an odd multiple of .
2
This is the required result.
Matrices: Problems on definitions of special matrices 9
Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur

 α
 0 − tan 
Q.No.15.: If A =  2 , show that I + A = (I − A) cosα − sinα  .
α   sinα cosα 
 tan 0   
 2 

 α  α
1 0  0 − tan   1 − tan 
Sol.: Now I + A =  2 = 2 .
+   α  (i)
0 1  tan α 0   tan 1 
 2   2 
 α  α
1 0   0 − tan   1 tan 
and I − A =  − 2 = 2
    
0 1  tan α 0  − tan
α
1 
 2   2 

 2α α 
1 − tan 2 − 2 tan
2 
 α  α α
cosα − sinα   1 tan  1 + tan 2 1 + tan 2 
∴ (I − A)  2  2 2
= 
2α
 sinα cosα  − tan α 1   2 tan
α
1 − tan
 2  2 2
 α
1 + tan α
2
1 + tan 2 
 2 2
 2α α α α α  α α 2 α 
 1 − tan 2 2 tan 2 − 2 tan tan − tan 3   1 + tan 2 − tan 1 + tan 
2 2 + 2 2 2 2 2  
 +  
 1 + tan 2 α 1 + tan 2 α 1 + tan 2α
1 + tan 2α   1 + tan 2 α
1 + tan 2
α 
= 2 2 2 2   2 2 
 α α  =  
3α α α α α
 − tan 2 + tan 2 2 tan 2 tan 2 1 − tan 2  tan 1 + tan 2  α 
2 2 + 2   2 2
1 + tan 2

 α
+
α α α  
2
 1 + tan 2
1 + tan 2
1 + tan 2 1 + tan 2 2α 2α 
 2 2 2 2   1 + tan 1 + tan 
2 2 

 α
 1 − tan 
= 2 . (ii)
α 
 tan 1 
 2 

cosα − sinα 
From (i) and (ii), we get I + A = (I − A)  .
 sinα cosα 
This completes the proof.
 3 1 2
Q.No.16.: If A =   , show that A − 5A + 7I = O , where I is a unit matrix of
 − 1 2 
second order.
 3 1  3 1  3 1  9 − 1 3 + 2   8 5
Sol.: Given A =   ∴ A2 =     = = ,
 − 1 2 − 1 2 − 1 2 − 3 − 2 − 1 + 4 − 5 3
Matrices: Problems on definitions of special matrices 10
Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur

 15 5  7 0 
5A =   and 7 I =  .
− 5 10 0 7 
 8 5  15 5  7 0 − 7 0  7 0 0 0
∴ A 2 − 5A + 7I =  − + = + = .
− 5 3 − 5 10 0 7  0 − 7 0 7 0 0

Hence A 2 − 5A + 7I = O . This completes the proof.

 1 −2 3 
Q.No.17.: If A =  2 3 − 1 and I is the unit matrix of order 3,
− 3 1 2 

evaluate A 2 − 3A + 9 I .
 1 −2 3 
Sol.: Given A =  2 3 − 1 .
− 3 1 2 

 1 − 2 3  1 − 2 3   1 − 4 − 9 − 2 − 6 + 3 3 + 2 + 6 
∴ A =  2
2
3 − 1  2 3 − 1 =  2 + 6 + 3 − 4 + 9 − 1 6 − 3 − 2 
− 3 1 2  − 3 1 2  − 3 + 2 − 6 6 + 3 + 2 − 9 − 1 + 4

− 12 − 5 11 
=  11 4 1  ,
 − 7 11 − 6

 3 −6 9  9 0 0

3A =  6 9 − 3 and 9 I = 0 9 0

− 9 3 6  0 0 9

− 12 − 5 11   3 − 6 9  9 0 0
∴ A − 3A + 9 I =  11
2
4 1  −  6 9 − 3 + 0 9 0
 − 7 11 − 6 − 9 3 6  0 0 9

− 15 1 2  9 0 0 − 6 1 2 

= 5 − 5 4  + 0 9 0 =  5 4 4 
 2 8 − 12 0 0 9  2 8 − 3

− 6 1 2 
Hence A − 3A + 9 I =  5 4 4  . Ans.
2

 2 8 − 3
Matrices: Problems on definitions of special matrices 11
Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur

1 2 − 1 3 − 1 1 
Q.No.18.: If A = 2 0 3  , B = 0 0 2 ,
 
0 1 2  4 − 3 2

verify the result (A + B)2 = A 2 + BA + AB + B2 .

1 2 − 1 3 − 1 1 4 1 0
Sol.: Now A + B = 2 0 3  + 0 0 2 = 2 0 5
0 1 2  4 − 3 2 4 − 2 4

4 1 0 4 1 0  16 + 2 + 0 4 + 0 + 0 0+5+0 
∴ (A + B) 2
= 2 0 5 2 0 5 =  4 + 0 + 20 2 + 0 − 10 0 + 0 + 20 
    
4 − 2 4 4 − 2 4 16 − 4 + 16 4 + 0 − 8 0 − 10 + 16

18 4 5
= 28 − 8 20 .
 (i)
28 − 4 6 

1 2 − 1 1 2 − 1 1 + 4 + 0 2 + 0 − 1 − 1 + 6 − 2  5 1 3
Also A = 2 0 3  2 0 3  = 2 + 0 + 0 4 + 0 + 3 − 2 + 0 + 6 = 2 7 4 ,
2

0 1 2  0 1 2  0 + 2 + 0 0 + 0 + 2 0 + 3 + 4  2 2 7

3 − 1 1 3 − 1 1  9 + 0 + 4 − 3 + 0 − 3 3 − 2 + 2  13 − 6 3
B2 = 0 0 2 0 0 2 =  0 + 0 + 8 0 + 0 − 6 0 + 0 + 4 =  8 − 6 4 ,
4 − 3 2 4 − 3 2 12 + 0 + 8 − 4 + 0 − 6 4 − 6 + 4 20 − 10 2

1 2 − 1 3 − 1 1  3 + 0 − 4 − 1 + 0 + 3 1 + 4 − 2  − 1 2 3
AB = 2 0 3  0 0 2 = 6 + 0 + 12 − 2 + 0 − 9 2 + 0 + 6 = 18 − 11 8 ,
0 1 2  4 − 3 2  0 + 0 + 8 0 + 0 − 6 0 + 2 + 4  8 − 6 6

3 − 1 1 1 2 − 1 3 − 2 + 0 6 + 0 + 1 − 3 − 3 + 2   1 7 − 4
BA = 0 0 2 2 0 3  = 0 + 0 + 0 0 + 0 + 2 0 + 0 + 4  =  0 2 4  ,
4 − 3 2 0 1 2  4 − 6 + 0 8 + 0 + 2 − 4 − 9 + 4 − 2 10 − 9

 5 1 3  1 7 − 4 − 1 2 3 13 − 6 3
2  2  
∴ A + BA + AB + B = 2 7 4 +  0 2 4  + 18 − 11 8 +  8 − 6 4
2 2 7 − 2 10 − 9  8 − 6 6 20 − 10 2
Matrices: Problems on definitions of special matrices 12
Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur

 5 + 1 − 1 + 13 1 + 7 + 2 − 6 3 − 4 + 3 + 3
=  2 + 0 + 18 + 8 7 + 2 − 11 − 6 4 + 4 + 8 + 4

2 − 2 + 8 + 20 2 + 10 − 6 − 10 7 − 9 + 6 + 2

18 4 5
= 28 − 8 20 .
 (i)
28 − 4 6 

From (i) and (ii), we get (A + B)2 = A 2 + BA + AB + B2 .

Hence, the result is verified.
0 1 0  0 0 0 
Q.No.19.: If E = 0 0 1 and F = 1 0 0 ,
 
0 0 0 0 1 0

calculate the products EF and FE and show that E 2F + F2E ≠ E .

0 1 0 0 0 0  0 + 1 + 0 0 + 0 + 0 0 + 0 + 0 1 0 0
Sol.: Now EF = 0 0 1 1 0 0 = 0 + 0 + 0 0 + 0 + 1 0 + 0 + 0 = 0 1 0 .
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 + 0 + 0 0 + 0 + 0 0 + 0 + 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
and FE = 1 0 0 0 0 1 = 0 1 0 . Ans.
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

0 1 0  0 1 0  0 0 1  0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0
Now E = 0 0 1 0 0 1 = 0 0 0 , E F = 0 0 0 1 0 0 = 0 0 0 ,

2      2

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0

0 0 0  0 0 0  0 0 0  0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
F = 1 0 0 1 0 0 = 0 0 0 , F E = 0 0 0 0 0 1 = 0 0 0 .
2       2

0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

0 1 0  0 0 0  0 1 0 
∴ E 2F + F2 E = 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0

⇒ E 2 F + F2 E ≠ E .
11 − 25
Q.No.20.: By mathematical induction, prove that if A =   , then
4 −9 
Matrices: Problems on definitions of special matrices 13
Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur

1 + 10n − 25n 
An =  .
 4n 1 − 10n 

11 − 25 1 + 10.1 − 25.1 

Sol.: For n = 1, A1 =  = .
 4 − 9   4.1 − 1 − 10.1
Thus, the result is true for n = 1.
1 + 10k − 25k 
Now, let us suppose that the result is true for n = k, then A k =  .
 4k 1 − 10k 
Now, we have to prove that the result is true for n = k + 1.
1 + 10k − 25k  11 − 25 11 + 10k − 25 − 25k 
Now A k +1 = A k .A =  =
 4k 1 − 10k   4 − 9   4k + 4 − 9 − 10k 

1 + 10(k + 1) − 15(k + 1) 
A k +1 =  .
 4(k + 1) 1 − 10(k + 1)
Thus the result is also true for n = k + 1.
Hence, this proves the result.
 cos α sin α   cos nα sin nα 
Q.No.21.: If A =   , show that A n =  ,
− sin α cos α  − sin nα cos nα 
where n is a positive integer.
 cos α sin α   cos1α sin 1α 
Sol.: For n = 1, A1 =  = .
− sin α cos α  − sin 1α cos1α 
Thus, the result is true for n = 1.
 cos kα sin kα 
Now, let us suppose that the result is true for n = k, then A k =  .
− sin kα cos kα 
Now, we have to prove that the result is true for n = k + 1.
 cos kα sin kα   cos α sin α 
Now A k +1 = A k .A =   
− sin kα cos kα  − sin α cos α 
 cos kα cos α − sin kα sin α cos kα sin α + sin kα cos α 
= 
− (cos α sin kα + sin α cos kα ) − sin kα sin α + cos α cos kα 
 cos(k + 1)α sin (k + 1)α 
= .
− sin (k + 1)α cos(k + 1)α 
Thus, the result is also true for n = k + 1.
Matrices: Problems on definitions of special matrices 14
Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur

Hence, this proves the result.

5 − 2 1 
Q.No.22.: Factorize the matrix A = 7 1 − 5 into LU, where L is lower triangular
3 7 4 

matrix and U is the upper triangular matrix.

 a11 0 0  b11 b12 b13 
Sol.: Let L = a 21 a 22 0  and U =  0 b 22
 b 23  be the lower triangular matrix
a 31 a 32 a 33   0 0 b33 

and upper triangular matrix respectively.

 a11 0 0  b11 b12 b13  5 − 2 1 
Now LU = A ⇒ a 21 a 22 0   0 b 22 b 23  = 7 1 − 5
a 31 a 32 a 33   0 0 b33  3 7 4 

 a11b11 a11b12 a11b13  5 − 2 1 


⇒ a 21b11 a 21b12 + a 22b 22 a 21b13 + a 22b 23  = 7 1 − 5
  
a 31b11 a 31b12 + a 32b 22 a 31b13 + a 32b 23 + a 33b33  3 7 4 

Equating, we get
a11b11 = 5 , a11b12 = −2 , a11b13 = 1 , a 21b11 = 7 , a 21b12 + a 22b 22 = 1 ,

a 21b13 + a 22b 23 = −5 , a 31b11 = 3 , a 31b12 + a 32 b 22 = 7 , a 31b13 + a 32b 23 + a 33b33 = 4 .

Since, we have 9 equations and we have to find 12 unknowns, so we can choose 3
unknowns arbitrary.
In other way, we have infinite number of such type of matrices whose product is A.
Now let us suppose a11 = a 22 = a 33 = 1 .
7 3
∴ b11 = 5 , b12 = −2 , b13 = 1 , a 21 = , a 31 = ,
5 5
7 14 19
× (− 2 ) + b 22 = 1 ⇒ b 22 = 1 + = ,
5 5 5
7 7 − 32
× 1 + 1 × b 23 = −5 ⇒ b 23 = −5 − = ,
5 5 5
7 19 19 41 41
× (− 2 ) + a 32 × = 7 ⇒ a 32 = ⇒ a 32 = ,
5 5 5 5 19
Matrices: Problems on definitions of special matrices 15
Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur

3 41 − 32 57 − 3112 − 251
×1 + × + b33 = 4 ⇒ + b33 = 4 ⇒ + b33 = 4 ,
5 19 5 95 19
251 76 + 251 327
⇒ b33 = 4 + = ⇒ b33 = .
19 19 19
  
5 − 2 1  1 0 0  5 − 2 1 
7  − 32 
Thus 7 1 − 5
19
= 1 0  0 .
3 7 4  5  5 5 
3 41  
1 0 0
327 
 5 19   19 
⇒ A = LU .
   
 1 0 0 5 − 2 1 
7   19 − 32 
Thus L =  1 0 and U = 0  be the lower triangular and upper
5   5 5 
 3 41 1 0 0 327 
 5 19   19 
triangular matrices, respectively.
 3 7 − 4i − 2 + 5i 

Q.No.23.: Show that  7 + 4i −2 3 + i  is a Hermitian matrix.
− 2 − 5i 3 − i 4 

Sol.: A given matrix A is said to be Hermitian if A = Aθ or A ' = A .

 3 7 − 4i − 2 + 5i 
Let A =  7 + 4i −2 3 + i  .
− 2 − 5i 3 − i 4 

 3 7 + 4i − 2 − 5i 

∴ A =  7 − 4i −2 3 − i  .
− 2 + 5i 3 + i 4 

 3 7 + 4i − 2 − 5i 

Also A' =  7 − 4i −2 3 − i  .
− 2 + 5i 3 + i 4 

∴ A' = A .
Hence, the given matrix is Hermitian.
Matrices: Problems on definitions of special matrices 16
Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur

 2 3 + 2i − 4

Q.No.24.: If A = 3 − 2i 5 6i  .
 − 4 − 6i 3 

Then show that A is Hermitian and iA is Skew-Hermitian.

 2 3 + 2i − 4

Sol.: Since, here A = 3 − 2i 5 6i  .
 − 4 − 6i 3 

 2 3 − 2i − 4   2 3 + 2i −4 

Therefore A = 3 + 2i 5  
− 6i  and A′ = 3 − 2i 5 6i  = A .
 − 4 6i 3   −4 −6i 3 

Thus A is Hermitian.
 2 3 + 2i − 4   2i − 2 + 3i − 4i 
Let B = iA = i 3 − 2i 5 + 6i  = 2 + 3i 5i − 6  .
 − 4 − 6i 3   − 4i 6 3i 

 − 2i − 2 − 3i 4i   2i 2 + 3i − 4i 

Therefore B = 2 − 3i − 5i  T 
− 6  and B = − 2 + 3i 5i 6  .
 4i 6 − 3i   − 4i −6 3i 

Thus B = −BT ⇒ B is Skew-Hermitian.

2 + i 3 − 1 + 3i 
Q.No.25.: If A =   , shows that AA* is a Hermitian matrix, where A*
 − 5 i 4 − 2i 
is the conjugate transpose of A.
 2+i −5   2−i −5 

Sol.: We have A ′ =  3  
i  and A* =  3 − i  .
− 1 + 3i 4 − 2i  − 1 − 3i 4 + 2i 

 2−i −5 
2 − i 3 − 1 + 3i  
∴ AA* =    3 − i 
 − 5 i 4 − 2i  − 1 − 3i 4 + 2i 
 
4 − i 2 + 9 + 1 − 9i 2 , − 10 − 5 − 3i − 10 + 10i 
= 
− 10 + 5i + 3i − 10 − 10i, 25 − i 2 + 16 − 4i 2 
Matrices: Problems on definitions of special matrices 17
Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur

 24 − 20 + 2i 
= , which is a Hermitian matrix.
− 20 − 2i 46 

1 1 + i − 1 + i 
Q.No.26.: Prove that is a unitary matrix.
2 1 + i 1 − i 

Sol.: A given matrix A is said to be unitary if AAθ = I .

1 1 + i − 1 + i 
Let A = .
2 1 + i 1 − i 

1 1 − i − 1 − i  1  1 − i 1 − i
∴A =   and A θ =  .
2 1 − i 1 + i  2 − 1 − i 1 + i 

1 1 + i − 1 + i  1  1 − i 1 − i  1 2 + 2 2 − 2
Now AAθ = . =
2 1 + i 1 − i  2 − 1 − i 1 + i  4 2 − 2 2 + 2

1 4 0 1 0
=  =  = I.
4 0 4 0 1

∴ AAθ = I .
Hence, the given matrix is unitary.
 0 1 + 2i 
Q.No.27.: Given that A =   , show that (1 − A )(1 + A )−1 is a unitary
− 1 + 2i 0 
matrix.
or
 0 1 + 2i 
If N =   , Obtain the matrix (I − N )(I + N )−1 , and show that it is
− 1 + 2i 0 
unitary.
 1 1 + 2i 
Sol.: I + A =  , I + A = 1 − (− 1 − 4) = 6 .
− 1 + 2i 1 

(I + A )−1 = 
1 − 1 − 2i   1 − 1 − 2i 
 + 6 . Also I − A = 
1 − 2i 1  1 − 2i 1 

 1 − 1 − 2i   1 − 1 − 2i  1  − 4 − 2 − 4i 
∴ (I − A )(I + A )−1 =     +6=  (i)
1 − 2i 1  1 − 2i 1  6 2 − 4i − 4 

1 −4 2 + 4i 
Its conjugate-transpose = (ii)
6 − 2 + 4i − 4 

Matrices: Problems on definitions of special matrices 18
Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur

1  − 4 − 2 − 4i   − 4 2 + 4i  1 36 0 
∴ Product of (i) and (ii)  = =I.
36 2 − 4i − 4  − 2 + 4i − 4  36  0 36
 

Hence the result.

Or
1 0  0 1 + 2i   1 − 1 − 2i 
Sol.: Since here I − N =   −  = .
0 1 − 1 + 2i 0  1 − 2i 1 

1 0  0 1 + 2i   1 1 + 2i 
I+N =   +  = .
0 1 − 1 + 2i 0  − 1 + 2i 1 

 1 1 + 2i 
I+N =   ( )
= 1 − 4i 2 − 1 = 6 .
− 1 + 2i 1 

 1 − 1 − 2i 
adj (I +N) =  .
1 − 2i 1 

1 1 1 − 1 − 2i 
(I + N )−1 = adj(I + N ) = 
I+N 6 1 − 2i 1 

 1 − 1 − 2i  1  1 − 1 − 2i  1  − 4 − 2 − 4i 
∴ (I − N )(I + N )−1 =  = = A (say)
1 − 2i 1  6 1 − 2i 1  6 2 − 4i − 4 

1 −4 2 − 4i 
A′ =
6 − 2 − 4i − 4 


(A′) = A* = 1 
−4 2 + 4i 
6 − 2 + 4i − 4 

1 −2 2 + 4i  1  − 4 − 2 − 4i  1 36 0  1 0
A*A = = = =1
6 − 2 + 4i − 4  6 2 − 4i
 − 4  36  0 36 0 1

⇒ A = (I − N )(I + N )−1 is unitary.

1 1 1
Q.No.28.: If S = 1 a 2 a  , where a = ei 2π / 3 , then show that S−1 = S .
1
3
1 a a 2 

2π 2π 1 3
Sol.: Now a = ei 2 π / 3 = cos + i sin = − +i = ω (cube root of unity).
3 3 2 2
4π 4π 1 3
∴ a 2 = cos + i sin = − −i = ω2
3 3 2 2
Matrices: Problems on definitions of special matrices 19
Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur

and a 3 = e6iπ / 3 = e 2iπ = cos 2π + i sin 2π = 1 = ω3 .

1 1 1
∴ S = 1 ω2 ω  .
1 ω ω2 

 
 
1 1 1  1 1 1
Now S = 1
1
 ω2
1 
ω
⇒ S = 1 ω ω2  . [∵ ω = 1]
3

 1 1  1 ω2 ω 
1 
 ω ω2 
1 1 1
Also S = 1 ω 2
( ) (
ω = ω4 − ω2 − ω2 − ω + ω − ω2 ) ( )
1 ω ω2

( ) ( ) (
= ω − ω2 + ω − ω2 + ω − ω2 = 3 ω − ω2 ) ( )
ω4 − ω2 ω − ω2 ω − ω2 
 
And Adj S =  ω − ω2 ω2 − 1 1 − ω 
 ω − ω2 1 − ω ω2 − 1 
 

ω4 − ω2 ω − ω2 ω − ω2 
Adj A 1  
∴ S−1 = =  ω−ω
2
ω2 − 1 1 − ω 
S 2
3 ω−ω  (
ω − ω2
) 1 − ω ω2 − 1 
 

 
ω − ω 2
ω−ω 2
ω−ω 2  1 1 1 

1  1  1+ ω 1 
= 2 
ω − ω2 ω2 − 1 1 − ω  = 1 − 
(
3 ω−ω 
ω − ω2
) 1− ω 2
ω −1  3 ω ω 
1 + ω
  1 1
−
 ω ω 

1 1 1 ∵ 1 + ω + ω2 = 0 ⇒ 1 + ω = −ω2 
1
= 1 ω ω2   
3  ω3 = 1 ⇒ 1 = ω2 
1 ω2 ω   ω 

1
= S.
3
1
Thus S−1 = S.
3
Matrices: Problems on definitions of special matrices 20
Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur

Hence, this proves the result.

Home Assignments
Q.No.1.: Express A as the sum of a symmetric and skew-symmetric matrix where
 4 2 − 3
A =  1 3 − 6
− 5 0 − 7

8 3 −8 
1
T
Ans.: A + A =  3 6 − 6  symmetric,
2
− 8 − 6 − 14

0 1 2
A − A =  − 1 0 − 6 skew-symmetric.
1
T
2
− 2 6 0 

Q.No.2.: Prove that the inverse of a non-singular symmetric matrix A is symmetric.

 3 − 4 − 1
Q.No.3.: Write A =  6 0 − 1 as the sum of a symmetric R and skew-symmetric
− 3 13 − 4

S.
 3 1 − 2  0 −5 1 
1
2
[T
]
Ans.: R = A + A =  1 0 6  , S = A − A =  5
  1
2
T
[ ]
0 − 7 .
− 2 6 − 4 − 1 7 0 

Q.No.4.: Prove that the product AB of two symmetric matrices A and B is symmetric if
AB = BA.
Q.No.5.: Determine for what values of numbers a and b, c = aA + bB is Skew-Hermitian
given that A and B are Skew-Hermitian.
Ans.: both a and b must be real.
 0 1 + 2i 
Q.No.6.: If A =   , show that (I − A )(1 + A )−1 is a unitary matrix.
− 1 + 2i 0 

 a + ic − b + id  2 2 2 2
Q.No.7.: Show that A =   is unitary matrix if a + b + c + d = 1 .
 b + id a + ic 
Matrices: Problems on definitions of special matrices 21
Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur

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