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Computer Networks Unit1 Notes

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Computer Networks Unit1 Notes

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pnamitesh9873
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Computer Networks - Unit 1 Notes

Introductory Concepts

1. Goals of Computer Networks:

- Definition: A computer network is a system where multiple computers/devices are connected to share

resources and communicate.

- Goals: Resource sharing, communication, remote access, reliability, cost efficiency.

2. Applications of Networks:

- Email, file sharing, video conferencing, online gaming, e-commerce, remote desktop, IoT.

3. Categories of Networks:

- PAN (Personal Area Network): Bluetooth headset to phone.

- LAN (Local Area Network): Wi-Fi in a home/office.

- MAN (Metropolitan Area Network): City-wide college network.

- WAN (Wide Area Network): Internet.

4. Organization of the Internet:

- Internet is a global network of interconnected systems.

- Internet Service Providers (ISPs) connect users to the Internet.

5. ISP (Internet Service Provider):

- Definition: Companies providing access to the internet (e.g., Airtel, Jio, BSNL).

6. Network Structure and Architecture:

- Layering Principles: Dividing network functions into layers simplifies design and troubleshooting.

- Services: What a layer provides to above layer.

- Protocols: Rules to communicate (e.g., TCP, IP).

- Standards: Official specifications (e.g., IEEE 802.11 for WiFi).

7. OSI Reference Model (7 Layers):


Computer Networks - Unit 1 Notes

1. Application - User interface (e.g., HTTP, FTP)

2. Presentation - Data format (JPEG, MP4)

3. Session - Controls sessions (APIs)

4. Transport - Reliable delivery (TCP, UDP)

5. Network - Path selection (IP)

6. Data Link - Framing and error handling (Ethernet)

7. Physical - Signal transmission (cables, Wi-Fi)

8. TCP/IP Protocol Suite:

- 4 Layers: Application, Transport, Internet, Link.

- Protocols: HTTP, TCP, IP, Ethernet.

9. Network Devices and Components:

- Router: Connects networks (LAN to WAN)

- Switch: Connects devices in a LAN

- Hub: Broadcasts to all devices (less efficient)

- Modem: Converts digital to analog

- NIC: Connects a device to the network

- Access Point: Wi-Fi provider

Physical Layer

1. Network Topology Design:

- Topology: Structure of a network (Bus, Star, Ring, Mesh, Tree).

- Star is common for LANs; Mesh offers high reliability.

2. Types of Connections:

- Point-to-Point: One-to-one connection.

- Multipoint: Many devices share a single link.


Computer Networks - Unit 1 Notes

3. Transmission Media:

- Guided (Wired): Twisted Pair, Coaxial, Fiber Optic.

- Unguided (Wireless): Radio waves, Microwave, Infrared.

4. Signal Transmission and Encoding:

- Analog: Continuous wave (sound, radio).

- Digital: Binary (0s and 1s).

- Encoding: Converting data into signals.

- Modulation: Modifying signals to carry data.

5. Network Performance:

- Bandwidth: Max data capacity.

- Latency: Delay in transmission.

- Throughput: Actual data delivered.

- Jitter: Variation in delay.

6. Transmission Impairments:

- Attenuation: Signal loss.

- Noise: Unwanted interference.

- Distortion: Signal shape changes.

- Delay: Time taken for data to travel.

7. Switching Techniques:

- Circuit Switching: Dedicated path (phone calls).

- Packet Switching: Data in packets (used in internet).

- Message Switching: Entire message stored and forwarded.

8. Multiplexing:

- Combining signals into one.

- Types:

- FDM: Frequency Division (radio channels)


Computer Networks - Unit 1 Notes

- TDM: Time Division (slots of time)

- WDM: Wavelength Division (fiber optics)

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