Successive differentiation of y=f(x)

𝑑𝑦
If 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) , its differencial co-efficient = 𝑓 / (𝑥 ) = 𝑦1 will be
𝑑𝑥
in general a function of x , 𝑓 / (𝑥) is called the first derivative of 𝑓(𝑥).
𝑑𝑦
The differencial co-efficient of as represented
𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦
= 𝑓 // (𝑥 ) = 𝑦2 and is called the 2nd derivative 𝑓(𝑥). Similarly
𝑑𝑥 2

𝑑3 𝑦
= 𝑓 /// (𝑥 ) = 𝑦3 is 3rd derivative of 𝑓(𝑥).
𝑑𝑥 3

𝑑4 𝑦
= 𝑓 //// (𝑥 ) = 𝑦4 is 4th derivative of 𝑓(𝑥).
𝑑𝑥 4
−−−−−−−−−− − − −
𝑑𝑛 𝑦 𝑛( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑦𝑛 is nth derivative of 𝑓(𝑥).

Exam If y=x4 , then

𝑑𝑦
= 4𝑥 3 is first derivative of 𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦
= 12𝑥 2 is 2nd derivative of 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑3 𝑦
= 24𝑥 is 3rd derivative of 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 3
𝑑4 𝑦
= 24 , is 4th derivative of 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 4

Ex 1. If 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑛 find 𝑦𝑛
Soln.
𝑦1 = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1

𝑦2 = 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)𝑥 𝑛−2

𝑦3 = 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2)𝑥 𝑛−3

−−−−−−−−
𝑦𝑛 = 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2) − − − {(𝑛 − (𝑛 − 1)}𝑥 0
𝑦𝑛 = 𝑛!
 If 𝑦 = (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)𝑚 , find 𝑦𝑛

Soln
𝑦1 = 𝑎𝑚(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)𝑚−1
𝑦2 = 𝑎2 𝑚(𝑚 − 1)(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)𝑚−2
𝑦3 = 𝑎2 𝑚(𝑚 − 1)(𝑚 − 2)(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)𝑚−3

−−−−−−−−−
𝑦𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 𝑚(𝑚 − 1) − − − − −(𝑚 − 𝑛 + 1)(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)𝑚−𝑛

𝑎𝑛 𝑚 ! (𝑎𝑥+𝑏)𝑚−𝑛
= , when (i) m is a positive integer and 𝑚 > 𝑛
(𝑚−𝑛)!

(ii) If 𝑚 = 𝑛, then 𝑦𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 𝑛!

(iii) If m is a negative integer, let 𝑛 = −𝑟, then

1 ((−1)𝑛 (𝑟+𝑛−1)! 𝑎𝑛
𝑦 = (𝑎𝑥+𝑏)𝑟 => 𝑦𝑛 = (𝑎𝑥+𝑏)𝑟+𝑛
(𝑟−1)!

((−1)𝑛 𝑛 ! 𝑎𝑛
when 𝑟=1, then 𝑦𝑛 = (𝑎𝑥+𝑏)𝑛+1

1
Ex 1. If 𝑦 = , find 𝑦𝑛
(2𝑥+1)(𝑥−2)

1 1 1 2
Soln 𝑦 = = [ − ]
(2𝑥+1)(𝑥−2) 5 (𝑥−2) (2𝑥+1)

(−1)−1 𝑛! 2 (2𝑛 )𝑛 !
𝑦𝑛 = [(𝑥−2)𝑛+1 − (2𝑥+1)𝑛+1 ]
5

Ex 1. If 𝑦 = sin (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) , find 𝑦𝑛

Soln
𝜋
𝑦1 = 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) = 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛( + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏),
2
 𝜋 𝜋
𝑦2 = 𝑎2 𝑐𝑜𝑠( + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) = 𝑎2 sin( 2 + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)
2 2
−−−−−−−−−
𝑛𝜋
𝑦𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 sin( + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)
2

𝑛𝜋
similarly if y= cos(ax+b) , 𝑦𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠( + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)
2

Ex If 𝑦 = sin2 𝑥 cos3 𝑥 find 𝑦𝑛

1
Soln 𝑦 = sin2 𝑥 cos3 𝑥 = (2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 )2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
4
1 2 1
= sin 2𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = (1 − cos4x) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
4 8
1 1 1
= cos 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝑥
8 16 16

1 𝑛𝜋 3𝑛 𝑛𝜋 5𝑛 𝑛𝜋
∴ 𝑦𝑛 = cos( +𝑥 ) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠( + 3𝑥) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠( + 5𝑥)
8 2 16 2 16 2

Another method
Let 𝑧 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 and 𝑧 −1 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑧 + 𝑧 −1 and 2𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑧 − 𝑧 −1
𝑧 𝑛 = (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 )𝑛 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜃 and
𝑧 −𝑛 = (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 )𝑛 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜃 − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜃
2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜃 = 𝑧 𝑛 + 𝑧 −𝑛 and 2𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜃 = 𝑧 𝑛 − 𝑧 −𝑛
Now
(2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 )3 (2𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 )2 = (𝑧 + 𝑧 −1 )3 (𝑧 − 𝑧 −1 )2
= (𝑧 2 − 𝑧 −2 )2 (𝑧 + 𝑧 −1 ) = (𝑧 4 − 2 + 𝑧 −4 )(𝑧 + 𝑧 −1 )
= 𝑧 5 + 𝑧 −5 + 𝑧 5 + 𝑧 −5 − 2(𝑧 + 𝑧 −1 )
=> −32 sin2 𝑥 cos 3 𝑥 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝑥 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 − 4𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
1 1 1
=> 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥
8 16 16
1 𝑛𝜋 3𝑛 𝑛𝜋 5𝑛 𝑛𝜋
∴ 𝑦𝑛 = cos( +𝑥 ) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠( + 3𝑥) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠( + 5𝑥)
8 2 16 2 16 2

1
Ex 2. If 𝑦 = find 𝑦𝑛
𝑥+𝑎
Soln
1
𝑦= =(x+a)-1
𝑥+𝑎

𝑦1 = (−1)(𝑥 + 𝑎)−2

𝑦2 = (−1)(−2)(𝑥 + 𝑎)−3 =(−1)2 2! (𝑥 + 𝑎)−3

−−−−−−−−−−−−−
𝑦𝑛 = (−1)𝑛 𝑛! (𝑥 + 𝑎)−(𝑛+1)

1
Ex 3. If 𝑦 = 2 2 find 𝑦𝑛
𝑥 +𝑎
Soln
1 1 1 1 1
𝑦 = 2 2= = [ − ]
𝑥 +𝑎 (𝑥+𝑖𝑎)(𝑥−𝑖𝑎) 2𝑖𝑎 𝑥−𝑖𝑎 𝑥+𝑖𝑎

(−1)𝑛 𝑛!
yn = [(𝑥 − 𝑖𝑎)−(𝑛+1) − (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑎)−(𝑛+1) ]
2𝑖𝑎

𝑎 𝑎
let x=rcos𝜃, a=rsin𝜃 𝑟 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 𝜃 =𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 r=
𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃

(−1)𝑛 𝑛!
yn = [(𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − 𝑖𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)−(𝑛+1) − (𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝑖𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)−(𝑛+1) ]
2𝑖𝑎
 (−1)𝑛 𝑛!
= [(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)−(𝑛+1) − (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)−(𝑛+1) ]
2𝑖𝑎𝑟 (𝑛+1)

(−1)𝑛 𝑛!
= [{𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝑛 + 1)𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝑛 + 1)𝜃} − {𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝑛 + 1)𝜃 − 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝑛 + 1)𝜃}]
2𝑖𝑎𝑟 (𝑛+1)

(−1)𝑛 𝑛!
= [2𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝑛 + 1)𝜃 ]
2𝑖𝑎𝑟 (𝑛+1)
(−1) n n !
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝑛 + 1)𝜃
ar ( n +1)

(−1)𝑛 𝑛! 𝑎
= sin ( n +1)  𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝑛 + 1)𝜃 where 𝜃 =𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
𝑎𝑛 𝑥

Ex 4. If 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑏 𝑥 find 𝑦𝑛
Soln
𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑏 𝑥

𝑦1 = 𝑎𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑏 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑏 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑏 𝑥

= 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 (𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑏 𝑥 + 𝑏 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑏 𝑥)
𝑏
let a=rcos𝛼, b=rsin𝛼, 𝑟 = √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 , 𝛼 =𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
𝑎

= 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 (𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑏 𝑥 + 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑏 𝑥)

= 𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑏 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑏 𝑥)

= 𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝑏𝑥 + 𝛼)

𝑦2 = 𝑟𝑎𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝑏𝑥 + 𝛼) + 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑏 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝑏𝑥 + 𝛼)

= 𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑥 (𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝑏𝑥 + 𝛼) + 𝑏 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝑏𝑥 + 𝛼))

= 𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑥 (𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝑏𝑥 + 𝛼) + 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝑏𝑥 + 𝛼))

 = 𝑟 2 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝑏𝑥 + 𝛼) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝑏𝑥 + 𝛼))

= 𝑟 2 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝑏𝑥 + 𝛼 + 𝛼)

= 𝑟 2 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝑏𝑥 + 2𝛼)
−−−−−−−−−−−−
2
𝑛
2 2
𝑏
𝑦𝑛 = (𝑎 + 𝑏 ) 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 )
𝑎

Similarly if 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑏 𝑥 , then

𝑛
2 𝑏
𝑦𝑛 = (𝑎 + 𝑏2 )2 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 )
𝑎

Leibnitz theorem:

Statement : If u and v are two function of x and y and each has

derivatives upto order n , then the nth derivative of product 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣 is
given by

𝑑𝑛
𝑦𝑛 = (𝑢𝑣 )𝑛 = (𝑢𝑣) = 𝑢𝑛 𝑣 + 𝑛𝑐1 𝑢𝑛−1 𝑣1 + 𝑛𝑐2 𝑢𝑛−2 𝑣2 +
𝑑𝑥 𝑛

𝑛
𝑐3 𝑢𝑛−3 𝑣3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +𝑢𝑣𝑛

Proof:
𝑦1 = 𝑢1 𝑣 + 𝑢𝑣1

𝑦2 = 𝑢2 𝑣 + 𝑢1 𝑣1 + 𝑢1 𝑣1 + 𝑢2 𝑣 = 𝑢2 𝑣 + 2𝑢1 𝑣1 + 𝑢2 𝑣

= 𝑢2 𝑣 + 2𝑐1 𝑢1 𝑣1 + 𝑢2 𝑣

𝑦3 = 𝑢3 𝑣 + 2𝑢2 𝑣1 + 𝑢2 𝑣1 + 2𝑢1 𝑣2 + +𝑢1 𝑣2 + 𝑢𝑣3

= 𝑢3 𝑣 + 3𝑢2 𝑣1 + 3𝑢1 𝑣2 + 𝑢𝑣3

= 𝑢3 𝑣 + 3𝑐1 𝑢2 𝑣1 + 3𝑐2 𝑢1 𝑣2 + 𝑢𝑣3

−−−−−−−−−−−−−
𝑦𝑛 = 𝑢𝑛 𝑣 + 𝑛𝑐1 𝑢𝑛−1 𝑣1 + 𝑛𝑐2 𝑢𝑛−2 𝑣2

+ 𝑛𝑐3 𝑢𝑛−3 𝑣3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +𝑢𝑣𝑛

Ex 5. If 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 then find 𝑦𝑛

Soln.
𝑛𝜋
Let u=sinx 𝑢𝑛 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛( + 𝑥) v=x2 v1=2x v2=2 v3=0
2
𝑛𝜋 (𝑛 − 1)𝜋
𝑦𝑛 = 𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛( + 𝑥) + 𝑛𝑐1 (2𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛( + 𝑥)
2 2
(𝑛−2)𝜋
+ 𝑛𝑐2 (2) 𝑠𝑖𝑛( + 𝑥)
2

𝑛𝜋 (𝑛 − 1)𝜋
𝑦𝑛 = 𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛( + 𝑥) + 2𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛( + 𝑥)
2 2

𝑛(𝑛 − 1) (𝑛 − 2)𝜋
+ (2) 𝑠𝑖𝑛( + 𝑥)
2 2
𝑛𝜋 (𝑛−1)𝜋 (𝑛−2)𝜋
𝑦𝑛 = 𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛( + 𝑥) + 2𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛( + 𝑥) + 𝑛(𝑛 − 1) 𝑠𝑖𝑛( + 𝑥)
2 2 2
Ex 6. If 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 then show that

i) (1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑦2 − 2𝑥𝑦1 = 0

ii) (1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑦𝑛+2 − (2𝑛 + 1)𝑥𝑦𝑛+1 − 𝑛2 𝑦𝑛 = 0

iii) find (𝑦𝑛 )0 = 𝑦𝑛 (0)

Soln.
𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥
1
=> 𝑦1 =
√1 − 𝑥 2

=> √1 − 𝑥 2 𝑦1 =1

=> (1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑦1 2 = 1

=> (1 − 𝑥 2 )2𝑦1 𝑦2 + (−2𝑥)𝑦1 2 = 0

=> (1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑦2 − 𝑥𝑦1 = 0

Differentiating n times w.r.t. x

(1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑦𝑛+2 + 𝑛𝑐1 (−2𝑥)𝑦𝑛+1 + 𝑛𝑐2 (−2)𝑦𝑛 -{𝑥𝑦𝑛+1 + 𝑛𝑐1 (1)𝑦𝑛 }=0

𝑛(𝑛 − 1)
=> (1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑦𝑛+2 − 2𝑛𝑥𝑦𝑛+1 + (−2)𝑦𝑛 − 𝑥𝑦𝑛+1 − 𝑛𝑦𝑛 = 0
2

=> (1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑦𝑛+2 − 2𝑛𝑥𝑦𝑛+1 − 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)𝑦𝑛 − 𝑥𝑦𝑛+1 − 𝑛𝑦𝑛 = 0

=> (1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑦𝑛+2 − (2𝑛 + 1)𝑥𝑦𝑛+1 − 𝑛2 𝑦𝑛 = 0

𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥
(𝑦0 )0 = sin−1 0 = 0
1
𝑦1 = => (𝑦1 )0 = 1 (𝑦2 )0 = 0
√1−𝑥 2

(𝑦𝑛+2 )0 = 𝑛2 (𝑦𝑛 )0 -----(1)

Now put n=1, 2 , 3 ------ in (1)

(𝑦3 )0 = 1(𝑦1 )0 = 12 . 1=1
(𝑦4 )0 = 1(𝑦2 )0 = 22 . 0 = 0
(𝑦5 )0 = 32 (𝑦3 )0 = 32 . 12 . 1

(𝑦𝑛 )0 = 0 when n is an even

= 12 . 32 − − − − − (𝑛 − 2)2 when n is an odd

Ex 7. If 𝑦 = acos(𝑙𝑛𝑥) + 𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑙𝑛𝑥) then show that

𝑥 2 𝑦𝑛+2 + (2𝑛 + 1)𝑥𝑦𝑛+1 − (𝑛2 + 1)𝑦𝑛 = 0

Soln.
𝑦 = acos(𝑙𝑛𝑥) + 𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑙𝑛𝑥)

asin(𝑙𝑛𝑥) bcos(𝑙𝑛𝑥)
=> 𝑦1 = − +
𝑥 𝑥

=> 𝑥𝑦1 = − asin(𝑙𝑛𝑥) + bcos(𝑙𝑛𝑥 )

acos(𝑙𝑛𝑥) bsin(𝑙𝑛𝑥 )
=> 𝑥𝑦2 + 𝑦1 = − −
𝑥 𝑥

=> 𝑥 2 𝑦2 + 𝑥𝑦1 = −[acos(𝑙𝑛𝑥) + 𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑙𝑛𝑥)] = −𝑦

=> 𝑥 2 𝑦2 + 𝑥𝑦1 + 𝑦 = 0

Differentiating n times by Leibnitz”s theorem

𝑥 2 𝑦𝑛+2 + 𝑛𝑐1 (2𝑥)𝑦𝑛+1 + 𝑛𝑐2 (2)𝑦𝑛 +{𝑥𝑦𝑛+1 + 𝑛𝑐1 (1)𝑦𝑛 }+𝑦𝑛 =0

𝑛(𝑛 − 1)
=> 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑛+2 + 2𝑛𝑥𝑦𝑛+1 + (2)𝑦𝑛 + 𝑥𝑦𝑛+1 + 𝑛𝑦𝑛 +𝑦𝑛 = 0
2

=> 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑛+2 + 2𝑛𝑥𝑦𝑛+1 + 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)𝑦𝑛 + 𝑥𝑦𝑛+1 + 𝑛𝑦𝑛 +𝑦𝑛 = 0

=> 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑛+2 + (2𝑛 + 1)𝑥𝑦𝑛+1 + (𝑛2 − 𝑛 + 𝑛 + 1)+𝑦𝑛 = 0

=> 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑛+2 + (2𝑛 + 1)𝑥𝑦𝑛+1 + (𝑛2 + 1)+𝑦𝑛 = 0 proved .

Ex 8. If 𝑦 = sin (𝑚𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥) then show that

(1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑦𝑛+2 − (2𝑛 + 1)𝑥𝑦𝑛+1 − (𝑛2 −𝑛𝑚 )𝑦𝑛 = 0

Soln.
𝑦 = sin(𝑚𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 )
𝑚𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑚𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 )
=> 𝑦1 =
√1 − 𝑥 2

=> √1 − 𝑥 2 𝑦1 = 𝑚𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑚𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 )

=> (1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑦1 2 − 𝑚2 cos2 (𝑚𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥) = 0

=> (1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑦1 2 − 𝑚2 (1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝑚𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 )) = 0

=> (1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑦1 2 − 𝑚2 + 𝑚2 𝑦 2 = 0

=> (1 − 𝑥 2 )2𝑦1 𝑦2 + (−2𝑥 )𝑦1 2 + 2𝑚2 𝑦𝑦1 = 0

=> (1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑦2 − 𝑥𝑦1 + 𝑚2 𝑦 = 0

Differentiating n times w.r.t. x

(1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑦𝑛+2 + 𝑛𝑐1 (−2𝑥)𝑦𝑛+1 + 𝑛𝑐2 (−2)𝑦𝑛 −{𝑥𝑦𝑛+1 + 𝑛𝑐1 (1)𝑦𝑛 }+𝑚2 𝑦𝑛 =0

𝑛(𝑛 − 1)
=> (1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑦𝑛+2 − 2𝑛𝑥𝑦𝑛+1 + (−2)𝑦𝑛 − 𝑥𝑦𝑛+1 − 𝑛𝑦𝑛 +𝑚2 𝑦𝑛 = 0
2

=> (1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑦𝑛+2 − 2𝑛𝑥𝑦𝑛+1 − 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)𝑦𝑛 − 𝑥𝑦𝑛+1 − 𝑛𝑦𝑛 +𝑚2 𝑦𝑛 = 0

=> (1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑦𝑛+2 − (2𝑛 + 1)𝑥𝑦𝑛+1 − (𝑛2 − 𝑛 + 𝑛 − 𝑚2 )𝑦𝑛 = 0

=> (1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑦𝑛+2 − (2𝑛 + 1)𝑥𝑦𝑛+1 − (𝑛2 − 𝑚2 )𝑦𝑛 = 0 Proved

1
Ex 8. If 𝑥 = sin ( 𝑙𝑛𝑦) then show that
𝑚

(1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑦𝑛+2 − (2𝑛 + 1)𝑥𝑦𝑛+1 − (𝑛2 −𝑛𝑚 )𝑦𝑛 = 0

and hence find (𝑦𝑛)

0
Soln.
1
𝑥 = sin ( 𝑙𝑛𝑦)
𝑚
1
=> 𝑙𝑛𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥
𝑚

=> 𝑙𝑛𝑦 = 𝑚𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥

−1 𝑥
=> 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑚𝑠𝑖𝑛
 −1 𝑥
𝑚𝑒 𝑚𝑠𝑖𝑛
=> 𝑦1 =
√1 − 𝑥 2

=> √1 − 𝑥 2 𝑦1 = 𝑚𝑦

=> (1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑦1 2 − 𝑚2 𝑦 2 = 0

=> (1 − 𝑥 2 )2𝑦1 𝑦2 + (−2𝑥 )𝑦1 2 − 2𝑚2 𝑦𝑦1 = 0

=> (1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑦2 − 𝑥𝑦1 − 𝑚2 𝑦 = 0

Differentiating n times w.r.t. x

(1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑦𝑛+2 + 𝑛𝑐1 (−2𝑥)𝑦𝑛+1 + 𝑛𝑐2 (−2)𝑦𝑛 −{𝑥𝑦𝑛+1 + 𝑛𝑐1 (1)𝑦𝑛 }−𝑚2 𝑦𝑛 =0

𝑛(𝑛 − 1)
=> (1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑦𝑛+2 − 2𝑛𝑥𝑦𝑛+1 + (−2)𝑦𝑛 − 𝑥𝑦𝑛+1 − 𝑛𝑦𝑛 −𝑚2 𝑦𝑛 = 0
2

=> (1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑦𝑛+2 − 2𝑛𝑥𝑦𝑛+1 − 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)𝑦𝑛 − 𝑥𝑦𝑛+1 − 𝑛𝑦𝑛 −𝑚2 𝑦𝑛 = 0

=> (1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑦𝑛+2 − (2𝑛 + 1)𝑥𝑦𝑛+1 − (𝑛2 + 𝑚2 )𝑦𝑛 = 0

2nd part
−1 𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑚𝑠𝑖𝑛 ∴ [𝑦 ] 0 = 1

−1 𝑥
𝑚𝑒 𝑚𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝑦1 =
√1−𝑥 2
∴ [𝑦1 ]0 = 𝑚

(1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑦2 − 𝑥𝑦1 = 𝑚2 𝑦 ∴ [𝑦2 ]0 = 𝑚2

(1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑦𝑛+2 − (2𝑛 + 1)𝑥𝑦𝑛+1 = (𝑛2 + 𝑚2 )𝑦𝑛

∴ [𝑦𝑛+2 ]0 = (𝑛2 + 𝑚2 )[𝑦𝑛 ]0 --------(1)

Put n=1 in (1) , [𝑦3 ]0 = (12 + 𝑚2 )[𝑦1 ]0 = 𝑚(12 + 𝑚2 )

Put n=2 in (1) , [𝑦4 ]0 = (22 + 𝑚2 )[𝑦2 ]0 = 𝑚2 (22 + 𝑚2 )

Put n=3 in (1) , [𝑦5 ]0 = (32 + 𝑚2 )[𝑦3 ]0 = 𝑚(12 + 𝑚2 )(32 + 𝑚2 )

Put n=4 in (1) , [𝑦6 ]0 = (42 + 𝑚2 )[𝑦4 ]0 = 𝑚2 (22 + 𝑚2 )(42 + 𝑚2 )

∴ [𝑦𝑛 ]0 = 𝑚(12 + 𝑚2 )(32 + 𝑚2 ) − − − − − −{(𝑛 − 2)2 + 𝑚2 }, when n is odd

= 𝑚2 (22 + 𝑚2 )(42 + 𝑚2 ) − − − − − −{(𝑛 − 2)2 + 𝑚2 }, when n is even